4. Changes in legislation under Peter I.

5. Creation of a system of judicial and prosecutorial bodies. Patrimonial justice.

6. The legal system of Russia during the period of absolutism:

a) property rights and obligations;

b) the institution of inheritance;

c) the concept and types of crimes;

d) the purpose and types of punishment;

e) judicial system and legal proceedings.

Criteria for evaluating presentations at the seminar

Test

The test is used for ongoing monitoring of students' skills and abilities. In order to develop the competence to write a test, students study the necessary theoretical material on the topic. Each student is given a version of the test based on time for one full pair.

Typical test options

OPTION "A"

1. Constitutional projects of the 18th – 19th centuries, their influence on the development of Russian statehood.

2. The formation of the Soviet legal system (October 1917 - 1921): the concept of law, sources of law.

3. Merchant Ivan Sh., leaving Pskov on trade business, gave two silver bowls to his neighbor merchant Peter Z. for safekeeping. Upon returning from his trip, Ivan Sh. came to pick up his property, but the neighbor stated that he had not accepted any property for storage and should not return anything. Which court should Ivan Sh. appeal to and how should this case be resolved in accordance with the Pskov Judgment Charter?

OPTION "B"

1. The formation of administrative law in Russia in the 18th century: features and sources.

2. The history of the development of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 and its general characteristics.

3. Boyar Ivan Beklemishev turned to boyar Morozov with an offer to buy the estate belonging to Morozov, which was granted by the tsar to one of Beklemishev’s ancestors for his military exploits, but 10 years ago was sold for next to nothing by Ivan Beklemishev’s father to Morozov. Morozov rudely refused to discuss the issue of selling the estate to Beklemishev. Ivan turned to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with a complaint against boyar Morozov and a request to return his family patrimony to him.

What decision should be made on the petition of Ivan Beklemishev in accordance with the Council Code of 1649?

OPTION "B"

1. Describe the concept and system of crimes according to the “Code on Criminal and Correctional Punishments” of 1845.

2. The highest bodies of state power according to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918.

3. Ivan, being in a state of intoxication, started a quarrel with Peter during the feast, knocking over a cup of wine on him. Unable to bear the insult, Peter rushed into the fight. With one of the blows, Peter knocked Ivan off his feet, he fell, hit his head on the steps and died.

What punishment should Peter suffer in accordance with the “Russian Truth”?

OPTION "G"

1. Describe the goals and results of reforming the Russian judicial system in the 18th century.

2. Formation of Soviet labor law. Labor Code of the RSFSR 1918.

3. Nobleman Peter Ilyin, having two sons, bequeathed his estate to his beloved daughter. After his death, the sons went to court, believing that their father had violated their rights. In whose favor will the court decision be made in accordance with the Council Code of 1649?

OPTION "D"

1. Describe the concept, system of crimes and punishments according to the Code of Laws of 1497.

2. Formation of the Soviet judicial system from October 1917 to 1920

3. Lieutenant of the Semenovsky regiment Barsukov challenged Captain Maksimov, who had insulted the honor of his wife, to a duel. As a result of the duel, Maksimov received a gunshot wound. In connection with the duel, an investigation was launched in the regiment, but Maksimov soon died from his wound.

Should the officers of the Semenovsky regiment be punished in accordance with the Military Article of 1715?

OPTION "E"

1. Describe the development of property rights in the XVII-XVIII centuries.

2. The formation of Soviet family law. KZAGS RSFSR 1918

3. Merchant Ivan Myakishev borrowed goods from merchant Shchukin to trade with foreigners. On the way, Ivan Myakishev’s caravan was attacked: Myakishev was wounded and lost all his property. After Myakishev returned home, the merchant Shchukin demanded repayment of the debt. Ivan Myakishev asked for a delay, citing injury, but Shchukin refused to grant it and went to court.

What decision should the court make in accordance with the Code of Laws of 1497?

