A herbaceous or tree-like plant with a record growth rate (115 cm per day) and a height of up to 40 meters. The range of uses of bamboo is quite wide: pharmacology, cosmetology, cooking, and household use.

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Flower formula

Reed bamboo flower formula: O(2)+2T3P1.

In medicine

Young shoots, foliage and internodes of bamboo are used to improve the functionality of the cardiovascular system, for gastrointestinal ailments, diarrhea, peptic ulcers, muscle spasms, and to increase male potency. Bamboo fibers have anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, tonic, stimulating diuretic, expectorant and antipyretic properties. The healing effect of the plant extract is known for fever, dermatitis, dysentery, tuberculosis, and bronchial asthma.

A pharmacological drug for the treatment of attacks of asthmatic suffocation - tabashir - is made from the leaves of reed bamboo. The plant is used in oncological practice.

In cooking

In the Asian cuisine of Indonesia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Australia and the African continent, bamboo takes pride of place among traditional products for preparing soups, salads, fried and stewed main courses. For this purpose, young shoots of the plant, reminiscent of the cobs of ordinary corn, are suitable. After peeling the bamboo, you can safely experiment by preparing pork, vegetable stews, stews with mushrooms and cabbage.

Young bamboo shoots go well with seafood (shrimp, mussels, crab meat), legumes, and vegetables. Cane is consumed both raw (in vegetable and fruit salads) and boiled (first and second courses). Canned bamboo is also a good option for preparing a variety of snacks and side dishes. Japanese cuisine includes recipes for vegetable and fish soups, chicken, and rolls with the addition of bamboo.

In cosmetology

As a moisturizing and antioxidant substance, bamboo perfectly cares for tired skin, evens out complexion, and helps get rid of wrinkles. Makeup products containing reed bamboo extract are effective and widely used in professional cosmetology. These are masks and scrubs for the face and figure, hair and nail care products, protective, anti-cellulite, modeling creams and body gels, the active component of which is the active substances of bamboo.

The tropical plant, as part of special medicinal and cosmetic products, is successfully used for the prevention and treatment of varicose veins and relieves leg fatigue. Bamboo juice has a special rejuvenating and cleansing effect, and bamboo brooms and massage sticks are irreplaceable and healthy sauna accessories.

In other areas

In aromatherapy

Reed sticks (special skewers for barbecue or prepared independently from bamboo wood) are used to create an aromatic room freshener. Bamboo fibers are able to absorb aromatic oils and emit aroma for a long period of time. If you put the sticks in a container with ether, you will get an original room freshener, a fashionable novelty for everyday life - an aroma diffuser.

In gardening

Reed bamboo is a favorite plant for cultivation both indoors and in the garden. The plant fits perfectly into any interior, giving it a special exoticism and comfort. Easy to care for, but prefers a sunny window and timely watering. Under favorable conditions, bamboo can reach a height of up to 3 m.

In Chinese ornamental gardening, bamboo is a common and often used plant for landscaping parks, squares and private courtyards. The plant harmonizes perfectly with fragrant flowers and greenery of trees. The bamboo grove pleases with its variegated green leaves even in winter: it is an evergreen, frost-resistant specimen. Today, bamboo thickets decorate not only tropical, but also European territories; the plant occupies a leading position in landscape art.

At home

Bamboo wood is considered many times stronger than oak wood. Violin bows, flutes, drums and other musical instruments are made from bamboo material. Bamboo furniture is lightweight and durable.

In construction

Bamboo is an environmentally friendly, durable material that is successfully used in the production of furniture and various household accessories (“breathable” wallpaper made from reed). In external construction work, reed trunks split in a special way are used for cladding surfaces. This is done using glue and screws, but do not use nails.

Bamboo planks are an excellent design solution for covering walls in the interior of balconies and loggias. Tes is a reed panel pressed under high temperature into several layers of galvanized steel.

In the textile industry

Bamboo curtains, blinds, personal hygiene items (towels, napkins), bathrobes are distinguished by the delicate texture of the material from which they are made. In addition to its beautiful appearance and tangible quality, bamboo textiles are very soft, since its delicate fibers are processed using special technology.

Classification

Reed bamboo or bamboo is a subspecies of the large subfamily of Bamboo (lat. Bambusoideae) of the family Cereals (lat. Poaceae). There are up to 1,500 species of bamboo known in nature. There are both tree-like and herbaceous species, giant (varieties that resemble coconut palms in appearance) and low-growing forms. Reed bamboo is the only species whose sap is poisonous and poses a mortal danger to humans. Therefore, all actions aimed at treating and healing the body must be coordinated with a doctor.

Botanical description

Reed bamboo is a giant herbaceous plant. Depending on the species, herbaceous and tree-like forms are distinguished. The stem or trunk of the plant also comes in different diameters - from 3 cm to 30 cm. Interestingly, the stems of herbaceous bamboos have branches, thereby resembling tree branches. As the stem tissues grow, they become hard and durable, become woody and acquire a yellowish or gray-brown tint with purple or dark green streaks, depending on the species. The leaves are short-petiolate, lanceolate or linear, and come in different widths. With age, the leaves on the stem are replaced - the old ones die off.

Tree-like specimens bloom very rarely, only once in their entire life - approximately 60-115 years from the moment of growth or once every 30, 60, 100 years. Bamboo groves begin to bloom at the same time, resembling oat panicles with their inflorescences. After an amazing period of flowering, the plants die, leaving only ripe fruits. Reed bamboo flower formula: O(2)+2T3P. Bamboo is an amazing plant. It is considered one of the fastest growing flora in the world. In just 24 hours, some types of reed grow 100 cm. Bamboo reaches its maximum height (30 meters) in just 3-4 months. During this first season, young grass stems grow in a vertical direction, with no branches on the trunk. The following year, the knotty stems harden, become dry and turn into trunks. Young shoots are already growing from the nodes of the woody stem. By the end of the third year of life, the bamboo trunks have hardened to the final stage, and last year's young stems have entered the stage of full growth and maturation.

