The human papillomavirus (HPV) is an extremely common sexually transmitted infection in the world.

The peculiarity of this infection is that it may not manifest itself for many years, but eventually lead to the development of benign (papilloma) or malignant (cervical cancer) diseases of the genital organs.

Types of human papillomavirus

More than 100 types of HPV are known. Types are peculiar "subspecies" of a virus that differ from each other. Types are designated by numbers that were assigned to them as they were discovered.

The high oncogenic risk group consists of 14 types: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 (these types are related to the development of cervical cancer).

In addition, low oncogenic risk types are known (mainly 6 and 11). They lead to the formation of anogenital warts (genital warts, papillomas). Papillomas are located on the mucosa of the vulva, vagina, in the perianal region, on the skin of the genital organs. They almost never become malignant, but lead to significant cosmetic defects in the genital area. Warts on other parts of the body (hands, feet, face) may also be caused by these types of virus, or may have a different origin. In subsequent articles, we will discuss the types of HPV "high risk" and "low risk" separately.

Human papillomavirus infection

The virus is transmitted mainly through sexual contact. Almost all women become infected with HPV sooner or later: up to 90% of sexually active women will experience this infection during their lifetime.

But there is good news: the majority of those infected (about 90%) will get rid of HPV without any medical intervention within two years.

This is the normal course of the infectious process caused by HPV in the human body. This time is enough for the human immune system to completely get rid of the virus. In such a situation, HPV will not bring any harm to the body. That is, if HPV was detected some time ago, and now it is not, this is absolutely normal!

It must be borne in mind that the immune system works in different people at “different speeds”. In this regard, the speed of getting rid of HPV can be different for sexual partners. Therefore, a situation is possible when HPV is detected in one of the partners, and not in the other.

Most people become infected with HPV shortly after they become sexually active, and many will never know they have been infected with HPV. Permanent immunity is not formed after infection, therefore, it is possible to re-infect both with the same virus that has already been encountered, and with other types of the virus.

"High risk" HPV is dangerous because it can lead to the development of cervical cancer and some other types of cancer. "High risk" HPV does not cause other problems.
HPV does not lead to the development of inflammation on the mucous membrane of the vagina / cervix, menstrual irregularities or infertility.

HPV does not affect the ability to conceive and carry a pregnancy.
A “high-risk” HPV baby is not transmitted during pregnancy and childbirth.
Diagnosis of human papillomavirus

It is practically pointless to take an HPV test for high oncogenic risk before the age of 25 (except for those women who start sexual activity early (before 18 years)), since at this time it is very likely to detect a virus that will soon leave the body on its own.

After 25 - 30 years, it makes sense to take an analysis:

• together with a cytology analysis (PAP - test). If there are changes in the PAP - test, and HPV "high risk", then this situation requires special attention;
• long-term persistence of "high-risk" HPV in the absence of cytological changes also warrants attention. Recently, the sensitivity of HPV testing in the prevention of cervical cancer has been shown to be higher than the sensitivity of cytology, and therefore the determination of HPV alone (without cytology) is approved as a stand-alone study for the prevention of cervical cancer in the United States. However, in Russia an annual cytological examination is recommended, so a combination of these two studies seems reasonable;
• after treatment of dysplasia / precancer / cervical cancer (the absence of HPV in the analysis after treatment almost always indicates successful treatment).
  For the study, it is necessary to obtain a smear from the cervical canal (it is possible to study the material from the vagina, however, as part of the screening, it is recommended to obtain the material from the cervix).

The analysis must be given:

• 1 time per year (if "high risk" HPV was previously detected, and the analysis is given together with a cytological examination);
• 1 time in 5 years if the previous analysis was negative.

It is almost never necessary to take an analysis for HPV of low oncogenic risk. If there are no papillomas, then this analysis does not make sense in principle (carriage of the virus is possible, there is no treatment for the virus, so what to do next with the result of the analysis is unknown).

If there are papillomas, then:

• most often they are caused by HPV;
• they must be deleted regardless of whether we find 6/11 types or not;
• if we take a smear, then directly from the papillomas themselves, and not from the vagina / cervix.

There are tests to detect different types of HPV. If you periodically get tested for HPV, pay attention to which specific types are included in the analysis. Some laboratories do research only on types 16 and 18, others - on all types together. It is also possible to take a test that will identify all 14 types of "high risk" virus in a quantitative format. Quantitative characteristics are important for predicting the likelihood of developing precancer and cervical cancer. These tests should be used in the context of cervical cancer prevention and not as a standalone test. Analysis for HPV without cytology results (PAP test) most often does not allow drawing any conclusions about the patient's health status.

There is no such analysis that will determine whether the virus in a particular patient will “leave” or not.

Human papillomavirus treatment

There is no medical treatment for HPV. There are treatments for conditions caused by HPV (papillomas, dysplasia, precancer, cervical cancer).
This treatment should be carried out using surgical methods (cryocoagulation, laser, radioknife).

No "immunostimulants" are related to the treatment of HPV and should not be used. None of the drugs widely known in Russia (Allokin-Alpha, Isoprinosin, Groprinosin, etc.) have passed adequate tests that would show their effectiveness and safety. None of the protocols/standards/recommendations include these drugs.

The presence or absence of "erosion" of the cervix does not affect the tactics of HPV treatment. You can read more about those situations when it is necessary to treat erosion in the article "Erosion or not erosion?".

