Why in words alternate sounds? This happens when the word grammatical forms is formed. That is, the sounds in the same morpheme, for example, in the root, can replace each other. Such a replacement is called alternation. We note immediately that it will be about phonetic processes, and not about spelling words.

At certain cases, not only vowels alternate, but also consonants. Most often, the alternation is in roots, suffixes and consoles.

Moss - Moss, carry - to carry, steep - cooler, friend - friends - to be friends - in the root of the word;

a circle - a mug, daughter - daughters, winter - winter, valuable - valuable - in suffixes;

wait - wait, call - to convene, labeled - Veru - in the consoles.

There are two types of alternations: historical (they can not be explained, they have arisen a long time ago and are associated with the loss of vowels [b], [b] (can be restful, put up - flattering) or with an inexplicable identity of consonant sounds (run - running) and phonetic (running) in a different positional, as they depend on the position of the sound in the word [Nλ - NOC], they can be explained from the point of view of the modern Russian language, for example, the alternation [g // to] arose because in front of the vowel, the consonant sound is preserved, and in The end of the word sound is stunned, changes its sound quality).

Historical alternations

Phonetic (positional) alternations

Historical alternations are detected with word formation and formation.

Phonetic (positional) can be determined by reduction of vowels and assimilation of consonant sounds.

Many runaway vowels when changing single-strokes and double nouns on cases [o, e, and // -]:

mouth - mouth, ice - ice, stump - happy;

fire - fire, knot - knot, wind - wind, lesson - lesson, nail - nail, hive - hive;

bucket - Verder, window - windows, needle - needle, egg - eggs.

There are running vowels and in brief adjectives:

brief - brief, bitter - Gorky, funny - ridiculous, long - length, tricky - cunning.

In the roots of multiple verbs, alternations of vowels and consonant sounds occur:

touch - to touch, inspect - to inspect, collect - collect, send - send, light - light, understand - understand, squeeze - compress.

Alternations of sounds It is important to know to correctly apply spelling rules when it makes difficulties with writing letters in different parts of speech. If you do not recognize alternations, you can make an error and morphem analysis when you highlight the words.

Alternating sounds - This is a natural distinction of sounds in the options of ona and the same morpheme.

Alternation of shock vowels.Soft consonants cause shifting the articulation of vowel forward and up. In transcription, this shift of the initial and final phase of the vowel is denoted by points above the letter: / h ¢ AC /, / MA ¢ T /.

Between soft consonants, there is a forward shift and up in the central part of the vowel: / h ast / and / h / h /, / mel / and / h / - vowing - e-front rows moves (forward) up. / Shche / and / pike.

We see that the alternation of vowels under the emphasis after soft and before soft consonants occurs at their ingnecificently strong position, but different perceptual.

The solid consonants before and after / a, o, e, y / in no way act onto the vowel: / Jaguar, the gift, yes / - everywhere the same sound / A / - the environment does not affect the sound - it is a perceptibly strong position for / A, o, u, y / and weak for / and /; Position after soft.

In a weak position, the sounds, leaned to the consonant, adapt vow to their articulation. It can be detected by rumor. In the word, the mass is pronounced / A /, the position here is strong. In the word, the meat is pronounced / and - the sound is extraordinary throughout its sound - it will be more advanced. In Word / Ira / pronounced / and / - this is the main version of the phoneme / and /, the quality of the sound is not caused by the position. In the Word / Cheese / - pronounce / s, and then pronounced / and /: / sy i-and-ra /.

Thus, in a perceptually weak position / A / - the result of the adaptation / a / to the preceding soft consonant, and the same / s / s-compliant adaptation / and / to the previous solid.

Alternation of unstressed vowels.Unstressed vowels differ from shock quantitatively and efficiently: they are shorter than drums and are pronounced with a smaller force and different timbres. In this regard, the discrimination of the shocks are called vowels of full formation, unstressed - reduced vowels.

There is a difference and between unstressed vowels, which is due to their place in relation to the emphasis and position in the syllable.

Pothebnay suggested a formula, conditionally evaluating 3,2,1 power of shock and unstressed syllables. Blow 3, 1st Predator.- 2, Others-1. / B - Coleradite / - Disorder, / P E R and Padglotofk.

The strength of the unstressed vowel depends on the following conditions: 1. An uncomplicated syllable is equal to the 1st estate: attack / LTKLVAT /, stork / stork.