OPTION "F"

1. Describe criminal law in the Council Code of 1649.

2. Civil law during the NEP years. Civil Code of the RSFSR of 1922.

3. Factory worker Ivanov was enrolled in correspondence education at Moscow State University in August 1940, and therefore Ivanov submitted his resignation. The plant director refused to dismiss Ivanov, citing the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 26, 1940. Ivanov considered the decision of the plant director to be unlawful and went to court. What decision should the court make?

OPTION "Z"

1. Describe the features, stages and system of evidence in the investigative trial according to the Code of Laws of 1497, 1550 and the Council Code of 1649.

2. Codification of Soviet law in the second half of the 1950s - 1960s.

3. In 1875, the tradesman Komarov was accused of murdering the district leader of the nobility Kizilov. The case was heard by a jury. When answering the question about Komarov’s guilt, the jury’s votes were equally divided. What sentence should the court pronounce?

OPTION "I"

1. Describe the legal regime of the main forms of land ownership in the Council Code of 1649.

2. Constitution of the USSR 1924: history of development and content.

3. During the consideration in 1938 In the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, disagreements arose between the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities on the issue of organizing state insurance. The decision of the Conciliation Commission was not satisfied with the Council of Nationalities. How will the disagreement be resolved if no agreement is reached during the second consideration in the chambers?

OPTION "K"

1. Describe the changes in procedural law in the 18th century. (“A Brief Representation of Processes or Litigations” 1715, “On the Form of Court” 1723).

2. Law of obligations according to the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire of 1832.

3. Peasant A. Lopukhov, called up to serve in the Red Army in 1926, leased out all the land that was in his individual use. Which authority must register the lease agreement? What is the maximum lease period allowed by the Land Code of the RSFSR with proper crop rotation?

OPTION "L"

1. The formation of Soviet criminal law (Guidelines for the criminal law of the RSFSR of 1919, the Criminal Code of the RSFSR of 1922)

2. Formation and development of factory legislation in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries.

3. In November 1941, Moscow police detained citizen S. Trusov, who was spreading a rumor among citizens that Nazi troops had entered the city and calling on them not to obey representatives of the Soviet government. What responsibility should Trusov be held accountable for?

OPTION "M"

1. Describe civil law according to the Pskov Judgment Charter.

2. Basic provisions of the Labor Code of 1922.

3. Determine the reasons for the conflict between the provisions of the Manifesto of October 17, 1905. on giving legislative powers to the State Duma (clause 3) and article 4 of the “Basic State Laws” of April 23, 1906, according to which the Emperor has supreme autocratic power. How was this contradiction resolved according to the Basic State Laws?

OPTION "N"

1. Describe criminal law according to Russian Pravda.

2. The formation of collective farm law. Model charter of an agricultural artel of 1930. and 1935

3. The Pavlovsk district council granted Soviet citizenship to Austrian citizen worker Wolfgang Ratzel, who left the country fearing persecution for participating in anti-government protests and promoting communist ideas. How legitimate are the actions of the district council from the point of view of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918?

OPTION "O"

1. Historical stages of the development of local self-government in pre-revolutionary Russia.

2. Judicial reform of the RSFSR 1922

3. In January 1986, Ivan Korshunov was brought to administrative responsibility for drinking alcoholic beverages in a city park. In March 1986, Korshunov was deprived of his quarterly bonus. The director of the plant explained to Korshunov that the decision to deprive the bonus was agreed upon with the trade union committee and adopted in accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On strengthening the fight against drunkenness.” Are the actions of the plant administration legal?

OPTION "P"

1. Civil law norms in “Russian Pravda”.

2. The formation of Soviet land law in 1917 – 1920s.

3. In 1924, Kruglov and Sokolov, who before the revolution belonged to the noble class, decided to create a clothing tailoring partnership. They entered into an agreement and applied for inclusion of their partnership in the commercial register. However, they were denied registration of the partnership on the grounds of the non-proletarian origin of the members of the partnership. Is this decision legal? Were there any grounds for restricting civil capacity in accordance with the Civil Code of the RSFSR of 1922?