If the patient has no complaints, and there are no papillomas/changes on the cervix during colposcopy and according to the PAP test, no medical procedures are needed.

It is only necessary to retake the analysis once a year and monitor the condition of the cervix (annual PAP test, colposcopy). In most patients, the virus will “leave” the body on its own. If it does not go away, it is not at all necessary that it will lead to the development of cervical cancer, but control is necessary.

Treatment of sexual partners is not required (except in cases where both partners have genital papillomas).

Prevention of human papillomavirus infection

Vaccines have been developed that protect against HPV types 16 and 18 (one of the vaccines also protects against types 6 and 11). HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for 70% of cervical cancer cases, which is why protection against them is so important. Routine vaccination is used in 45 countries around the world.
Condom (does not provide 100% protection).

The only method that provides 100% protection is abstinence from sexual intercourse. In no way am I campaigning for him, I'm just giving food for thought.

Sources:

1. www.cdc.gov (official website of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA);
2. www.who.int (official website of the World Health Organization);
3. AB Moscicki, M Schiffman, S Kjaer, LL Villa. Chapter 5: Updating the natural history of HPV and anogenital cancer. Vaccine 2006; 24:S42-51. (Data on the natural course of human papillomavirus infection and anogenital cancer);
4. FT Cutts, S Franceschi, S Goldie, X Castellsague, S de Sanjose, G Garnett, WJ Edmunds, P Claeys, KL Goldenthal, DM Harper, L Markowitz Human papillomavirus and HPV vaccines: a review HPV Review.);
5. Shipulina O.Yu. Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of candidate of medical sciences. Epidemiological features and measures for the prevention of oncogynecological pathology of papillomavirus etiology. 2013;
6. Prevention of cervical cancer. Guide for doctors. Ed. Acad. RAMS G. T. Sukhikh, prof. V.N. Prilepskaya. Moscow. "MEDpress-inform" 2012;
7. Stoler MH, Austin RM, Zhao C. Point-Counterpoint: Cervical Cancer Screening Should Be Done by Primary Human Papillomavirus Testing with Genotyping and Reflex Cytology for Women over the Age of 25 Years. J Clin Microbiol. 2015 Sep;53(9):2798-804. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01087-15. Epub 2015 May 6. (Cervical cancer screening should be done using HPV testing in the first step.)

Read on Zozhnik:

About 80% of the inhabitants of the earth are infected with the human papillomavirus. Depending on the genotype, the virus causes various diseases. It can manifest itself in the form of papillomas, condylomas, warts.

About 100 genotypes of the virus have been identified, but only 80 have been thoroughly studied. About 30 species can cause oncogenic neoplasms and cause cancer.

Is it possible and how to cure HPV (papillomavirus) in women forever, what is the drug treatment, how to live with the human papillomavirus further?

Is there a cure for human papillomavirus?

Till no such drugs have been invented, which would be able to completely kill the virus.

Treatment regimens for the disease are reduced to the use of antiviral drugs and procedures to eliminate papillomas on the skin or mucous membranes.

This virus can be driven into a latent or dormant state when it does not harm the body.

It is especially important to treat when HPV of a high oncogenic type is detected.

The following virus genotypes are dangerous for women - 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52. They most often cause dysplasia and cervical cancer.

After treatment for HPV of a high oncogenic type, a woman should regularly visit a gynecologist and carry out recommended examinations to eliminate the risk of malignant tumors.

About the human papillomavirus will tell "Popular Doctor":

General scheme of therapy

With the normal functioning of the immune system, the body itself will be able to suppress the manifestations of the virus after a course of special therapy.

The general treatment regimen includes:

1. Removal of external manifestations of HPV.
2. A course of antiviral drugs.
3. Strengthening immunity.

Treatment can be carried out only after passing the necessary tests and identifying the genotype of the virus. Self-medication does not always give results and can cause complications.

Very often, HPV is complicated by other inflammatory and infectious diseases of the genitourinary system.

First, concomitant diseases are treated, then warts are removed and antiviral drugs are taken.

Removal of papillomas is possible in the following ways:

• laser;
• chemical solutions;
• radio waves;
• scalpel;
• electroknife;
• liquid nitrogen.

It is very important to remove papillomas, as they appear in places where the virus accumulates. This will reduce the viral load and reduce the risk of infection of the sexual partner.

Which method of removing papillomas will be the most effective depends on the location of the neoplasms, their genotype, number and size.

The most affordable way to remove genital warts is a surgical method, which is now rarely used.

It can cause serious wounds and scars, so it is relevant only in the case of malignant neoplasms. The most painless method of removal is radio wave.

How to treat the human papillomavirus (HPV, papillomavirus) in women, the program "Live healthy!" will tell:

Prescribed drugs and their use

HPV treatment is expensive and does not always guarantee recovery.

If the prescribed course is not completed completely, the disease will again begin to progress and manifest itself on the skin and mucous membranes.

Sometimes it is necessary to use antiviral agents for 6 months or more. How is HPV treated in women and how, with what drugs?

Antiviral

Antiviral drugs for treatment destroy the structure of HPV in women and disrupt the process of its reproduction.

Medicines of this group are produced in different forms, since the nature of the course of the disease and the location of the neoplasms are different.