With age, depending on the climatic and temperature conditions of growth, unfavorable putrefactive processes occur in bamboo wood as a result of damage to the fibers by fungi and mold. Therefore, wood is harvested for production when the age of a particular reed specimen has not exceeded 5 years.

The most common type of bamboos is considered to be common bamboo (lat. Bambusa vulgaris). The plant grows well both outdoors and indoors. Bamboo grasses give the interior a special exotic look.

The name “common bamboo” combines three varieties of reeds: common bamboo itself, the stem of which is distinguished by a golden yellow hue, Siamese bamboo (Bambusa siamensis), whose stems are smooth, rich green in color, and Buddha Belly - Buddha Belly (Bambusa ventricosa) - with “swollen” internodes on the stems. The height of the latter species reaches only 1-1.5 m, which allows it to be grown indoors.

Spreading

South Asia is considered the homeland of bamboo, but it is distributed almost throughout the world: Indochina, Burma, Sri Lanka, India, Japan, the tropics of Africa, South America, Australia and Oceania. In tropical latitudes, herbaceous varieties of bamboo grow. Lignified types of bamboo occupy colder territories: European expanses (Spain, Romania, Hungary, Germany, the territory of the former Yugoslavia), in Russia - the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin, Krasnodar Territory, the Black Sea coast of Crimea. Walls of bamboo thickets are located at the foot of the Himalayas, rising up to 4000 m, and in the eastern Andes - up to 4600 m.

Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.

Chemical composition

Bamboo contains many active components, macro- and microelements, in particular a high percentage of silicic acid. These are antioxidants, phenolic acid, poliose, lactone, hyaluric acid, chondroitin.

Fresh plant sprouts contain 92.3% water, fiber (4%), proteins (1.9%), carbohydrates (0.6%), inorganic substances and fats (0.2%). In the interstices a special substance of crystalline structure is noted - tabashir. Young shoots of reed bamboo contain cyanogenic glycoside. Its dangerous properties for the human body are destroyed during cooking.

Pharmacological properties

Bamboo extract contains polysaccharides, amino acids, mineral salts and organic acids. It is used to strengthen and increase the elasticity of vessel walls, active microcirculation, and blood flow. The active substances of bamboo have an anti-edematous effect, maintain the normal condition of the skin, retaining moisture in its structure.

The most valuable substance is the core of the bamboo trunk - tabashir or bamboo “manna”, a rich source of silicon, minerals, vitamins, polysaccharides and proteins. Thanks to its unique properties, bamboo extract has a beneficial effect on the skin, improves its condition, and increases cell turgor. With age, the amount of elastin and collagen in the skin gradually decreases, and along with these fibers, the percentage of silicon in the cells decreases. Bamboo can slow down the aging process of the skin.

The milky part of the reed bark has an expectorant and bronchodilator effect. Its use in medicine helps eliminate inflammatory processes in the respiratory system.

Bamboo juice, which is extracted from the trunks of old specimens, is also used for the prevention and treatment of many common ailments. The juice of the plant is used in pharmaceuticals. The milky bark of bamboo “tabashir” is the most valuable substance that is used to treat colds, bronchitis, and asthma.

The green part of bamboo (young shoots, leaves, internodes) have anti-inflammatory, antiseptic properties, and a weak diuretic effect. Preparations with bamboo extract are successfully used to improve the functionality of the heart muscle. Reed phytoncides perfectly clean the air from carbon dioxide.

Bamboo has been used since ancient times in homeopathy. Asian healers use the plant as an effective remedy for fever, dysentery, dermatitis of various etiologies, tuberculosis, hepatitis, to increase male potency, and for blood ailments. It is also known to use reed bamboo, namely tabashir, as a prophylactic against the formation of stones in the biliary and urinary tracts.

Historical reference

Bamboo is a sacred tree of the East, a symbol of the land of the rising sun - Japan. In India, the tree symbolized the sacred Buddha. The Chinese have long personified the plant with longevity, friendship and the virtue of children. Residents of the Philippine Islands considered homemade bamboo crosses to be powerful talismans. Therefore, the aborigines tried not to cut down bamboo groves, believing that health and happiness would not leave their homes.

The strength of bamboo wood has been tested since ancient times. It is believed that the ancient capital of Thailand was built on rafts made from this unique tree. Bridges and water drains were considered durable from bamboo material. In the modern world, bamboo is used in the production of musical instruments, furniture, and things for home comfort and use. Bamboo wicker baskets, hats, rocking chairs, mats and curtains - the use of bamboo material knows no bounds.

2. Bamboo // Biological encyclopedic dictionary / chief editor. M. S. Gilyarov. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1986. - P. 49.

Bamuk is a perennial evergreen plant from the genus Bamboo and the Poaceae family. Today there are just over 135 species in the genus. The main place of growth is Asia (tropical and subtropical regions of the mainland and islands), as well as a number of islands of the Pacific basin, but it grows almost everywhere where the climate allows. It will fit perfectly when creating a landscape in Japanese and Chinese style. In these Asian trends in landscaping, bamboo will become a “highlight” that will emphasize the beauty and colorfulness of styles. It will look completely natural near artificial reservoirs. Also, according to Feng Shui, it is believed that it brings happiness and good luck in love. Oddly enough, its popularity is also added by the panda - a bamboo bear cub, whose main diet consists of young bamboo shoots.

Description

If we take the entire bamboo subfamily (Bambusoideae), then it already has more than 1,100 species. The entire subfamily belongs to the Poaceae family. Among other things, bamboos can be divided into two main types (tribes):

• The bamboos tribe (Bambuseae) are plants familiar to us with lignified tall stems and beautiful crowns.
• Tribe Olyreae - these include plants that grow like “ordinary grass”, in thickets. As a rule, representatives of this tribe are small in height and non-lignified.

Bamboo is the fastest growing plant on Earth. The growth rate of some species is amazing - up to 75 cm per day (according to some data, one of the representatives of Phyllostachys bambusoides “set” a growth record of 120 cm/day).

In ancient times in China, the plant, because of this growth habit, was used as an instrument of execution, when young bamboo shoots were planted under a tied person.