The strength of the procratural final open syllable fluctuates 1 and 2 units: cap / headcase / \\ reduced vowels 1st degree (in 2 units of drum force) and a vowel 2th degree, (in 1 one) - Kommersant and L.

Qualitative differences between shock and unstressed vowels are due to the fact that unstressed vowels are less vigorous than drums. The body of the language occupies a position close to neutral. Unstressed / and / / s / - vowel upper lifting: the language does not reach the upper position: / Showcases /, / SW /.

When pronouncing the vowel and in the 1st estate syllable, the language does not reach the extreme lower position, the more accurate image is L: / TLLV /, in the 2nd estate syllable, the sound A corresponds to / k / - the language occupies the average position: / Nizpldat / .

In the formation of personal-numerical forms, many verbs are observed various sound changes basics.

So, in the verbs first Hiding in education forms of the 2nd and 3rd face of the singular and 1st and 2nd face plural Arrangements occur ( k / h ") and ( g / f), eg: bake, stove, bake, bog, biscuit, bake; Coast, save, choose, beat, beat, seize . In the same forms, solid finite consonants alternate with soft: carry, carry, carries, carry, carry, carry .

At the verb second Hidness Alternation of the Ultimate Consult Basics occurs in forms 1st face of the singular. In these forms, soft dental consonants alternate with mercy, and soft lumps - with combinations of sounds " lip + l", eg: i am flying, flying, flies, fly, fly, fly; I see, you see, sees, see, see, see; I love, love, loves, love, love, love; suffer, tolerate, tolerate, tolerate, tolerate, suffer .

Sound relations between the infinitive bases and the basics of this (future) time

In the formation of personal-numeric forms of expressive inclination, special types of sound ratios between infinitive bases and present (future) time verbs of the display:

a) in the verbs of the third productive class with the basis of infinitive on - ov (s) / - Eva (h) In the forms of this (future) time, this suffix is \u200b\u200breplaced by a suffix -u [J] -:

bargain ovt - bargain yut [Topr. yJ.yT] night eveh - night yut [night " w. j. ut];

b) at one-step verbs with infinitive base s - and the derivatives from them submissive verbs in the basics of this (future) time occurs ( s / oj. }:

in st-B. ooot [ in oJ. yT] (howl - won),

m. st-M. ooot [ m. oJ. yT] (wash - wash).

An exception makes up verb be which has such personal numeric forms: i will, you will, will, we will, you will, will;

c) in single verbs with infinitive basis on - and (t. ) and formed from them submissive verbs in the basics of the present (future) time there is an alternation ( and / j. }:

p and- dry[p "J. yT] (drink - drink),

l. and- lithuania[l. "J. yT] (Pour - Pull).

Exceptions This group consists of verbs shave, rot and live .

Verb shave refers to first Helving and forms such personal-numeric forms of the present time: i shave, shave, shave, shave, shave, shave . The same endings are derived from shave Potted verbs ( shave, shave ) and return verb to shave .

Verb rot And the submissive verbs formed from it have such personal-numeric forms: ginai, Gniyesh, rot, Gnijah, rot, rot .

Verb live (as well as coating verbs derivatives) forms the following personally-numeric forms: i live, live, lives, live, live, live ;

d) to the basics of infinitives on - whose in the forms of the present and future time of the perfect species are added - g. - or - to -:

bere (Whose) - Bere g.(ut), prote (whose) - prote to(ut);

e) some verbs with infinitive base from - In the forms of this (future) time occur (s / d), (s / t) or (s / b) :

ve from(TI) - ve d.(ut), CEE from(TI) - CEE t.(ut), sake from(Ty) - Gre b.(UT), UPA from() - UPA d.(ut);

e) at the verb sing In the personal-numerical forms of the present time at the root occurs alternation (E / OJ) (i sing, you will sing, sings, sing, samp, sing ), and the verb dress up the foundation build up Sound [ n. ]: oden, dress, dress, dress, dress, dress .

Different types The sound ratios between the two bases of the verbs are also described on C.9.

Causes of the lack of some personal-numeric forms from individual verbs

Some verbs by different reasons have not all forms of present or future time:

1) verbs win and to convince never do not usein forms first person of the singular;

2) impersonal verbsin the present and the future have onlyform third party singular(evening, will break);

3) verbs calling such actionsthat performed by several subjects are not used in the forms of the only number(guests dissayhome, students runon vacation);

4) verbs calling actionsthat can not be performed by people, do not have forms of the firstand second person (rust, spy up, busy, oxidize, mold and under.).