Antiviral drugs are available in the form of ointments, gels, creams, injections, suppositories, tablets.

The most effective injections and tablets. Ointments, creams should also be included in the scheme if neoplasms are detected on the mucous or skin integuments.

During treatment, it is important to prevent the spread of papillomas to healthy areas of the body.

Tablets

Popular drugs:

• Valtrex. The active substance is valaciclovir. The purpose of the drug is relevant in the presence of concomitant sexually transmitted diseases. Valtrex blocks the RNA of the virus and helps to stop its reproduction;
• Groprinosin. It has antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. The course of treatment is from 2 weeks to 6 months. On average, with genital warts used for 28 days, 2 tablets 3 times a day. The use of Groprinosin should be at the same time throughout the course;
• Famvir. The active substance is famciclovir. Treatment is desirable to begin in the initial stages of the disease. The course of therapy is 7 days. Only the treating specialist can choose the required dosage;
• Amiksin. Harmless unlike analogues. The course of application is no more than 4 weeks. The active substance is tilorone. In the presence of growths on the skin or mucous membranes, the use of additional medications is required.

Antiviral drugs must be prescribed by the attending physician. These medicines have a direct effect on the immune system, and their misuse can only aggravate the disease.

Medicines for topical use

Use of drugs for internal use most often does not have any effect on the already appeared condylomas and papillomas. To remove them, you need to see a doctor.

There are many ways to remove tumors, but before removing them, you should make sure that it is not malignant.

Removal of formations is possible by the following means:

• Ferezol;

• Super cleaner;
• Dermovit;
• Kondilin;
• Solkovagin;
• Verrukacid;
• ointment "CryoPharm";
• Oxolinic ointment;
• Lapis pencil.

After removal of condylomas, a spray or gel Epigen is applied to the affected areas of the skin.. It is necessary to treat wounds after removal of neoplasms until they are completely healed.

Candles from papillomavirus

Very often, suppositories are included in treatment regimens.. Their action is aimed at preventing the development of the inflammatory process in the vaginal area, strengthening immunity, preventing the development of warts and papillomas.

The following candles are often used:

• Genferon;
• Viferon;
• Polyoxidonium.

It is necessary to use candles in conjunction with other medications that are included in the scheme. The course of application is 10 days.

List of immunomodulators

In order for the body to be able to suppress the reproduction of the virus, medicines with immunomodulatory properties are recommended.

They can only be used with a doctor's prescription. because they affect the human immune system.

Depending on the degree of decrease in immunity, the following is prescribed:

• human interferon;
• KIPferon;
• Reaferon;
• Cycloferon;
• Leukinferon.

These drugs act on the whole body and are quickly absorbed into the blood, but they can cause an allergic reaction and unpleasant side effects.

Other immunomodulators:

• Tamerite;
• Neovir;
• Cordyceps;
• Immunofan.

Folk remedies

Is it possible and how to treat papillomavirus in women with folk remedies and drugs? HPV treatment with folk remedies is unacceptable.

Different methods that are aimed at cauterizing papillomas and condylomas can only lead to a complication of the disease.

You can find a lot of advice where it is advised to remove neoplasms with celandine and garlic. These methods are powerless against the insidious HPV virus.

Methods and recipes of traditional medicine can strengthen the immune system. Echinacea tincture, Chinese lemongrass, aloe juice, honey, thyme and elecampane root help.

But with severe immunodeficiency, these drugs will not be able to affect the body.

For many women HPV diagnosis looks daunting, especially when they are found to have a high oncogenic type of virus. After all, most publications indicate the possibility of degeneration of genital warts into malignant tumors.

You should not be afraid - it is necessary to direct all efforts to strengthen immunity, eliminate the virus from the body.

HPV does not always cause dysplasia or cancer. This can happen if left untreated.

If you take a course of antiviral drugs, remove neoplasms, refrain from bad habits, HPV will not lead to sad consequences. A woman will be able to lead a normal life, give birth to a child.

It is important to eat right, lead an active lifestyle, stop smoking, alcohol, and avoid stress.

Human papillomavirus is not cancer, but one of the factors that can lead to it. A similar effect has smoking, eating fatty foods, frequent stress.

Each person is responsible for their own health. If you consult a doctor in time, undergo a course of treatment, then you can forget about HPV for a long time.

HPV (human papillomavirus, papillomavirus, HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. The main danger of HPV is that with a long stay in the body, some types of this virus can cause cancer.

HPV is not the same as the herpes virus or HIV. Although all of these infections are viral and are transmitted during unprotected sex, they cause different symptoms and different consequences.

How does HPV infection occur?

There are more than 120 different types of HPV, and about 40 of them are sexually transmitted. The HPV types that most commonly cause and are transmitted mainly during unprotected sex.

HPV infection is possible during vaginal and. Less commonly, the virus is transmitted during oral sex, or when the genitals come into contact with the secretions of an infected person (for example, if an infected partner touches his genitals first with his hand, and then your genitals).

It is also possible to get HPV through kissing. In this case, symptoms of oral papillomavirus infection (rashes in the mouth and throat) may appear.

The human papillomavirus is almost never transmitted by household means, if at the same time you do not come into close contact (kissing, sex) with a carrier of the virus.

Rarely, HPV can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth.

Who can get HPV?