The height of adult lignified stems can reach incredible sizes - up to 35-40 meters and a stem girth of up to 80 centimeters (Dendrocalamus brandisii). The leaves are lanceolate, grassy with small roots. Bamboo blooms once in its entire life, after which either the entire plant or only the above-ground part dies; in the second case, the rhizomes remain and serve as a substrate or growth point for young growth. But, as a rule, flowering leads to the fact that the plant simply disappears from its usual territory. The beginning of bamboo flowering still remains a mystery, and the process itself that causes this condition is unclear. As one measure when cultivating this grass, limit the likelihood of unexpected flowering by pruning. The inflorescences are often paniculate and large. Flowers are bisexual, wind-pollinated.

The rhizome of the plant is developed, with a horizontal arrangement in the ground on which buds are formed - future shoots.

Bamboo roots grow quickly and can easily cover huge areas during the growth process, so during the cultivation process it is necessary to create fences to prevent them from spreading underground.

Varieties for cultivation

Bamboo is easy to propagate and spreads quickly. Bamboo is mainly propagated by dividing the bush, but it can also be done by seeds. It is very easy to transplant to other areas. To do this, you just need to dig up the rhizomes, then divide them and plant them in new places. Bamboo roots are quite prolific (a huge number of buds) and grow quickly.

Kuril Sasa (Sasa kurilensis)

Bamboo is an unpretentious plant that grows in natural conditions, and at the same time, it is critical of dry places and too low temperatures. If the first is not very dramatic when grown in a garden with normal water supply, then the second makes it desirable, but still leaves it within the framework of an exotic plant for central Russia. But there are still frost-resistant varieties of fargesia and saz, which can be grown in open ground conditions in the Moscow region and the Southern Urals, if you have some experience in cultivating southern crops. These include:

• Kuril Sasa (Sasa kurilensis) - grows in nature from Japan to Sakhalin, including the Kuril Islands. Frost resistance – up to -25C. Low, plant height varies from 1.5 to 2.5 meters.
• Fargesia spathacea is the most frost-resistant fargesia, able to withstand temperatures down to -27C. F.spathacea is native to northern China.
• Fargesia shiny (Sinarundinaria nitida).
• Fargesia Murielae.

Golden-groove plant (Phyllostachys aureosulcata)

In addition to those listed, Phyllostachys can be distinguished, some of which can withstand short frosts down to -18C:

• Bamboo-shaped, reticulated leaf-grass (Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb.).
• Golden-grooved leaf-grass (Phyllostachys aureo-sulcata).
• Golden leaves, gotei chiku (Phyllostachys aurea) is the most frost-resistant variety among the phyllostachys. Young shoots can be eaten. The height of the stems of an adult plant is from 6 to 8 meters.

Bamboo can be planted on a site as a background for other plants or for “building” a green fence, as well as to add a special flavor when creating landscape design in a Chinese or Japanese style. And if you place it next to a veranda or gazebo, it will provide you with a pleasant time outdoors in the comfortable conditions of shade and the relaxing sound created by the wind passing through the thickets of this grassy giant.

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The leaves are spear-shaped and covered with down.

It blooms rarely and does not produce seeds. Fruits are also rare due to low pollen survival caused by irregular meiosis. Once every few decades, the entire bamboo population in the area blooms at the same time, the flowers abundantly covering the stems. Bamboo is propagated by dividing bushes, marcotage (shoots), layering, pruning and rhizomes. The easiest way to get shoots is by dividing a bush or branch. In the Philippines, the best results were obtained by cutting one knee from the bottom of a six-month-old bush. Even if the shoots die, the stem usually survives, and there may be cases of germination of bamboo poles, fences, stakes, and supports. The rhizome grows up to 80 cm before it begins to send out sprouting stems. The ease of breeding can explain its apparent lack of domestication.

On average, the chemical composition of bamboo is: cellulose - 41-44%, pentoses - 21-23%, lignin - 26-28%, ash - 1.7-1.9%, silicon dioxide - 0.6-0.7%.

Taxonomy

Bambooaceae have long been considered one of the primitive grasses due to the presence of bracts, an indefinite form of inflorescence, pseudo-spikelets in the inflorescences of woody bamboos, which were identified with chaff), as well as flowers with three lodicules (films between the flower scales and the genital organs of the flower), six stamens and three stigmas.

Arundarbor blancoi(Steud.) Kuntze A.fera(Oken) Kuntze A. monogyna(Blanco) Kuntze A. striata(Lindl.) Kuntze Arundo fera Oken Bambusa auriculata Kurz B. blancoi Steud. B.fera(Oken) Miq. B. monogyna Blanco

B. nguyenii Ohrnb. B. sieberi Griseb. B. striata Lodd. ex Lindl. B. surinamensis Rupr. B. thouarsii Kunth Gigantochloa auriculata(Kurz) Kurz Leleba vulgaris(Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl.) Nakai Nastus thouarsii(Kunth) Raspail Nastus. viviparus Raspail Oxytenanthera auriculata(Kurz) Prain

Cultivation

There are at least three varieties of cultivated common bamboo:

• green-trunked;
• golden bamboo ( Bambusa vulgaris var. Striata) with a yellow trunk and usually thicker walls;
• Bambusa vulgaris var. Wamin three-meter bamboo 1-3 centimeters in diameter with 4-10 centimeter knees.

Common varieties are listed below:

Distribution and habitat

Common bamboo is known almost exclusively in its domesticated form, but wild populations occur. Common bamboo is grown throughout East, Southeast and South Asia, the tropics of Africa and Madagascar. It is native to the Indo-Malayan rain forests. It is one of the most common bamboos in Pakistan, Tanzania and Brazil.

By the early 18th century, bamboo had become a popular greenhouse plant in Europe, and common bamboo was one of the first types of bamboo to appear there. Believed to have been introduced to Hawaii during the time of James Cook (late 18th century), it remains the most popular ornamental plant on the islands. Common bamboo is cultivated in the United States and Puerto Rico, where it was probably introduced by the Spanish in the 1840s. Common bamboo may be the first species introduced to the Americas from Europe.