Education forms of the future time at the verbs of an imperfect

If the verbs of the perfect species have a synthetic (consisting of one word) the form of a future time in which the values \u200b\u200bof the person and the numbers are expressed using the endings, the verbs of the imperfect form form the form of a future time in another way.

The value of this Time At the verb imperfect species Express analytical forms.

Analytical forms of future time consist of auxiliary verb be in personal-numerical formswhich express the grammatical values \u200b\u200bof inclination, time, face and numbers, and infinitivecalling the action, that is, expressing lexical meaning verb. For example, verb to read It has such forms of future time:

Major terms

Questions

1. From what basis of the verb is formed forms of the present time of the imperfect species and the form of the future time of the perfect species?

2. With which morpheme form the forms of verbs of the present time and the future time of the perfect species are formed?

3. What is the name of the change in the verb on persons and numbers?

4. How many types of suits have verbs?

5. What personally-numerical endings have first-linging verbs?

6. What personally-numeric graders have the verbs of the second rigging?

7. What are the verbs of what productive classes belong to the first type of lining?

8. Verbs What productive cash desk belong to the second type of touch?

9. How is the type of lining of verbs of unproductive classes?

10. What verbs with unstressed personal number expirations relate to the second type of touch?

11. Which verbs and why there are no some personal-numerical forms?

12. Why are the forms of the future time of the verbs of the imperfect species relate to the analytical?

13. How are the forms of the future time of the verbs of the imperfect species?

§ 70. Sounds of speech, which are part of more complex units of the language (morphem, words, etc.), in the formation of different grammatical forms or other single words, can be modified, replaced one other (cf., for example, root vowels in Russian words: old – old man – starina , new – news – novelty , white – beat – whitish ; Finite consonant roots in such words: friend - about friend [ʌdnig "b] - friend – friends , leg – leg – leg – scale ; The final consonant suffix among nouns: kolkhoznik – collective farmer , schoolboy ; Consults in the composition of the prefix in the verbs: open [ʌtkrat "] - beat [ʌdb "ft"] and others. Such a phenomenon is called alternatingsounds, or alternation(from lat. alternatio. - "alternation, shift"). The alternation is usually defined as the interchangement of sounds within a certain morpheme.

Compare such definitions of this concept offered by the authors of different works: "Alternation , alternation,- the interchangement of sounds within the same morpheme in different words or word "," the interchangement of sounds within the morpheme in different cases of its use (as part of different words or wordform) "," Replacing some sounds by others in the same part of the word ", taking place" in the formation and change of words. "

With this understanding of the alternation of sounds (or the background), it is sometimes a significant, in our opinion, clarification: alternating sounds "should take the same place (we have allocated. - V.N.) As part of the same morpheme. "This thought is emphasized in some definitions of the concept under consideration; the alternation of sounds is defined as" the change of sounds that occupy the same place in the morpheme in different cases of its use ", or:" The fact of the differences in the sounds that occupy The same place in the sound shell of the same morpheme in different cases of its use. "

Some linguists recognize alternation only such interchanges of sounds within the morphemes, which are regular in nature, for example: "Under the sound alternations, we understand such a change in the sound composition of the morpheme, which has a regular character and is associated with alternating certain morphological positions." It seems that such categorical statement does not correspond to reality. It is hardly possible to recognize regular interchangeable conversations in Russian Forms friend – friends, dereg. – splash replacement with zero sound vowel but in wordforme hare (cf. hare), Public and in wordforme one (cf. one) et al. However, such phenomena should be recognized by alternating sounds. Obviously, it would be more correct to talk about different degrees of the regularity of the alternation of sounds, as some linguists come, in particular, V. A. Vinogradov.

As already noted, for the designation of the phenomena under consideration, along with the term "alternation", the Latin term "alternation" is used, which is convenient because it allows the formation of derivatives of terminological items, such as "alternant", "alternation series (sounds, Family) ". Alternants called sound units ("sound values") participating in alternation, i.e. Sounds, phonemes, sometimes - combination with phonemes that replace each other when alternating. Under alternational near It is understood as the combination of alternants participating in the process of alternation, i.e. replacing each other in the composition of a certain morpheme, for example, consonants mr. " – k - W - W The root of the following words and word forms: legs, legs and, legs, knife, knife; M. – m " – ml " fundamentally: feed – feed – corml.

