Teacher's comments on the material being studied

Spelling of immutable prefixes

It's leaking; pr..grandfather; per..equip; d..they said.

Most prefixes in Russian are unchangeable, i.e. Regardless of the sound in one position or another, they are written uniformly. The spelling of such prefixes should be remembered. For a list of unchangeable prefixes, see the table:

It flows - an unchangeable prefix UNDER-.

Grandfather - unchangeable prefix PRA-.

First equip - unchangeable prefix RE-.

D about said - unchangeable prefix TO-.

Prefixes PRE- and PRI-

It is clear that it is impossible to draw up a clear rule for all cases. Therefore, the spelling rule proposed below is suitable mainly for words in which the meaning of the prefix is ​​clearly guessed.

Choice of prefixes Z or C

In the Russian language there are prefixes in which letters alternate Z And WITH:

WITHOUT- / BES- , RAZ- / RAS-, WHO- / VOS- (VZ- / VS-), IZ- / IS-, NIZ- / NIS-, THROUGH- / THROUGH- (THROUGH- / THRASS-)

In..click; walking along; ..do; burn..burn.

The choice of consonant is carried out according to the following rule:

In with click - after WITH there is a voiceless consonant.

Not walking - after WITH there is a voiceless consonant.

Make - a word with an invariable prefix WITH-.

Once to burn - after Z there is a voiced consonant.

Prefixes with fluent vowels

From..take; over..tear; once..send.

In some cases (usually when consonants coincide at the beginning of a root), for euphony, a vowel is added to prefixes ending in a consonant ABOUT.

Raise - call;

open - move away.

select; tear; send out.

Selecting I or Y after prefixes ending in a consonant

Not without..famous; counter..gra; super..interesting.

After a prefix ending in a consonant, the letter following it AND changes to Y.

Well-known - after a prefix on a consonant AND changes to Y.

Counter and gra - after the prefix of foreign language origin of the shift AND on Y doesn't happen.

Super and interesting - after the super-shift prefix AND on Y doesn't happen.

E.A. Makovey, Russian language teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1, Adygeisk,
A.I. Arkhipova, professor of Kuban State University

§ 2. Spelling of prefixes

Prefix, prefix (from lat. praefixus“attached in front”) is the part of the word before the root. In Russian words, there can be from 1 to 3 prefixes before the root: tremble, join, open. Most Russian prefixes coincide in form and partly in meaning with prepositions (bezdorozhny - without a road, verbal - from the verb, from below, from under the forehead - from under the forehead), particles (not appearing - not to appear). Among the prefixes of the Russian language there are a number of borrowed ones: A in the meaning of “not”, anti - “against”, archi - “very”, counter - “against”, pan - “all”, sub - “under”, trans - “through” etc.

2.1. Spelling of immutable prefixes
Most prefixes in Russian are unchangeable, i.e. Regardless of the sound in one position or another, they are written uniformly. The spelling of such prefixes should be remembered. For a list of unchangeable prefixes, see the table:

2.2. Spelling of prefixes in ...z - ...s
In the Russian language there are prefixes in which letters alternate Z And WITH :
WITHOUT- / BES- , RAZ- / RAS-, WHO- / VOS- (VZ- / VS-), IZ- / IS-, NIZ- / NIS-, THROUGH- / THROUGH- (THROUGH- / THRASS-)

In..click; walking along; ..do; burn..burn.

The choice of consonant is carried out according to the following rule:

2.3. Spelling of prefixes PRE- and PRI-

Words starting with pre- And at-, have different origins in the Russian language.
Some came from Latin. In such words the Latin prefix prae- became part of the Russian root (president, presidium, presumption, predicate, bonus, claim, applicant, prefect, precedent, preparation, presentation). The Russian language also borrowed Latin words with a root beginning with pri (priority, privilege, private).
Others are of Old Slavonic origin. They are characterized by the Slavic prefix pre-, which is often included in the modern root (obstacle, repose, advantage, beautiful). In the language, these words retain their bookish character.
Finally, many words with pre- And at- are actually of Russian origin.

It is clear that it is impossible to draw up a clear rule for all cases. Therefore, the spelling rule proposed below is suitable mainly for words in which the meaning of the prefix is ​​clearly guessed.

2.4. Spelling of vowels in the prefixes NE- and NI- in
indefinite and negative pronouns,
pronominal negative adverbs.

Note.The rule applies to words of other parts of speech if they are formed from negative pronouns and adverbs: idleness, insignificant, worthless, worthless, draw.

2.5. Spelling of consonants at the junction of prefix and root.

Pere + skaz = retelling (-s-)
ras + skaz = story (-ss-)
race + quarrel = quarrel (-ss-)

Remember:calculation (calc + even), but: calculate (calc + count);
uncountable (bes + s + even).