Titles

Common bamboo is known as "bambu ampel" (indon. Bambu Ampel), “buloh aor, buloh pao, buloh minyak, aor betin” (Malay. Buloh Aur, Buloh Pau, Buloh Minyak, Aur Betting) , mailuang, phailuang (Thai: Mai-Luang, Phai-Luang), Daisan-chiku (Japanese: 泰山竹), Murangi (Kikuyu), Gemeiner Bambus (German: Gemeiner Bambus), bambou de chign (French: Bambou de Chine), bamboo vulgar (port. Bambu Vulgar), Mwanzi (Swahili Mwanzi) . B. vulgaris var. Striata also known as "golden bamboo", buloh gadlin, aor gadlin, buloh kunin (Malay. Buloh Gadling, Aur Gadling, Buloh Kuning) , bamboo kunin (Indon. Bambu Kuning), kinsey-tiku (Japanese: 金糸竹). Bambusa vulgaris f. waminii - like bamboo blenduk (indon. Bambu Blenduk) .

Ecology

Pests and diseases

The main enemies of common bamboo are Dinoderus minutus and Cyrtotrachelus longimanus, the latter destroy shoots in the larval state. Other known pests - cercospora, rot of the lower leaf sheaths (Fusarium), rot of the epidermis ( Glomerella cingulata), leaf rust (Kweilingia divina), leaf spot (Dactylaria "). In Bangladesh, severe damage is caused Sarocladium oryzae .

Usage

Bambusa vulgaris It is used in various sectors of the economy, including the use of stems for fuel, and leaves for livestock feed, although the use of large quantities of bamboo leaves causes nervous disorders in horses. There are no statistical records of the use of bamboo. Due to the strength and thickness of bamboo, it is widely used, since, despite the difficulty of processing, bamboo is resistant to fungi and woodworms, although it requires constant processing.

B. vulgaris var. Striata is an exclusively ornamental plant, and its boiled shoots are used for medicinal purposes. This variety is cultivated in Asia. B. vulgaris f. Waminii In addition to Asia, they are cultivated in the USA and Europe. B. vulgaris f. Vittata- the most popular decorative. B. vulgaris f. kimmei most popular in Japan.

Decorative

Bamboo is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is often planted as a hedge.

Construction

Bamboo stems are used for construction, mainly small temporary shelters, including floors, roofs, walls and siding. It is also possible to make masts, rudders, crossbars, and poles for boats from the stems. Other uses include basket weaving, furniture making, wind breakers, flutes, fishing rods, tool handles, stakes, implements, frames, smoking pipes, pipes and more.

Wood pulp is obtained from bamboo in India. Studies have shown that bamboo paper has very high tensile strength, comparable to paper made from coniferous trees. There is bamboo plywood and bamboo wrapping paper.

Eating

Young shoots of the plant in Asia are eaten boiled and canned. The shoots retain their yellow color even after cooking. A decoction of young shoots mixed with cuckoo tears is drunk in Mauritius as a refreshing drink.

One hundred grams of bamboo shoots of green stem varieties contain 90 grams of water, 2.6 protein, 4.1 fat, 0.4 healthy carbohydrates, 1.1 dietary fiber, 22.8 mg calcium, 37 mg phosphorus, 1.1 mg iron , 3.1 mg ascorbic acid. The same number of shoots of the yellow-stemmed varieties contain 88 grams of water, 1.8 protein, 7.2 fat, 0.0 healthy carbohydrates, 1.2 dietary fiber, 28.6 mg calcium, 27.5 mg phosphorus and 1.4 mg iron .

Traditional medicine

Golden bamboo is considered a medicinal plant in many Asian cultures and herbalism, despite the lack of clinically proven effects. In Java, water stored in bamboo tubes is considered medicinal. In the Congo, the leaves are used in the treatment of measles; in Nigeria, an extract from soaked bamboo leaves are considered a cure for sexually transmitted diseases and as an abortifacient - and the extract actually works on rabbits as abortive .

Cultivation

Although bamboo is not suitable for small spaces as it grows in large clumps, young plants can be grown in containers. Golden bamboo tolerates both direct sunlight and partial shade. It is important to protect young shoots from pests. In Tanzania for the cultivation of common bamboo B. vulgaris clean the soil surrounding the shoots.

Virulence

Among all bamboo plants, only common bamboo shoots contain taxiphyllin (a cyanogenic glycoside that acts as an enzymatic inhibitor when entering the human body), but it is quickly destroyed in boiling water. This substance is very poisonous, the lethal dose for humans is 50-60 mg. A dose of 25 mg in rats weighing 100-120 grams caused symptoms of poisoning, including apnea, ataxia and paresis. Horses in the Brazilian state of Pará were diagnosed with hypersomnia and severe ataxia after consuming bamboo leaves. African farmers prefer to buy bamboo rather than grow it themselves because they believe it spoils the soil.

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Notes

1. For the convention of indicating the class of monocots as a superior taxon for the group of plants described in this article, see the section “APG Systems” of the article “Monocots”.
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An excerpt characterizing common bamboo