§ 71. From the above (see § 70) examples of the alternation of sounds in modern Russian, it can be seen that in some cases the interchangement of sounds is associated with certain phonetic conditions (cf., for example, alternation of root vowels in words old – old man – starina and etc.; alternation of consonant root in word friend – friend - about each other consonants in the prefix of verbs open – beat et al.) In other cases, the interchangement of sounds is not related to the phonetic conditions of their use in modern language (alternations of consonants in words friend – friend, Noga – leg, schoolboy – schoolgirl and etc.). On this basis, the alternation of sounds are divided into two main types - alternations of phonetic and non-refined, or phonetically determined and phonetically unconditional. The first (alternations of phonetic) is sometimes called even positional, alcohone, alive. The last (alternations of non-refinery) are most often called historical, less often - traditional, non-procurement, phonen, morphological, grammatical, dead, etc.

Phoneticthese alternations of sounds are called, which are caused by phonetically, depend on the phonetic conditions, from the phonetic position, or position, in the word (hence the name "positioning alternations"). In this case, the sounds relating to the same phonemon, i.e. Different backgrounds, or allophones, allophones of this phoneme (hence the name "Alcohone alternations"). In other words, in the phonetic alternation, "alternants are sounds, mutually exclosing each other in various phonetic positions, i.e. owned by one phoneme." By definition, A. A. Reformat, phonetic is called such alternations under which "sound change is due to the position and alternate variants or variations of the same phonemes, without changing the composition of the phone in Morphem."

Phonetic alternations of sounds are the result of changing the phoneme, which was mentioned in detail above (see § 67-69). Depending on the type positional changes The background in the speech stream (changes in the positional or combinatorial) among the phonetic alternations of sounds are distinguished by the positional and combinatorial alternations. According to M. I. Matus - HIV, phonetic, or living (according to the terminology of the author), alternations of sounds "depend on this or another neighborhood of consonants ( combinatorial alternations) or from the position in the word ( positional alternations)".

Phonetic alternations are widely represented in modern Russian, where vowels usually alternate with the vowels, consonant with consonants (typical examples of phonetic alternations of vowels and consonants in Russian were brought to § 68-70).

Obviously, we can talk about the phonetic alternation of different sounds (vowels and consonants) with a lack of sound, or zero sound. In linguistic literature, attention is drawn, in particular, on the alternation of consonants with zero sound in Russian. We are talking about the loss of consonant sounds while concluding consonants in the composition of the word, for example, during the pronunciation of Russian words the abyss, feeling, envious, happy, late And many others. Similar alternation also applies to vowels.

A distinctive feature of phonetic alternation of sounds is that it is usually not reflected in the letter. Exceptions at least in Russian, relatively rare, for example: beat – steak, cut - cut, roll - wedding.

Non-refinery These alternations of sounds are called, which in modern language are not funded by phonetically, do not depend on the phonetic conditions of use, from the phonetic position (hence the name "non-procurement alternations"). With non-refined alternations within the morphemes, not separate options, backgrounds, or allophones, a particular phoneme (as in phonetic alphas), and different phonemes or combinations of the phone, are interchangeable, but the name of "phonen alternations"). By definition of A. A. Reformat, non-refined alternations, in which "the change in the sound does not depend on the positions, and different phonam alternate, thanks to which the morphemes receive a different phonam composition in their various versions."

With non-refined interlaced, the most diverse phonetic, more precisely - phonen, units ("values") may be subject to interchangeable, for example:

• - vowel and vowy (cf. Russian deaf-oh - gluch-missed, dry - sock-outer - south-like, per-stel-it - in-style-like, in-konch-it – by-Kanch-go, raspar – to consider; German sPRECH-EN (speak) - sPRICH-T. (He speaks) - sprach. (said) - gE-SPROCH-EN (Specified), Sohn. (son) - SOHN-E. (sons); Lithuanian gRQZ-Inti (Return, Return) - gRIZ-TI. (return, return));
• - vowel and consonant (cf. Russian beat – bew , pi-d , shi-sich );
• - vowel and combination of vowels with subsequent consonants (cf. Russian lOOK - I sing , kry-T. – cry , at-nya - at the bottom of them, bent - start-up, at the press - at the press);
• - vowel and lack of vowels, or zero sound (the so-called false alternation) (cf. Russian sleep - CH-A, day - DN-I, I need to tear - to cut, from-to move – from-push, circle-ok - circle-k-a, fish-ot - Lov-c-a, foxi - foxes );
• - consonant and consonant (cf. Russian friends - friends – friend-bah hands-a – ruch-ka, dry – sushi-It, Bear - Medvezh-Xi, Weight - Veda, Ples-Ti - Plet-U, Light-IT - Svetca-A - O-Spring-AT, Root - Core-ok, Food Nick - write-nich-ek; Lithuanian ves-Ti (lead) - ved-U. (lead) ant-Is. (Duck) - aNC-IUKAS. (duckling), gaid-ys. (rooster) - gaidz-Iai. (lose) - VER-LUS-T (a loss); French dire | D "I: R] (Speak) - disons (speak);
• - consonant and combination of two consonants (cf. Russian lov-It is fish-yu, kub-it - buy-yu, graph-ит - grafl-yu.

In languages \u200b\u200bin which phonologically vary brief and long sounds, i.e. Brief and long sounds of the same quality act as different phonemes, they can also alternate with each other (Wed, for example, Latin sede-O. (I sit) - sDDE-S. (sit), vide-O. (see); Lithuanian bU-TI (be) - bU-VO. (was), sih-Ti. (sew) - siu-Vo. (pour) - li-Jo. (Lil)). Such alternations, i.e. alternations of sounds (background), differing only in longitude - brevity, are called quantitativeor quantitative(as opposed to discussed above qualitativealternations, under which alternating sounds differ in high quality - on signs of place, method of education, etc.).

In those languages, in the sound system of which there are difongs, the latter can alternate with each other (Wed, for example: German Braut. (bride) - Braut-E. (Bride - plural), Maus. (mouse) - Mous-Chen. (mouse); Lithuanian dIEV-AS. (God) - deiv-έ (snow) - snaig-έ (snowflake), lAIZ-YTI (licking) - liez-Uvis. (language)).

Dyfongs can also be alternating with monophthongic vowels and other phonetic units (cf. English tOL-D. (said) - tELL (to tell); Lithuanian braid-yti.braid "-i: t" ij (wander) - bris-Ti. (love) - myl-Eti. (be in love), rau-Ti. (tear out) - rOV-έ (pulled).

As can be seen from the above examples, non-reflective alternations of sounds (in contrast to phonetic alternations) are usually reflected in the letter.

Non-refined alternations in the past, in different periods of language development, were mainly phonetic, phonetically determined (from here their name - "historical alternations"). Subsequently, due to the termination of the corresponding phonetic laws, they ceased to be phonetically determined and preserved in modern languages By tradition (hence the name "traditional alternations"). So, for example, in the ancient Russian language posterior consonants g. [G], to [k], h. could only be used before vowels of the renown series; in the position before the glaces of the front row, they regularly changed to the corresponding hissing j. [z], c. [from], sh [s]. In modern Russian in similar phonetic conditions, those and other consonant sounds can be used, i.e. Non-refined alternations of consonants are possible. c. – well, K. – h, H. – sh For example, words (word form) type run - run, baker – steeperka, Pakhrkaya - Passage. Alternation of vowels oh, e. [E] with zero sound connected with the change in former reduced vowels b, b Depending on their phonetic position: in a strong position, they regularly changed to the appropriate vowel full formations, and in a weak position were lost. From here in the modern Russian alternation language: sleep (of son where the root reduced vowel was in a strong position), - sleep (of can where this vowel was in a weak position), day (of die) – day (of djn). Similarly, an alternation of a vowel and [i] with zero sound in place of the appropriate intense reduced, used in the position before consonant j. (Wed: lysius. – fox).

In non-refined alternations occurring in the current state of different languages, well-known patterns are traced, which, however, manifest themselves very inconsistent. So, for example, in modern Russian alternation of vowels is widespread. e. [E] and o after soft consonants. The use of one or another vowel, as a rule, depends on the site of verbal stress and hardness - the softness of the subsequent consonant: under the emphasis before solid consonants, a vowel o, in other cases - E [E] (WED, for example: village, settlement, but village (there is no emphasis), rural (should be mild consonant); ice, holly, birth, but hollyedy (should be mild consonant), ice (there is no emphasis), ice (There is no emphasis and should be soft consonant)). The inconsistency formulated above the pattern is, first of all, the fact that this alternation does not apply to vowels arising from the sound ѣ (Wed: forest, bread, cart etc.), for extremely rare exceptions ( nocket - iz gNѣ zDA, Sydla - iz fromѣ for) It does not occur in the words of foreign language origin (Wed: antenna, Newspaper, Progress etc.) and in some other cases. On the other hand, such an alternation is possible in the absence of the above-mentioned phonetic conditions, for example, in the position before soft consonants (Wed: beretik, Bereznyak and on birch).