OPTION "P"

1. Formation and development of magistrates’ courts in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries: stages and features.

2. All-Russian Constituent Assembly: history of the idea, organization of elections, the significance of its convocation for Russian constitutionalism.

3. A peasant from the Borisoglebsk district, Maslov, who lived four miles from Borisoglebsk, came to the city in 1786 with the goal of selling seven bags of grain. At the entrance to the city, he was stopped by a patrol, who demanded that Maslov show his passport. Since Maslov did not have a passport, he was arrested, handed over to the landowner, and his goods were confiscated. Are the patrol's actions legal?

OPTION "C"

1. Procedural law of Ancient Rus'.

2. Sources of law and main trends in the development of the legal system of the USSR in the 1930s.

3. In 1732, Private Ivanov committed petty theft in a tavern and was caught red-handed. At the trial, Ivanov repented and asked to commute the sentence, citing the crime committed while intoxicated. But the judge, having learned this fact, toughened the punishment. Is the judge's decision legal?

OPTION "T"

1. The role of the Christian church in the formation of the ancient Russian state and its legal system.

2. Major changes in Soviet law during the Great Patriotic War.

3. The joint stock company “Horns and Hooves” was declared insolvent by the court. The amount of proceeds from the sale of the company's property could not fully satisfy the claims of creditors. The latter sued the shareholders, demanding compensation from their own funds for the missing part of the amount. Should shareholders be liable for the obligations of a joint stock company on the basis of the Civil Code of the RSFSR of 1922?

OPTION "U"

1. Judicial reform of 1864.

2. The main stages of development and content of the Constitution of the USSR of 1977

3. City Duma of the provincial city N in 1871. elected 45-year-old Vasily Baranov, a Russian citizen who owned a number of industrial enterprises in this city, as city mayor. After his election, Baranov was confirmed in office by the local governor. Do the results of the mayor's election comply with the law?

OPTION "F"

1. Zemstvo and city reforms in Russia in the second half of the 19th century.

2. Soviet civil law of the second half of the 60s - the first half of the 80s.

OPTION "X"

1. Goals and system of punishments in the Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishments of 1845.

2. Constitution of the USSR of 1936.

3. Nepman Kuznetsov appealed to the Executive Committee of the regional council of workers and peasants' deputies with a request to sell him an old locomotive and five cars to use them for transporting goods. Kuznetsov had information that this locomotive and cars, due to the high degree of wear and tear, were going to be taken out of service and scrapped. What response from the Executive Committee will be legitimate?

OPTION "C"

1. Counter-reforms of 1880-1890: causes, legal basis and consequences.

2. Soviet judicial system of the second half of the 50s - the first half of the 60s.

3. Boyarin Beklemishev, being in 1651. at the sovereign's court, he called the Streltsy Colonel Vydrin a stinking dog. On the same day, Vydrin submitted a petition to the sovereign regarding the incident. Should Beklemishev be held accountable for his actions?

OPTION "H"

1. The idea, composition, powers and significance of Zemsky Councils in the history of the Russian state.

2. Soviet housing law: Fundamentals of housing legislation of the USSR and union republics 1981, Housing Code of the RSFSR 1983

3. Professor of the Pedagogical Institute Komarov in 1987. appealed to the district council with a request to issue a patent for the provision of paid services in the field of individual tutoring with schoolchildren in order to prepare them for passing college exams. The district council refused to issue a patent to Komarov on the grounds that private individuals cannot carry out teaching activities themselves. Are the actions of the district council legal?

OPTION "SH"

1. Trial under the Pskov Judgment Charter.

2. Codification of Soviet labor law in the 1970s: Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and union republics on labor 1970, Labor Code of the RSFSR 1971.

3. The Ministers of Transport and Finance appealed in 1907. to the State Duma with a request to allow the construction of a section of the railway with a length of 200 miles at the expense of government funds. The State Duma agreed to implement the project. The Chairman of the Council of Ministers petitioned the Emperor to cancel this decision, arguing that the State Duma did not have the right to consider such an issue. Will you resolve this conflict in accordance with the Basic Laws of the Russian Empire of 1906?