Prince Andrei, having left the front line, rode along the front. Our chain and the enemy’s stood on the left and right flanks far from each other, but in the middle, in the place where the envoys passed in the morning, the chains came together so close that they could see each other’s faces and talk to each other. In addition to the soldiers occupying the chain in this place, on both sides there were many curious people who, laughing, looked at the strange and alien enemies.
From early morning, despite the ban on approaching the chain, the commanders could not fight off the curious. The soldiers standing in a chain, like people showing something rare, no longer looked at the French, but made their observations of those coming and, bored, waited for their change. Prince Andrei stopped to look at the French.
“Look, look,” one soldier said to his comrade, pointing to the Russian musketeer soldier, who with the officer approached the chain and spoke often and passionately to the French grenadier. - Look, he babbles so cleverly! The guard can't keep up with him. How about you, Sidorov!
- Wait, listen. Look, clever! - answered Sidorov, who was considered a master of speaking French.
The soldier to whom those laughing were pointing was Dolokhov. Prince Andrei recognized him and listened to his conversation. Dolokhov, together with his company commander, came into the chain from the left flank on which their regiment stood.
- Well, more, more! - the company commander instigated, bending forward and trying not to utter a single word that was incomprehensible to him. - Please, more often. What he?
Dolokhov did not answer the company commander; he was involved in a heated argument with a French grenadier. They talked, as they should have, about the campaign. The Frenchman argued, confusing the Austrians with the Russians, that the Russians had surrendered and fled from Ulm itself; Dolokhov argued that the Russians did not surrender, but beat the French.
“Here they tell you to drive you away, and we will drive you away,” said Dolokhov.
“Just try not to be taken away with all your Cossacks,” said the French grenadier.
The French spectators and listeners laughed.
“You will be forced to dance, as you danced under Suvorov (on vous fera danser [you will be forced to dance]), said Dolokhov.
– Qu"est ce qu"il chante? [What is he singing there?] - said one Frenchman.
“De l"histoire ancienne, [Ancient history],” said the other, guessing that it was about previous wars. “L”Empereur va lui faire voir a votre Souvara, comme aux autres... [The Emperor will show your Suvara, like others …]
“Bonaparte...” Dolokhov began, but the Frenchman interrupted him.
- No Bonaparte. There is an emperor! Sacre nom... [Damn it...] - he shouted angrily.
- Damn your emperor!
And Dolokhov swore in Russian, rudely, like a soldier, and, raising his gun, walked away.
“Let’s go, Ivan Lukich,” he said to the company commander.
“That’s how it is in French,” the soldiers in the chain spoke. - How about you, Sidorov!
Sidorov winked and, turning to the French, began to babble incomprehensible words often, often:
“Kari, mala, tafa, safi, muter, caska,” he babbled, trying to give expressive intonations to his voice.
- Go Go go! ha ha, ha, ha! Wow! Wow! - there was a roar of such healthy and cheerful laughter among the soldiers, which involuntarily communicated through the chain to the French, that after this it seemed necessary to unload the guns, detonate the charges and everyone should quickly go home.
But the guns remained loaded, the loopholes in the houses and fortifications looked forward just as menacingly, and just as before, the guns turned towards each other, removed from the limbers, remained.

Having traveled around the entire line of troops from the right to the left flank, Prince Andrei climbed to the battery from which, according to the headquarters officer, the entire field was visible. Here he dismounted from his horse and stopped at the outermost of the four cannons that had been removed from the limbers. In front of the guns walked the sentry artilleryman, who was stretched out in front of the officer, but at a sign made to him, he resumed his uniform, boring walk. Behind the guns there were limbers, and further back there was a hitching post and artillery fires. To the left, not far from the outermost gun, there was a new wicker hut, from which animated officer voices could be heard.
Indeed, from the battery there was a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops and most of the enemy. Directly opposite the battery, on the horizon of the opposite hillock, the village of Shengraben was visible; to the left and to the right one could discern in three places, among the smoke of their fires, masses of French troops, of which, obviously, most of them were in the village itself and behind the mountain. To the left of the village, in the smoke, there seemed to be something similar to a battery, but it was impossible to get a good look at it with the naked eye. Our right flank was located on a rather steep hill, which dominated the French position. Our infantry was positioned along it, and the dragoons were visible at the very edge. In the center, where the Tushin battery was located, from which Prince Andrei viewed the position, there was the most gentle and straight descent and ascent to the stream that separated us from Shengraben. To the left, our troops adjoined the forest, where the fires of our infantry, chopping wood, were smoking. The French line was wider than ours, and it was clear that the French could easily get around us on both sides. Behind our position there was a steep and deep ravine, along which it was difficult for artillery and cavalry to retreat. Prince Andrei, leaning on the cannon and taking out his wallet, drew for himself a plan for the disposition of the troops. He wrote notes in pencil in two places, intending to communicate them to Bagration. He intended, firstly, to concentrate all the artillery in the center and, secondly, to transfer the cavalry back to the other side of the ravine. Prince Andrei, constantly being with the commander-in-chief, monitoring the movements of the masses and general orders and constantly engaged in historical descriptions of battles, and in this upcoming matter involuntarily thought about the future course of military operations only in general terms. He imagined only the following kind of major accidents: “If the enemy launches an attack on the right flank,” he said to himself, “the Kiev Grenadier and Podolsk Jaeger will have to hold their position until the reserves of the center approach them. In this case, the dragoons can hit the flank and overthrow them. In the event of an attack on the center, we place a central battery on this hill and, under its cover, pull together the left flank and retreat to the ravine in echelons,” he reasoned with himself...
All the time that he was on the battery at the gun, he, as often happens, without ceasing, heard the sounds of the voices of the officers speaking in the booth, but did not understand a single word of what they were saying. Suddenly the sound of voices from the booth struck him with such a sincere tone that he involuntarily began to listen.
“No, my dear,” said a pleasant voice that seemed familiar to Prince Andrei, “I say that if it were possible to know what will happen after death, then none of us would be afraid of death.” So, my dear.
Another, younger voice interrupted him:
- Yes, be afraid, don’t be afraid, it doesn’t matter - you won’t escape.
- And you’re still afraid! “Eh, you learned people,” said a third courageous voice, interrupting both. “You artillerymen are very learned because you can take everything with you, including vodka and snacks.
And the owner of the courageous voice, apparently an infantry officer, laughed.
“But you’re still afraid,” continued the first familiar voice. – You’re afraid of the unknown, that’s what. Whatever you say, the soul will go to heaven... after all, we know that there is no heaven, but only one sphere.
Again the courageous voice interrupted the artilleryman.
“Well, treat me to your herbalist, Tushin,” he said.
“Ah, this is the same captain who stood at the sutler’s without boots,” thought Prince Andrei, recognizing with pleasure the pleasant, philosophizing voice.
“You can learn herbalism,” said Tushin, “but still comprehend the future life...
He didn't finish. At this time a whistle was heard in the air; closer, closer, faster and louder, louder and faster, and the cannonball, as if not having finished everything it needed to say, exploding spray with superhuman force, plopped into the ground not far from the booth. The earth seemed to gasp from a terrible blow.
At the same moment, little Tushin jumped out of the booth first of all with his pipe bitten on his side; his kind, intelligent face was somewhat pale. The owner of the courageous voice, a dashing infantry officer, came out behind him and ran to his company, buttoning up his boots as he ran.