This virus is very common. The vast majority of sexually active women will contract HPV sooner or later. But the good news is that in most of these women, HPV will be destroyed by the immune system and will not cause any disease.

Only in rare cases, the papilloma virus remains in the body for a long time and causes health problems.

What types of HPV exist and what does it matter?

There are more than 120 types of HPV in total, and about 70 of them have been properly studied. Depending on how often a particular type of virus causes cancer, there are 2 groups of HPV: papillomaviruses of high oncogenic risk and low oncogenic risk.

High risk HPV includes the following types: HPV 16, HPV 18, HPV 31, HPV 33, HPV 35, HPV 39, HPV 45, HPV 51, HPV 52, HPV 56, HPV 58, HPV 59, HPV 68

HPV of low oncogenic risk is: HPV 6, HPV 11, HPV 42, HPV 43, HPV 44

Non-cancer-causing HPVs: HPV 1, HPV 2, HPV 3, HPV 4, HPV 5, HPV 10, HPV 27, HPV 53, HPV 54, HPV 55, HPV 62, HPV 67

Among papillomaviruses of high oncogenic risk, type 3 are the most dangerous, since they are the cause of cervical cancer in 94% of cases: these are HPV 16, HPV 18 and, to a lesser extent, HPV 45. Among these three types of HPV, type 16 virus is the most dangerous, since it poses the greatest carcinogenic risk (more often than others causes the formation of cancer cells in the body).

What diseases can HPV cause?

Different types of HPV can cause different diseases.

How dangerous is HPV for women?

As a rule, infection with the human papillomavirus occurs imperceptibly for a woman, and just as imperceptibly this virus disappears from the body due to the work of the immune system. In 90% of cases, after infection, the virus disappears from the body on its own within a few months or years, leaving no consequences.

According to statistics, only 5% of women who become infected with HPV will have pronounced changes in the cervix (grade 2 or 3 dysplasia) after 3 years.

Only 20% of women with grade 3 dysplasia will develop cervical cancer within the next 5 years.

What symptoms does HPV cause in women?

The duration of the incubation period (the time from infection to the onset of the first symptoms) with HPV infection depends on the type of HPV and on some other factors. So, for example, from the moment of infection with HPV type 6 or 11 to the appearance of genital warts, it takes an average of 3 weeks to 8 months. From the moment of infection with HPV type 16 or 18 to the development of cervical cancer, it can take 10-20 years or more.

In most cases, HPV infection is asymptomatic. However, the human papillomavirus may present with the following symptoms:

• Appearance (genital warts).
• Appearance after sex or for no apparent reason.

During a pelvic exam, your doctor may notice signs of cervical dysplasia or cancer. In the early stages, the gynecologist may not notice any changes in the cervix, so it is very important for all women to donate regularly.

Diagnosis of HPV in women

The HPV test is one of the components of screening for cervical cancer. Every woman over the age of 30 is recommended to be tested for HPV and periodically repeated every 3-5 years.

There are two main methods for detecting HPV in the body:

PCR for human papillomavirus

This is a qualitative analysis that allows you to determine only the presence or absence of HPV in the body, but does not determine the number of viral particles (viral load). Using PCR, you can determine the type of papillomavirus (HPV genotyping) and identify the most dangerous (oncogenic) types of HPV.

For the test, blood can be used (blood test for HPV), or swabs from the cervix and from the cervical canal. The results are interpreted by a gynecologist or oncologist.

Hybrid capture method, also called Digene HPV test, analysis for HPV DNA

This is a newer and more effective method for diagnosing HPV infection, which has several advantages over PCR. The HPV DNA test requires a scraping from the cervix or from the cervical canal.

This HPV test is considered quantitative as it measures the concentration of virus in the test material (HPV viral load). This test, like PCR, allows you to type HPV (determine the types of viruses detected).

Only a gynecologist or oncologist can decipher the results of this test, but in this article we will present the main meanings of the possible results:

In addition to HPV tests, screening for cervical cancer also includes. If you have been diagnosed with high-risk HPV and/or cytology reveals suspicious changes, your doctor may recommend further testing:

Colposcopy is an examination of the cervix using a special device that works like a magnifying glass. Our site has a separate article on.

How often should I get tested for HPV?

In order not to miss a dangerous HPV infection, it is recommended that all women take regular HPV tests and a cytology smear.

Women under 30:

If high-risk HPV tests are negative, then the next examination should be done in 3-5 years.

If high-risk HPV tests are positive and the cytology smear is normal, then a second examination is performed after 9-12 months.

If high-risk HPV tests are positive and the cytology smear is not normal, then further diagnostics (colposcopy, cervical biopsy) is required. Depending on the results of these examinations, the doctor makes appropriate recommendations.

Women over 30:

If high-risk HPV tests are negative and the cytology test is normal, the next test should be done in 5 years.

If high-risk HPV tests are positive, then a colposcopy and, if necessary, a biopsy of the cervix are required. Depending on the results of these examinations, the doctor makes appropriate recommendations.

Women over 65:

If the last 2 high-risk HPV tests and the last 2 cytology tests were normal, then the examinations can no longer be carried out, since the risk of developing cervical cancer in the future is extremely small.

What should I do if I have been diagnosed with HPV?

Not all types of HPV can cause dangerous diseases, so first of all check with your doctor how great the threat is in your situation.