OPTION "SH"

1. Provincial reforms of 1708 and 1775 in Russia.

2. Codification of Soviet family law: Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and union republics on marriage and family, 1968, Code on Marriage and Family of the RSFSR, 1969.

3. Carpenter Krylov in 1645 left his place of residence and moved to the settlement of boyar Morozov, thanks to which he significantly improved his financial situation, since the residents of this settlement did not pay the sovereign's taxes. Will adoption in 1649 affect Cathedral Code on Krylov's position?

OPTION "E"

1. Development of local government in Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries.

2. Features of the national-state structure of the USSR according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the USSR of 1936: comparative legal characteristics.

3. Peasant Vasily Grach climbed into the tavern at night and stole two kegs of beer from there. The judge who was assigned to investigate this case tried to find out whether Rook was a deliberately dashing person. But no evidence was found that Rook was involved in any daring business. What punishment should he suffer according to the Code of Laws of 1497?

OPTION "YU"

1. Civil law of Russia in the first half of the 19th century.

2. Constitutional and legal status of the individual in Soviet constitutions.

3. In July 1941 The front commander introduced a ban on appearing on the streets in front-line cities from 10 pm to 6 am without permission from the military authorities. For violation of this prohibition, the commander imposed a fine of 5 thousand rubles. How legal are the actions of the front commander?

OPTION I"

1. Systematization of Russian law in the first half of the 19th century: goals, methods and results.

2. Legal policy of the Provisional Government (March - October 1917).

An engineer at the Putilov plant, Zaitsev, 24 years old in 1907, was denied participation in the elections to the State Duma. Zaitsev filed a complaint with the provincial election commission. What decision must the commission make according to the law?

The Kremlin amazed with the variety of architectural forms, where poetry in stone was intertwined with folk tales imprinted in wood. Even small house churches were girded with carved wooden lace and shone with bright domes.

Unfortunately, not a single fabulous wooden tower has survived to this day - the fires did not spare them, and Moscow burned often. Thus, the beautiful tower of Dmitry Donskoy and the “golden-domed” embankment of the tower of Princess Evdokia, at the window of which she sat, seeing off her husband to the Battle of Kulikovo, burned to the ground. Later, the “wonderful” tower of Grand Duke Vasily the Dark and many boyar households burned down. Only partially the stone buildings survived, the first of which were erected under Ivan Kalita.

But again and again the Kremlin was rebuilt, and luxurious princely mansions and rich boyar courtyards were erected.

They built, according to centuries-old tradition, again from wood. In Rus', for many centuries, wooden dwellings were preferred - they were warmer and healthier, and also cheaper.

So, when the Terem Palace was being rebuilt for Tsar Mikhail Romanovich, he deigned to note that he would prefer to live in “wooden chambers”, and was building the palace for his sons.

But already in the 15th century. 15 white stone and brick buildings were built, among which were churches and residential chambers.

To this day, two white stone buildings have been preserved in fragments in the Kremlin - the basement of the Annunciation Cathedral of the late 14th - early 15th centuries. and the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, built in 1393.

Before the reign of Ivan IV, a large number of boyar families lived in the Kremlin, and their courtyards, rich and intricately decorated, competed with the princely palaces, causing the displeasure of the Grand Duke. Already under Ivan III, a tendency towards the liquidation of boyar courts in the Kremlin appeared. So, when starting to build a stone palace, Ivan III ordered the old wooden tower to be dismantled. And at the same time, the Grand Duke evicted all the owners of the “local” courtyards from the Borovitsky Gate, thus Ivan Vasilyevich “cleared” Borovitsky Hill, the oldest area of ​​the princely settlement in the Kremlin. The entire area from the Borovitsky Gate was occupied by the court of Ivan III.