Prince Andrei stood on horseback on the battery, looking at the smoke of the gun from which the cannonball flew out. His eyes darted across the vast space. He only saw that the previously motionless masses of the French were swaying, and that there really was a battery to the left. The smoke has not yet cleared from it. Two French cavalry, probably adjutants, galloped along the mountain. A clearly visible small column of the enemy was moving downhill, probably to strengthen the chain. The smoke of the first shot had not yet cleared when another smoke and a shot appeared. The battle has begun. Prince Andrei turned his horse and galloped back to Grunt to look for Prince Bagration. Behind him, he heard the cannonade becoming more frequent and louder. Apparently, our people were starting to respond. Below, in the place where the envoys were passing, rifle shots were heard.
Le Marrois (Le Marierois), with Bonaparte's menacing letter, had just galloped up to Murat, and the ashamed Murat, wanting to make amends for his mistake, immediately moved his troops to the center and bypassing both flanks, hoping to crush the insignificant one standing in front of him before the evening and before the arrival of the emperor. him, squad.
"Began! Here it is!" thought Prince Andrei, feeling how the blood began to flow more often to his heart. “But where? How will my Toulon be expressed? he thought.
Driving between the same companies that ate porridge and drank vodka a quarter of an hour ago, he saw everywhere the same quick movements of soldiers forming up and dismantling guns, and on all their faces he recognized the feeling of revival that was in his heart. "Began! Here it is! Scary and fun! " the face of every soldier and officer spoke.
Before he even reached the fortification under construction, he saw in the evening light of a cloudy autumn day horsemen moving towards him. The vanguard, in a burka and a cap with smashkas, rode on a white horse. It was Prince Bagration. Prince Andrei stopped, waiting for him. Prince Bagration stopped his horse and, recognizing Prince Andrei, nodded his head to him. He continued to look ahead while Prince Andrei told him what he saw.
Expression: “It has begun!” here it is!" it was even on the strong brown face of Prince Bagration with half-closed, dull, as if sleep-deprived eyes. Prince Andrey peered with restless curiosity into this motionless face, and he wanted to know whether he was thinking and feeling, and what he was thinking, what this man was feeling at that moment? “Is there anything at all there, behind that motionless face?” Prince Andrei asked himself, looking at him. Prince Bagration bowed his head as a sign of agreement to the words of Prince Andrey, and said: “Okay,” with such an expression, as if everything that happened and what was reported to him was exactly what he had already foreseen. Prince Andrei, out of breath from the speed of the ride, spoke quickly. Prince Bagration pronounced the words with his Eastern accent especially slowly, as if instilling that there was no need to rush. He, however, started to trot his horse towards Tushin's battery. Prince Andrei and his retinue went after him. Behind Prince Bagration were following: a retinue officer, the prince's personal adjutant, Zherkov, an orderly, an officer on duty on an anglicized beautiful horse and a civil servant, an auditor, who, out of curiosity, asked to go to battle. The auditor, a plump man with a full face, looked around with a naive smile of joy, shaking on his horse, presenting a strange appearance in his camelot overcoat on a Furshtat saddle among the hussars, Cossacks and adjutants.
“He wants to watch the battle,” Zherkov said to Bolkonsky, pointing to the auditor, “but his stomach hurts.”
“Well, that’s enough for you,” said the auditor with a beaming, naive and at the same time sly smile, as if he was flattered that he was the subject of Zherkov’s jokes, and as if he was deliberately trying to seem stupider than he really was.
“Tres drole, mon monsieur prince, [Very funny, my lord prince," said the officer on duty. (He remembered that in French they specifically say the title prince, and could not get it right.)
At this time, they were all already approaching Tushin’s battery, and a cannonball hit in front of them.
- Why did it fall? – the auditor asked, smiling naively.
“French flatbreads,” said Zherkov.
- This is what they hit you with, then? – asked the auditor. - What passion!
And he seemed to be blooming with pleasure. He had barely finished speaking when an unexpectedly terrible whistle was heard again, which suddenly stopped with a blow to something liquid, and sh sh sh slap - the Cossack, riding somewhat to the right and behind the auditor, collapsed with his horse to the ground. Zherkov and the duty officer bent down in their saddles and turned their horses away. The auditor stopped in front of the Cossack, examining him with attentive curiosity. The Cossack was dead, the horse was still struggling.
Prince Bagration, squinting, looked around and, seeing the cause of the confusion, turned away indifferently, as if saying: is it worth engaging in nonsense! He stopped his horse with the manner of a good rider, leaned over a little and straightened the sword that had caught on his cloak. The sword was old, not like the ones they used now. Prince Andrei remembered the story of how Suvorov in Italy presented his sword to Bagration, and at that moment this memory was especially pleasant to him. They drove up to the very battery where Bolkonsky stood when he was looking at the battlefield.
- Whose company? – Prince Bagration asked the fireworksman standing by the boxes.
He asked: whose company? but in essence he asked: aren’t you shy here? And the fireworksman understood this.
“Captain Tushin, your Excellency,” the red-haired fireworksman, with a freckled face covered in freckles, shouted, stretching out in a cheerful voice.
“Well, well,” Bagration said, thinking something, and drove past the limbers to the outermost gun.
While he was approaching, a shot rang out from this gun, deafening him and his retinue, and in the smoke that suddenly surrounded the gun, the artillerymen were visible, picking up the gun and, hastily straining, rolling it to its original place. The broad-shouldered, huge soldier 1st with a banner, legs spread wide, jumped towards the wheel. The 2nd, with a shaking hand, put the charge into the barrel. A small, stooped man, Officer Tushin, tripped over his trunk and ran forward, not noticing the general and looking out from under his small hand.
“Add two more lines, it will be just like that,” he shouted in a thin voice, to which he tried to give a youthful appearance that did not suit his figure. - Second! - he squeaked. - Smash it, Medvedev!
Bagration called out to the officer, and Tushin, with a timid and awkward movement, not at all in the way the military salutes, but in the way the priests bless, placing three fingers on the visor, approached the general. Although Tushin’s guns were intended to bombard the ravine, he fired with fire guns at the village of Shengraben, visible ahead, in front of which large masses of the French were advancing.
No one ordered Tushin where or with what to shoot, and he, after consulting with his sergeant major Zakharchenko, for whom he had great respect, decided that it would be good to set the village on fire. "Fine!" Bagration said to the officer’s report and began to look around the entire battlefield opening before him, as if thinking something. On the right side the French came closest. Below the height at which the Kiev regiment stood, in the ravine of the river, the soul-grabbing rolling chatter of guns was heard, and much to the right, behind the dragoons, a retinue officer pointed out to the prince the French column encircling our flank. To the left, the horizon was limited to a nearby forest. Prince Bagration ordered two battalions from the center to go to the right for reinforcements. The retinue officer dared to notice to the prince that after these battalions left, the guns would be left without cover. Prince Bagration turned to the retinue officer and looked at him silently with dull eyes. It seemed to Prince Andrei that the retinue officer’s remark was fair and that there was really nothing to say. But at that time an adjutant from the regimental commander, who was in the ravine, rode up with the news that huge masses of French were coming down, that the regiment was upset and was retreating to the Kyiv grenadiers. Prince Bagration bowed his head as a sign of agreement and approval. He walked to the right and sent an adjutant to the dragoons with orders to attack the French. But the adjutant sent there arrived half an hour later with the news that the dragoon regimental commander had already retreated beyond the ravine, for strong fire was directed against him, and he was losing people in vain and therefore hurried the riflemen into the forest.