HPV prevention

The main route of infection with the human papillomavirus is through unprotected sex. Use helps to significantly reduce the risk of HPV infection, although condoms do not offer 100% protection.

The higher the risk of contracting HPV, the more sexual partners there have been in a woman's life. Permanent monogamous relationships significantly reduce the risk of HPV infection.

Currently, there are vaccinations against the human papillomavirus: Gardasil and Cervarix. The vaccine is effective against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 (protects against cervical cancer and genital warts), while the Cervarix vaccine is effective against HPV types 16 and 18 (protects against cervical cancer, but not against genital warts).

Update: October 2018

Papillomavirus infection is what is now on the lips of the whole world. It turned out that the virus, which causes the appearance of warts and smaller formations on the skin (papillomas), can cause the development of cancer of the genital organs in women and men, as well as carcinoma of the rectum and throat. Vaccines designed to protect people from the most dangerous strains of the virus can themselves cause severe reactions.

Types of papillomavirus infection

Warts and cervical cancer are caused by two different types of the same virus (called strains). Determining only the fact that papillomavirus infection has occurred does not mean that a person will develop papillomavirus cancer: this is possible if a strain from the oncogenic group has entered the body. At the same time, infection with any of the strains increases the risk of another type of virus entering the body.

In total, about 600 strains of the papillomatosis virus are isolated, differing from each other in the set and sequence of proteins located on their shell. Scientists divide them into 27 species and 5 genera.

Depending on the ability to cause cancer, the following types of human papillomavirus are distinguished:

1. Having a low oncogenic risk (their entry into the body is unlikely to cause cancer). These are viruses with numbers 3, 11, 32, 34, 40-44, 6, 51, 61, 13.72 and 73.
2. Having an average oncogenic risk. These are strains 35, 53, 30, 52, 45, 56, 58. They cause formations on the skin and mucous membranes, the probability of malignancy of which is higher than in the first case.
3. Strains of high oncogenicity. This is, first of all, papillomavirus type 16, which causes cervical cancer in every second woman (41-54%), as well as type 18 virus, which provokes this disease in every tenth of its carriers. Highly oncogenic also include strains with numbers 31, 33, 39, 50, 59, 64, 68, 70, 82.

The danger of papillomavirus infection

The properties of the papillomatosis virus are such that it settles either in the skin or in the mucous membrane of various organs: reproductive (both male and female), esophagus, bronchi, oral cavity, rectum. It can also be localized in the conjunctiva of the eyes.

Each strain of the virus has its own "favorite" localization. So, the most dangerous types 16 and 18, when hit, immediately “go” to the genitals, and low-oncogenic viruses 6 and 11 affect the vulva and perineum, causing the development of genital warts there. These same strains can cause papillomatosis in the respiratory tract in a child if he is born naturally from a mother with genital warts.

After infection, a disease with severe symptoms does not always develop. On the contrary, the disease most often proceeds imperceptibly and does not lead to serious consequences.

The most dangerous complications of human papillomavirus infection are:

• cervical cancer. It occurs in women as a result of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 or 18. It has been proven that this disease does not occur in the absence of papillomavirus. And if earlier they talked about the development of cervical carcinoma from erosion or ectropion, now this has been revised and denied;
• rectal carcinoma. It, unlike the first disease, may have other causes;
• throat cancer. It is also caused by a type 16 virus;
• lungs' cancer, which can occur when infected with 16, 18, 11, 2, 6, 30 types of the virus;
• respiratory failure, which develops with the growth of malignant papillomas in the respiratory tract (larynx, trachea);
• contact bleeding from warts. If they are on the vulva, perineum or in the vagina, then they are provoked by sex. With a different localization (in the nose, in the mouth), bleeding can be provoked by mechanically injuring them with other objects.

Every year, according to official sources, just under half a million (470,000) new cases of cervical cancer caused by this virus are registered in the world. 233,000 women die every year from this disease. This puts this oncological disease in 2nd place in frequency among all cancerous pathologies in gynecology (first place in breast cancer) and in 5th place among all causes of death in women. Most often, women under 40 die from cervical carcinoma.

Transmission routes

The papilloma virus is extremely common. According to modern data, it can be found in 90% of the world's population.

How is the human papillomavirus transmitted:

• sexually (with any kind of sex). Condoms reduce the possibility of its penetration into the body (infection with the use of a condom was 37.8, and without it - 89.3%), but do not completely prevent infection: the diameter of the pores in the latex is designed to prevent spermatozoa, while the size of the virus is too small;
• household way, when the virus penetrates through damaged skin. This happens in the pool, bath, when using shared towels, manicure tools, dishes;
• from mother to child, during childbirth: more often - with independent childbirth, but also with caesarean section, the likelihood of the virus getting on the membranes of the larynx also exists;
• with saliva - with kisses;
• contact - when rubbing or cutting papillomas, warts or condylomas by the skin or mucous membrane, where the integrity is broken. This is how self-infection usually occurs.

If a person’s immunity is strong at the time the virus enters, then the likelihood that a disease will develop is small: most likely, the microbe will remain in an inactive state. The risk of developing the disease increases if:

• early (before 16 years) onset of sexual activity or at least petting;
• frequent (more than once in 3 years) change of sexual partners;
• genital infections, such as recurrent thrush, chlamydia, gonorrhea, ureaplasmosis;
• had abortions;
• diseases of the cervix: erosion, ectropion;
• constant stress;
• bad habits: smoking, alcoholism;
• long-term use of contraceptive pills for;
• violations of metabolic processes;
• avitaminosis.