The famous historian Ivan Zabelin, talking about the boyar courts in the Kremlin, mentioned more than a dozen noble families and among them the names of the boyars Mstislavsky, Streshnev, Morozov, Sheremetev, Beklemishev, Godunov, Zakharyin (Romanov) and others. We will only talk about those boyar courtyards, Some Kremlin towers are named after their owners.

For example, the Vodovzvodnaya Tower was called Sviblova Tower for many centuries. The tower was erected in 1488 by the Italian master Anton Fryazin. Near the tower, the entire western corner of the Kremlin walls, or Podol, was built up with the courtyards of the Sviblov boyars. The bright mansion of boyar Fyodor Davydovich, standing on a two-tier basement and boasting a brightly painted upper room, was buried in thickets of gooseberries and cherries, and outbuildings were built behind the tower.

Fyodor Andreevich Sviblo was the first governor under Dmitry Donskoy, but under his son, Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich, he fell into disgrace. And all his villages, courtyards, people and treasury were taken by the Grand Duke and given around 1406 to Grand Duchess Sophia Vitovtovna.

Under Ivan III, the entire western half of Podol, annexed to the grand ducal household, was separated from the Tainitsky Gate by a wall with blind gates. In 1633, the Sviblova Tower was renamed Vodovzvodnaya.

Near the towering Moskvoretskaya tower of the Kremlin there was the courtyard of the noble boyar Nikita Beklemishev, after whom this tower was named for centuries.

Boyar Nikita Beklemishev, on behalf of Grand Duke Ivan III, traveled at the head of an embassy to the Crimean Khan in 1474. After the death of Nikita Beklemishev, his court passed to his son Ivan, nicknamed Bersen. Boyar Ivan Beklemishev enjoyed the respect and attention of Ivan III. He, like his father, was entrusted with important embassy matters. In 1490, Ivan Beklemishev met the royal ambassador at Khynsk (Khimki), and in 1492 he went as an envoy to the Polish king. In 1502, he traveled on a royal mission to the Crimean Khan Menglet-Girey. However, under the son of Ivan III, Grand Duke Vasily III, the boyar fell into severe disgrace.

“... Having the misfortune of being an intelligent person, he was very critical,” wrote the historian I. Zabelin, “of the sharp change that occurred under Vasily Ivanovich in the internal policy of the new sovereign, when instead of the Single Power and Autocracy, so much useful for the state, appeared in the field control of the state is boundless and ferocious Autocracy, which developed to the point of madness under Ivan the Terrible.”

Boyar Ivan Beklemishev turned out to be guilty of speaking “counter” to the sovereign, that is, contradicting him on some occasion about Smolensk. Vasily III shouted at him: “Go away, you stinker, I don’t need you!”

For reasoning and discussing the policy of the Grand Duke with the boyars, Ivan Beklemishev not only found himself in disgrace, but also exposed himself to mortal danger.

In a conversation with Maximilian the Greek, Ivan Beklemishev said: “The Emperor is stubborn and does not like meetings against himself; and whoever speaks against the sovereign is burned by him. And his father, the Grand Duke (Ivan III. - Author) loved the meeting against himself and favored those who spoke against him...”

In 1523, by decree of Vasily III, the courtyard was taken away from the noble, respected and, perhaps, smartest boyar of Muscovy. In 1525, the clever head was cut off at the Moskvoretsky Bridge, not far from the courtyard of the disgraced owner. In the royal decree of Vasily III there is a significant phrase: “Execute for arrogance.”

After the execution of the boyar, his courtyard retained the significance of a fortress wall, and in the rectangular Beklemishevskaya strelnitsa there was a torture chamber.

The tower itself, erected back in 1487 by the Italian architect Marco Fryazin at the court of the Beklemishev boyars, bore their noble surname for many, many years.

There is a wonderful legend that after Bersen, which means “gooseberry”, and its thickets stretched along the entire Kremlin wall, is now called Bersenevskaya embankment.

The Beklemishevskaya Tower has been bearing the new name Moskvoretskaya for many recent decades, and it looks silently at the Moscow River, preserving the terrible secrets that took place within its blank walls five centuries ago.