Botanical characteristics

Reed bamboo, translated as Bambusa arundinacea, is a perennial plant belonging to the cereal family. In total, this genus includes more than seven hundred species, the most common of which are reed and ordinary representatives.

I believe it is no secret to anyone that bamboo is one of the oldest building materials, used for numerous purposes: from housing construction to the construction of sewerage facilities. Currently, it is used for decorative purposes, as well as as a means of alternative medicine.

The stem of wild bamboo can reach up to 30 meters in height. In cultivated conditions, it rarely manages to reach such gigantic sizes; most often, its length does not exceed two meters.

There are many legends about the growth rate of its stem, which have found their application in cinema. It should be noted that this is indeed true for wild species.

It grows at an unprecedented rate of approximately 75 centimeters per day. But this does not last long, and as the maximum length of the stem is reached, the rate of movement towards the sun slows down.

In the wild, it grows in vast dense thickets. The lower parts of the stems, as a rule, are very close to each other. The upper ones are represented by woody parts. Their color varies from light green to spotted, or even yellowish-ocher.

Its leaves have a characteristic lanceolate shape and are located on short petioles. With age, the leaf blades partially fall off. Flowering occurs only once in a lifetime, usually at the age of 30 to 100 years. After which the plant quickly withers and dies.

Plant distribution

The homeland of bamboo is considered to be South and Southeast Asia, where it is constantly found as a wild species. We are talking about countries such as Burma, Sri Lanka, India, Vietnam, and a number of other countries.

In its cultivated form, it is found in countries such as Japan, China, Pakistan, Brazil, and some African countries. In the vast expanses of our Motherland, it almost does not grow, with the exception of some Far Eastern territories.

As you can see, the habitat is outlined mainly by countries with hot and temperate climates with high humidity.

Reproduction

In culture it is propagated mainly by cuttings, which germinate well both in water and in special soil. After a few days, small shoots appear from the cut stems.

After the first leaves appear, the bamboo should be replanted in the ground. For this, you can use any planting soil, but it is better to fertilize it with minerals.

Do not forget about watering, which should be done approximately once a week. But for this it is better to use not water from the tap, but melted or settled water. It is better to grow it on the illuminated side of the room, but not on the south, but on the east.

Procurement and collection of raw materials

As a matter of fact, we usually don’t talk about harvesting bamboo for future use. Parts of this plant are consumed fresh. For therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, some peoples usually use either young shoots or internodes.

In addition to its use in folk medicine, it is also used in some creative fields. In particular, in design or floristry. Its stems are used for decoration or creating all kinds of installations.

Use in folk medicine

To begin with, we should say a few words about what exactly substances in bamboo attract the attention of traditional healers. We are talking about the following chemical compounds: resinous substances, triterpenoids, pentosan, lignin, as well as silicon.

Its internodes contain a large amount of silicic acid. It has recently been believed that this substance can strengthen the walls of blood vessels, and thereby regulate blood pressure, improve cerebral circulation and the functioning of the heart muscle.

The leaves and shoots of the plant have a pronounced antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect. Among other things, they contain substances that improve the contractile activity of the heart muscles.

It is part of many homeopathic medicines used to treat a great variety of diseases, such as diabetes, asthma, male impotence, cancer, and even infectious diseases.

Recipes

As a general tonic, as well as a measure to combat premature aging of the body, you can use various decoctions and tea from its internodes.

They are made very simply. Take several internodes of bamboo, dry them thoroughly and chop them. The resulting powder should be added to tea.

A similar effect can be obtained even if you simply chew the above-mentioned parts of the plant.

Conclusion

As I already mentioned, reed bamboo is a plant that has been used by humans for a long time. It is used both as a traditional medicine and for the purpose of creating bouquets and decorating interiors.

Many diseases are successfully treated with homeopathic medicines based on this plant. True, you shouldn’t forget about other doctor’s orders. Only an integrated approach allows you to achieve the desired result.

Cereal family. The homeland of bamboos is tropical and subtropical countries - Australia, Asia, America.

The most real bamboo is the Bamboo genus Bambusa, which has about 130 species. View Common bamboo Bambusa vulgaris- in nature these are very large - up to 20-30 m in height, evergreen plants with a powerful rhizome, with geniculate yellow stems, and spreading leaves. There are also varieties with variegated leaves. This bamboo is used for decorative purposes, but due to its tallness, it is used only in garden landscaping in China and the USA.