The presence of genital warts in a pregnant woman is an indication for a caesarean section - in order to avoid infection of the child's respiratory tract. Thus, the child is unlikely to "get" the microbe from the mother. Oncogenic types of the virus are not transmitted by household means because the virus-bearing formations are not located on the skin. Therefore, the first "acquaintance" with these microbes usually occurs during sexual intercourse, and this usually happens in adolescence. This justifies the need to take measures (in particular, vaccination) just before the first sexual experience.

How does papillomavirus infection manifest itself?

The symptoms of the human papillomavirus depend on which strain entered the body and what clinical form it caused. So, it could be:

1. Papilloma- single or multiple. These are mushroom-shaped outgrowths on a skin-colored stalk or having a yellowish, brownish or blackish tint. They are found on the skin under the mammary glands, on the neck, in the armpits, on the face, as well as on the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, or genitals. More often papillomas occur in women. Usually they are only a cosmetic defect, they can cause discomfort or pain. Rarely, papillomas become malignant.
2. Warts, including plantar. These are brownish mushroom-shaped formations. In the area of ​​​​the palms and soles, they occur in places of greatest friction and cause pain when pressed. Plantar warts may have a shaft extending into healthy tissue. They can become inflamed and hurt.
3. Genital warts. These are papillary outgrowths, which, merging with each other, resemble cauliflower. Condylomas are formed on the mucous membranes: on the genitals, in the perineum. If they arose as a result of anal sex, they occupy a localization around the anus. Condylomas can also be located on the mucous membranes of internal organs: the bladder, intestines. This causes symptoms such as painful urination or defecation, a violation of physiological functions.
4. Precancerous disease of the cervix - dysplasia, caused by human papillomavirus - is not clinically manifested. This disease may be suspected during colposcopy; detected by cytological examination of a smear from the cervical canal.
5. Cervical cancer does not appear immediately. In the early stages, there are no symptoms. A woman should be alerted by itching in the genital area, a change in the nature of discharge from the genital tract (they may become more abundant, streaks of blood may appear in them, they may have an unpleasant odor), menstrual irregularities, bleeding after sex or in the middle of the cycle. In the later stages, this disease is characterized by swelling of the legs (usually on one side), pain in the spine or lower back.
6. Bowenoid papulosis. This is the name of a precancerous condition that develops more often in men. It is characterized by the appearance on the skin of a different number of spots and plaques in color from pink or yellowish to red-brown or purple. The surface of such plaques may be smooth or warty; they are painful to touch.
7. Bowen's disease- This is a cancer of the skin and mucous membranes, developing from the cells of the surface layer. It looks like a bright red skin defect with uneven contours, covered with scales and warty growths.

In men, the human papillomavirus causes a special disease - squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Its cause is a type 16 virus. The latter changes the cells of the male genital tract under the influence of cigarette smoke, while the malignant character is acquired under the influence of the herpes simplex virus type 2, if the male DNA contains the Ras gene, if PUVA therapy, chemotherapy was performed, or the man is sick with HIV. Squamous cell carcinoma looks different. This may be the appearance of a spot rising above the skin with warty growths on top, it may also look like an ulcer that destroys the penis. The tumor is localized on the head or foreskin.

Rectal cancer caused by the human papillomavirus is also more common in men. It occurs mainly in people of non-traditional orientation. It is characterized by painful defecation, discharge of blood or ichor from the rectum.

Any form of papillomavirus infection does not develop immediately after infection: it must take from 14 days to several years (depending on immunity and favorable factors) before the first symptoms appear.

Diagnostics

In order to make a diagnosis in the presence of external papillomas or condylomas, it is not necessary to take an analysis for the papillomavirus. In the presence of other clinical forms of infection, you need:

1. Medical examination: for women - a gynecologist, for men - a urologist.
2. Colposcopy(for women) - examination of the cervix under a microscope. During the study, tests are carried out with Lugol's solution, a Papanicolaou test (smears from the cervical canal and cervix), a biopsy of the cervix, a smear is taken for examination by the PCR method and the Digene test.
3. Urethroscopy and rectoscopy(for men). During the examination of the urethra or rectum, a biopsy of changes suspicious of precancer or cancer is also performed, smears are also taken for examination by the PCR method and the Digene test.

Thus, it is possible to take tests for the virus only in the office of a gynecologist (for women) or a urologist (for men). This is a PCR study of a smear from the cervical canal or urethra, or a Digene test, which is performed with material taken from a biopsy or scraping of epithelial cells.

Treatment

How to treat human papillomavirus depends on the form of the infection. So, if we are talking about warts, papillomas or condylomas, treatment is carried out in 2 stages:

1. The formation is removed by various methods. This can be surgical excision with a scalpel, burning with a laser or electric current, which is more effective in the case of papillomas and condylomas. For the treatment of warts, the method of cryodestruction is successfully used - the necrosis of pathological tissue with the help of liquid nitrogen, which has a very low temperature.
2. Appointment of immunomodulators, whose task is to activate their own immunity, which should no longer allow the virus to "raise its head" (drugs that would completely destroy the virus have not yet been invented).