In some Slavic languages \u200b\u200bunder certain phonetic conditions, there is an alternation of vowels e. [E] and but (Wed, for example, Bulgarian hlyb. (bread) - of bread (Parental case), Polish LAS (Parental Padege) - W Liesie (Offered Padel), Siano (Sena), Siana (Parental Paddle) - Na Sienie (Offered Padel). In Bulgarian language, the alternation of these sounds is due to the character of the syllable (the sound is usually used in the open syllable e. [E], in closed - but), In the Polish - hardness or softness of the subsequent consonant (before solid consonants is used but, Before soft - e). This alternation is characteristic only for vowels, ascending to the ancient ѣ.

In Polish, alternation allow nasal vowels: c. [ON] and q. [EN]. Usually (usually) q. [ON] is used in closed syllables, q. [EP] - Open: dQB. (oak) - dQBY [Bepy] (oaks), zqb. (tooth) - zqby. (teeth), rQKA (hand) - rQK. (hands). However, it happens on the contrary, for example, in words: pIQC " [P "ENS"] (five) - piqtek. (soap, washed), Bruder. (brother) - Binder (brothers) Vogel. (Bird) - Vogel. (birds); English gOOSE. (goose) - geese. (geese), foot. (leg) - Feet. (legs); Lithuanian braidau. (Bry) - braidziau. (wandered), statau. (I put, build) - staciau. (put, built), jus. (you) - Jus. (You - the accusative case of a plural).

So, among the grammatical (morphological) alternations, alternations of sounds (phoneme) differ as the only means of expressing grammatical values \u200b\u200band as a means of an additional, auxiliary, accompanying other, morphemical grammatics.

Why in words alternate sounds? This happens when the word grammatical forms is formed. That is, the sounds in the same morpheme, for example, in the root, can replace each other. Such a replacement is called alternation. We note immediately that it will be about phonetic processes, and not about spelling words.

At certain cases, not only vowels alternate, but also consonants. Most often, the alternation is in roots, suffixes and consoles.

Moss - Moss, carry - to carry, steep - cooler, friend - friends - to be friends - in the root of the word;

a circle - a mug, daughter - daughters, winter - winter, valuable - valuable - in suffixes;

wait - wait, call - to convene, labeled - Veru - in the consoles.

There are two types of alternations: historical (they can not be explained, they have arisen a long time ago and are associated with the loss of vowels [b], [b] (can be restful, put up - flattering) or with an inexplicable identity of consonant sounds (run - running) and phonetic (running) in a different positional, as they depend on the position of the sound in the word [Nλ - NOC], they can be explained from the point of view of the modern Russian language, for example, the alternation [g // to] arose because in front of the vowel, the consonant sound is preserved, and in The end of the word sound is stunned, changes its sound quality).

Historical alternations

Phonetic (positional) alternations

Historical alternations are detected with word formation and formation.

Phonetic (positional) can be determined by reduction of vowels and assimilation of consonant sounds.

Many runaway vowels when changing single-strokes and double nouns on cases [o, e, and // -]:

mouth - mouth, ice - ice, stump - happy;

fire - fire, knot - knot, wind - wind, lesson - lesson, nail - nail, hive - hive;

bucket - Verder, window - windows, needle - needle, egg - eggs.

There are running vowels and in brief adjectives:

brief - brief, bitter - Gorky, funny - ridiculous, long - length, tricky - cunning.

In the roots of multiple verbs, alternations of vowels and consonant sounds occur:

touch - to touch, inspect - to inspect, collect - collect, send - send, light - light, understand - understand, squeeze - compress.

Alternations of sounds It is important to know to correctly apply spelling rules when it makes difficulties with writing letters in different parts of speech. If you do not recognize alternations, you can make an error and morphem analysis when you highlight the words.

ABOUT spelling roots with alternation Read in the category "ORFography".