Common bamboo

Dwarf bamboo

Umbrella bamboo or Fargesia Murieli

But besides this, there are other plants that have different botanical names, but are called by the same word “bamboo”. To understand this, you need to look at the taxonomy in more detail. So, in the Poaceae family of cereals there is a Bamboo subfamily Bambusoideae, which, in turn, consists of two tribes: Olyreae Olyreae (we are not interested in it) and Bambuseae Bamboo - its representatives decorate the garden and window sills.

The Bamboo tribe Bambuseae includes about 9 subtribes, of which the aforementioned genus Bamboo Bambusa is of interest, as well as:

Genus Pleioblastus Pleioblastus- homeland of China and Japan, there are about 20 species. Among them there are many dwarf bamboos, which in Russia can be found on sale as indoor plants. This Dwarf bamboo Pleioblastus pygmaeus(bush about 45 cm tall), Golden bamboo Pleioblastus auricomus(bush up to 70 cm high), etc. Very powerful rhizome, bushes spreading and lush. The leaves are lanceolate-shaped, with an average length of 8-15 cm. However, the taxonomy of this genus is somewhat controversial - some scientists classify bamboos of this genus not as independent Pleioblastuses, but as part of the genus Arundinaria Arundinaria.

Genus Arundinaria Arundinaria- these are reeds, in simple terms, not exactly bamboos, but plants extremely similar to ordinary bamboos. Among them there are practically no tall tree-like ones, with the exception of the giant Arundinaria gigantea, reaching 6 m in height, all the rest are low bushes and herbs, and they are very undecorative, rather like weeds, the only species worthy of attention is Arundinaria variegata - green leaves with wide white stripes. In Europe and the USA they are not used in landscape design, but in our country representatives of another genus Fargesia are sold under this name. And the confusion again arose because the genera Arundinaria and Fargesia are both included in the subtribe Arundinaria, but when designating a plant for sale, it is customary to indicate the name of the genus and species, but not the tribes and subtribes. Therefore, if you bought a plant that says Arundinaria, it is most likely Fargesia.

Fargesia Fargesia is a genus of reeds, there are about 40 species, very ornamental herbs and shrubs, popular in garden landscaping in warm climates, and also grown as potted plants. In nature, these are quite tall shrubs, some up to 4-6 m in height, but they form very well and can be maintained in a compact shape. Popular Fargesia murielae Fargesia Murielae- with zigzag yellowish stems, lanceolate leaves, pointed at the end. Also quite decorative Fargesia brilliant Fargesia nitida.

All representatives of the Bamboo tribe Bambuseae, which includes all the above-mentioned genera, require similar maintenance conditions.

Bamboo - care at home

True bamboo is a rather rare houseplant; at home they can reach 1.5 m in height, but they are well formed by pruning and are often grown as bonsai.

Temperature: preferably moderate, in heat above 26°C the tips of the leaves may dry out. In winter, bamboo is more suitable for keeping in a greenhouse - a bright, cool place, at a temperature of about 12-13°C. Although in nature these plants can withstand sub-zero temperatures when planted in pots, they should not be kept in sub-zero temperatures in the winter. You can keep it on a balcony (glazed or insulated) almost until the end of October, and take it out in the spring in April, when the temperature reaches above zero. Watering is extremely rare.

Lighting: Bright sunny location, with some sun in the morning or evening. It is advisable that bamboo receives 4-5 hours of sunlight per day. On the south side, the leaves burn out and dry out; no, they will not die in the sun, but they will look less decorative. On the northern side the bamboos are dark - the bushes are thin, the leaves are sparse. In summer, it is better to take the plants out into the open air, to a place protected from the wind. From August to the end of January, shading is not required on the sunny side. By the way, keep in mind that bamboos are characterized by exposing the lower part of the stems - this is not a lack of light, but the specifics of the plant.

Watering: abundant in summer, after drying the top layer of soil. Do not allow the earthen clod to become too dry. But overmoistening should also be avoided; the soil should not be too wet, but should have time to dry out before the next watering in the upper part of the pot. In winter, watering is moderate, depending on the temperature, if below 16°C, then after the soil in the pot has completely dried, if below 10°C, watering is very rare, about once a month.

• Feeding: During the growth period from April to August, bamboo is fed every two weeks with special complex fertilizers for indoor plants. You can use “Rainbow”, “Ideal”, “Giant”, etc.

Air humidity: bamboo loves regular spraying of leaves with warm water. During the heating season, the only salvation is a humidifier.

Transplantation: young plants are replanted annually in the spring; older plants are replanted after 3-4 years every 2-3 years. The soil should be nutritious - 2 parts turf, 1 part leaf, 1 part humus soil, 2 parts small pebbles or vermiculite. The root system is quite powerful, in nature it is invasive, spreads widely and displaces and suppresses other plants. Therefore, the pot must be spacious; large specimens are planted in tubs. It is necessary to put drainage at the bottom of the pot.

Tree of Happiness

Reproduction: bamboo is propagated by dividing the bush when transplanted. Just shake off the roots from the old soil, and use a sharp knife to cut off a part of the root ball with several stems from the edge of the bush. Sprinkle the juicy cuts with crushed charcoal. Plant slightly larger than the root ball in the pot. During the first weeks, water carefully. Do not transplant or divide during the hot summer period.

If you want to bring home a small bamboo plant while traveling somewhere in China, you can do this by separating the root shoot - at the base of the bush, along with a small piece of rhizome.

Tree of Happiness

Tree of happiness, Chinese bamboo or bamboo of happiness - with this name, a plant is sold in stores in the form of several tied tubes, with rosettes of green leaves. In fact, this plant has nothing to do with real bamboo - it is one of the varieties of dracaena Dracaena fragrans.

In China and other Asian countries, this plant is considered a symbol of happiness and prosperity in the home and family. "Chinese bamboo" is usually sold not in pots with soil, but in flowerpots or vases with water. Caring for this plant (dracaena) is very simple - change the water, periodically add mineral fertilizers to it and wipe the leaves from dust. It can be planted in a pot of soil and grown as a regular houseplant.