In addition, it is important to ensure the prevention of re-infection: stop sexual contact with an infected partner (optimally - undergo treatment with him), exclude frequent changes of sexual partners, avoid visiting baths, saunas, swimming pools.

Treatment for human papillomavirus cancer depends on the stage at which the cancer is detected. It usually consists of three components: surgical removal of the neoplasm, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. When to apply the last 2 types of treatment - only after surgery, instead of surgery or both before and after - the oncologist decides after the examination.

A vaccine that could cure human papillomavirus infection is under development.

Prevention

Given the danger of human papillomavirus infection and its significant prevalence, several vaccines have been synthesized against the human papillomavirus:

1. "Gardasil": directed against 16, 18 (cause cancer not only of the cervix, but also of the vulva, and vagina, and the penis, and anus), as well as 6 and 11 (provoke the development of genital warts) types of the virus.
2. "Gardasil 9": against 6, 16, 11, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58 strains of the virus.
3. "Cervarix": directed against 16 and 18 types of the virus.

All of these vaccines are certified and have passed the relevant tests. They do not contain the viruses themselves, but individual proteins contained on the capsule of the indicated strains of viruses, therefore they cannot cause a disease. They are recommended to be performed even before puberty - at 9-14 years old, that is, until the time when the child is still supposedly not familiar with the virus. So far, clear recommendations apply only to girls, since cervical cancer occurs only as a result of infection with this virus, and it is distinguished by an extremely high mortality rate. Boys are also vaccinated at the same age, but if girls can use all types of vaccines, then boys can only receive Gardasil.

Full immunization requires three doses of any of the vaccines. They are not interchangeable, therefore, if Gardasil vaccination is started, then it is necessary to continue the re-introduction of this particular vaccine. Manufacturers of each of the vaccines declare that within a month after the first dose of the drug, 100% protection against the viruses that are included in the composition is provided. But in order to form a stable immunity, you still need to administer these drugs three times. It is advisable to vaccinate up to 25 years.

Both Gardasil and Cervarix are distinguished by a very high cost. So, one dose of the first drug costs about 6.5 thousand rubles, and the second - about 5.5-6 thousand rubles.

It would seem that you can’t find any kind of money to save a child from such serious oncological diseases. Moreover, in some countries of the world, as well as in 18 US states, the introduction of one of the vaccines has been introduced into the National Immunization Schedules. But there are many "buts":

• studies show that vaccines reduce, but do not completely prevent, the risk of developing cervical cancer;
• according to official data, 8% of all side effects (or 0.003% of all vaccinated) observed during vaccination were due to severe side effects: death, disability, diseases that threaten life and health. Deaths were also reported in 56 vaccinated adult women, but no association was found with the vaccinations themselves;
• in response to the vaccine, some teenagers reacted with a rise in temperature to high numbers, which provoked convulsions, some with respiratory failure, which is deadly. An opinion is expressed that such a reaction could be observed in carriers of a certain gene. At the same time, before vaccination, the study of the human genome is not carried out, so it is impossible to know whether the child is a carrier of this gene;
• after vaccination, Guillain-Barré syndrome was registered - a disease in which paralysis occurs (often reversible) of the legs and arms, muscle weakness and their complete “shutdown” can affect all muscles, including respiratory ones;
• cases of increased risk of thromboembolism have been noted. This complication was noted in 56 people, of which 19 people had pulmonary embolism, due to which 4 people died;
• it is not known how vaccination affects fertility and pregnancy: too little time has passed since the vaccination of the first groups of girls.

On the one hand, there is still evidence that vaccinated women maintain a normal (according to the Pap test) state of the cells of the cervix for at least 5 years. On the other hand, it is too early to talk about the long-term results of vaccination. In any case, if a girl is taught “from an early age” that preventive examinations, including those by a gynecologist, are for her good, we can expect that any disease can be detected at an early stage.

Thus, it is up to the parents to decide whether to vaccinate their own child or not.

Inverted (transitional cell) papilloma is relatively rare, and it has its own characteristics of occurrence and development, these include:

• Specific localization location- this type of papillomas affects only the nose and its paranasal sinuses. Education often grows in the maxillary, frontal sinus, ethmoid labyrinth.
• The defeat is unilateral, that is, papilloma grows on one side of the nose, but at the same time it can be either single or multiple.
• Germination of papilloma in bone structures, which leads to the destruction of the walls of the orbit, palate, sinuses, skull bones.
• Relapse of the disease 5-10 years after effective treatment.

Inverted papilloma leads to severe nasal congestion, to the appearance of sanious discharge or nosebleeds.

If the tumor reaches a significant size, then the deformation of the facial skeleton and the displacement on the side of the lesion of the eyeball are visually determined. In 5% of cases, the long-term course of the disease in the absence of adequate therapy leads to the degeneration of papilloma into.

Localization

You can find single or multiple papillomas on almost any part of the body. More inconvenience is naturally caused by growths on the face, but papillomas in closed areas of the body are often injured by rough clothing.

In connection with the peculiarity of the development of the virus and the structure of the skin, several places are distinguished with the predominant localization of papillomas, these are:

• Natural wrinkles on the body- armpits, groin, lower abdomen with excess weight. In women, the formation of flat and filiform papillomas often occurs under the mammary glands.
• Hands, skin of the face, neck, back and abdomen. On the face, flat and simple papillomas are often localized near, near the eyes, on the eyelids.
• Sex organs, genital warts most often grow on them.
• Internal organs- bladder, stomach, intestines.
• Feet of feet.