In words to tear apart, to tear apart, to ruin one 3 is written.

The Russian language is incredibly rich and partly thanks to morphemes, which, participating in word formation, create new words. Prefix, aka prefix, is the most important morpheme, without whose existence half of the words would disappear. It is placed before the root and the number of this morpheme in a word can reach three units!

Classmates

Many prefixes in the Russian language are formed from synonymous prepositions. For example: word verbal formed from the combination of a preposition with a noun, from a verb. Some of them are borrowed from other languages. For example, morpheme "anti-" means “opposite” or “hostility”. To be literate and educated person, you need to know not only the spelling of prefixes, but also their meaning. These morphemes in the Russian language can be unchangeable or changeable in form.

Immutable prefixes

Even without memorizing the entire list, it is incredibly difficult to make a mistake when writing immutable prefixes. They are spelled the same under any circumstances, regardless of whether there is a vowel or consonant after them, a voiceless sound or a voiced sound.

• "O-", for example: call out, turn around, look around;
• "to-", for example: get there, run, swim;
• "By-", for example: comprehend, fry, gradually;
• "pro-", for example: lie down, climb, run;
• "great-", for example: great-grandmother, great-grandfather, Proto-Slavic (the prefix is ​​used if the word has the meaning of kinship, original and ancient);
• "on-", for example: raid, attack, people;
• "for-", for example: shoot, record, run;
• “over-” (“need-”), for example: to tear, to laugh at, to milk;
• "under-" ("under-"), for example: window sill, undermine, prompt;
• "from-" ("from-"), for example: sharpen, tear off, bend;
• "ob-" ("ob-"), for example: torn, sprinkled, bypass;
• "in-" ("in-"), for example: to grasp, to break in, to enter;
• "pre-", for example: harbinger, pre-spring, precede;
• "re-", for example: move, move, wait;
• "s-" ("co-"), for example: drive away, run away, move.

It is worth noting that the prefix “z-” does not exist in Russian. At the beginning of a word, the letter “z” is placed before a consonant in only a few words: building, here, local, health, not visible in sight.

Changeable

Remember how they written quite easily. It is important to look at the letter that begins the root that follows the first morpheme. If the sound is voiced, then the prefix will end in a voiced consonant. If the sound is dull, then its ending will be dull.

Important to know, that this rule does not apply to words in which the prefix is ​​unchangeable: surrender and group.

“Not-” and “neither” are used most often in negative and indefinite pronouns, as well as negative adverbs formed from pronouns. Determining which vowel letter will be used is quite simple. If the morpheme is stressed, then we write “e,” but if the prefix is ​​unstressed, we write “and.”

For example: someone - no one, something - nothing, once - never, etc.

This rule applies to words of other parts of speech only if they are formed from negative pronouns or adverbs. For example: insignificant, worthless.

Spelling "pre-" and "pri-"

"Pre-" And "at-" perhaps the most difficult to write, because you need to know all their meanings.

Let's start with "pri-". It has the following meanings:

1. The meaning of proximity. Come, come running.
2. Meaning incompleteness of action. Tap, stamp.
3. Meaning joining and fastening. Flatten, solder, sew.
4. Meaning close location, adjacent to something, neighborhood. Suburb, coastal.

“Pre-” is used in cases where:

1. Means high degree or quality. You can test yourself by replacing it with the word “very”. Most interesting (very interesting), very pretty (very pretty).
2. It means “through” and synonymous with "re-". Criminal (i.e. a person who has become confused by the law), transformation.

You should carefully analyze the word to avoid mistakes, because depending on which letter is used, the meaning of the words will change. Betray a friend, but give meaning. Stay in the country, but arrive in the country. Bow at the door, but bow to talent.

This rule is also difficult because as a result of borrowings Words have appeared in our language, the meaning of which is not always easy to understand. Here are some of them: preamble, prerogative, precedent, primitive.

Foreign language prefixes

Studying the meaning of certain foreign language parts of a word is not only incredibly useful, but also interesting. Most of them were borrowed from Latin and Greek.

• "A-" has a negative value and indicates the absence of some characteristic. Achromatism, illogical, immoral;
• "Anti-" is used in Russian to form words, meaning opposites. Anti-scientific, anti-bacterial, anti-virus;
• The morpheme has the meaning of the highest degree and superiority "archi-". Archpastor, archpastor;
• Using a set-top box "hyper-" indicate exceeding the norm. Hyperactivity, hypersensitivity;
• "Dis-"(used before vowels) and "dis-"(used before consonants) carry the meaning of separation and negation. Imbalance, disharmonize;
• Borrowed "counter-" synonymous with the Russian prefix against. Counter-offensive.