The main torture prison was located in the archery of the Spasskaya Tower, and it was called boyar - that is, intended for boyars.

I had the opportunity in 1955, together with the commandant of the Kremlin A.Ya. Vedenin climb the steep spiral staircase of the tower. On the fourth or fifth tier we entered a large, dimly lit room, the walls of which were lined with rough stone.

Thick iron hooks were built into the walls, on which prisoners were hung. The sight of even an empty gloomy room is difficult.

And I wonder how many high-born boyars ended their lives here!?…

ROYAL CHAMBERS

In Rus', rich royal and boyar mansions were called chambers, and this name stuck for a long time and was firmly established in the 16th century. not only behind the royal chambers, but also behind the royal production workshops.

In the Terem Royal Palace the names remained forever: the Faceted Chamber and the Golden Chamber, and the small royal chamber rooms were often, judging by the chronicle materials, called the sovereign's chambers.

These unique ancient Russian buildings miraculously survived centuries and have survived to this day, that is, until the 3rd millennium.

During the time of Ivan IV, receptions of foreign ambassadors took place in the Faceted Chamber.

Under Ivan the Terrible, a special ambassadorial ceremony was established, which, with minor changes, existed in Russia until the end of the 17th century. The English envoy Chancellor wrote the following about this ceremony: “... the king sat on an elevated throne in a golden diadem and the richest porphyry, burning with gold. In his right hand he held a golden scepter studded with precious stones. The king was surrounded by nobles in the richest clothes... Such a blaze of splendor could blind anyone.”

The ambassador of the German Emperor Hans Cobenzel, who visited Moscow in 1576, gives a vivid description of the luxurious clothes of the Russian Tsar: “... he was wearing a royal robe and a diadem... which cannot be compared with the crowns of kings... Spanish and French or the Grand Duke of Tuscany... and even the crown of Caesar himself and the crown of the Hungarian and Bohemian cannot compare with it ... "

Origin

According to genealogical legends, he descends from the “honest husband” Lev Ivanovich (according to other sources, Gabriel), who allegedly left “Prus” to serve the Moscow Grand Duke Vasily I Dmitrievich. According to the assumption of P.N. Petrov, in reality the founder of the Beklemishevs was from the Novgorod nobility. His great-grandson is considered to be the founder of the Beklemishevs, who actually lived under Vasily I, Fyodor Elizarovich, who bore the nickname “Beklemish”, which in Tatar means “guarding, guarding” - it is believed that the nickname meant a clumsy man, as if wrapped in a thick zipun-beklemish, which was worn in winter watchman

Family history

The grandson of Fyodor Beklemish was Semyon Vasilyevich Beklemishev, a boyar of Ivan III, a governor in Aleksin in the city, who tried to defend this town from the invasion of the Khan of the Golden Horde, Akhmat. His brother Nikita Vasilyevich Beklemishev traveled as ambassador to Crimea (1474-1475). His son, the great boyar Ivan Nikitich Beklemishev, a prominent diplomat, was nicknamed “Bersen” - “Gooseberry” (for his sharp tongue). He was a bailiff in the city after Delatore, he was ambassador to Poland, and he went as ambassador to the Crimea to Mengli-Girey. He was a member of the circle of Maxim the Greek. His courtyard in the Kremlin adjoined the corner tower of the Kremlin (the bank of the Moscow River at Vasilievsky Spusk), which has since received the name “Beklemishevskaya” (otherwise “Moskvoretskaya”)

Subsequently, Bersen Beklemishev fell into disgrace and was involved in the case of Maxim the Greek, and his disapproving statements about the Grand Duke, as well as Metropolitan Daniel, surfaced for allowing them to divorce Vasily III from Solomonia Saburova. He was executed on the ice of the Moscow River in the winter. His courtyard in the Kremlin was assigned to the sovereign and turned into a torture yard.

Another grandson of Fyodor Beklemish, Fyodor Vasilyevich Beklemishev, nicknamed “Serpent,” became the founder of the Zmiev family.

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