Photo of the human papillomavirus on the eyelid

Viral growths can also be in the oral cavity, bladder, on the internal genital organs, in the ducts of the mammary glands. Papillomas are found in the esophagus, larynx and trachea. Growths in the throat area lead to a narrowing of the lumen of this channel and then signs of respiratory failure develop.

Papillomas are considered benign formations, but under the influence of negative provoking factors, they can also degenerate into malignant tumors, this process takes from several months to several years.

How to determine education by symptoms?

Activation of HPV of different types can lead to the appearance of three different benign formations on the skin, these are warts, genital warts and papillomas.

These formations have both significant differences and some similar characteristics. Comparison of the appearance and growth characteristics of growths on the body will help more likely to independently determine the type of benign growth.

Warts

The appearance of a wart on the body can be determined by some of the external features of this growth, these include:

• The size of the tumor is up to 1 cm in diameter.
• The clarity of the outer boundaries, the density on palpation and the heterogeneity of the surface.
• Irregular shape, which is more close to rounded.
• Color - from light gray to almost black.
• Features of the place of localization. Warts occur in people mainly in open areas of the body, especially those that are subject to frequent injury. These are hands and fingers, knees, elbows, scalp.

The virus that causes warts is almost always transmitted by household contact, that is, through handshakes or less often by using the same things - towels, gloves. Most often diagnosed:

• Vulgar warts- in 70% of cases. Simple warts are also determined in 20% of adolescents and children of primary school age.
• plantar- are detected in 30% of patients with warts.
• Flat view of warts is diagnosed in 4% of patients with this type of papillomas.

In a separate group, "butcher's warts" are distinguished, they are detected in people whose specialties are related to the processing of fish or meat.

Papillomas

Papillomas are skin outgrowths that are soft to the touch, extending from the body on a thin stalk or having a flat base.

The virus that causes the growth of papillomas feels great in a humid, warm environment and therefore it is easy to get infected with it in baths, saunas, and pools.

At the beginning of their growth, papillomas cause some burning and tingling in the upper layers of the skin, then in this place one can notice the formation of a small bump. Gradually, this outgrowth stretches, lengthens, its dimensions vary from 0.2 mm to 1-1.5 cm in diameter.

The color of papillomas is most often flesh-colored, grayish or yellowish. These tumors grow more often in the elderly, but often affect the skin of young people. Unlike warts, papillomas prefer to grow in closed areas of the body - under the armpits, mammary glands, in the groin, on the inner thighs.

Papillomas usually begin to grow against the background of long-term treatment of infectious or somatic diseases, as well as in people with weakened immune systems. A single formation leads to the formation of others and then papillomatosis occurs.

warts

Genital warts appear on the mucous membranes, only under the influence of certain types of HPV, which are transmitted by the only way - sexually.

Most often, these growths are localized in the genital area and near the anus, less often in the oropharynx. Condylomas are papillary growths, individual elements can merge with each other and then a tumor appears that resembles a cockscomb.

It is easy to detect warts on the external genitalia with a careful attitude to your health. It must be remembered that the mucous membrane is normally always smooth, and the appearance of roughness, tubercles, bumps on it is the reason for applying for a diagnosis to a medical facility.

Ways of transmission of HPV

HPV can be transmitted in several ways - sexually, from mother to fetus during childbirth, contact- through cracks and abrasions on the skin.

Contact does not have to be direct, often the virus remains on personal items - towels, razors, washcloths, toothbrushes. HPV infection is possible in hairdressing salons, beauty salons, medical facilities - insufficient disinfection of instruments leads to infection with various types of pathogens.

Cause

As already found out, the main cause of papillomas is the human papillomavirus. Infection with this microorganism occurs imperceptibly to humans and sometimes people are completely unaware that they are carriers of the infection.

According to the latest data, HPV of various types is present in the body of a third of the world's population, infants and the elderly are no exception.

Activation of the virus and, accordingly, the growth of papillomas, and the development of other diseases occurs in the following cases:

• With a significant weakening of the immune system.
• Under the influence of exposure to harmful factors, which include the use of certain medications.
• Exacerbations of gastrointestinal diseases, influenza.
• With prolonged use of oral contraceptives.

It has been noticed that most papillomas on the body occur in people who lead a promiscuous sex life.

Virus in gynecology

The presence of HPV in the body of women is considered extremely dangerous, especially for types 16 and 18.

Against the background of the carriage of papillomavirus, not only papillomas and cervical erosion occur, but also such a dangerous disease as. Recent studies suggest that in almost one hundred percent of cases of cervical cancer in women, their body is detected.

What danger is fraught with papilloma for women, the following video will tell:

The virus can be detected through several tests and examinations. On their basis, the doctor selects the treatment, and the woman must be constantly examined in order to capture the activation of the reproduction of the microorganism in time, which is the prevention of cancer.

Why is she dangerous?

Many people think about the treatment and removal of papillomas only in connection with the appearance of a cosmetic defect on the skin. But such a change is dangerous only from the aesthetic side, it is more necessary to beware of another consequence - the degeneration of papilloma into a cancerous formation.

Contribute to this complication frequent injuries of growing papillomas, their inflammation. If a growth develops in the throat, on the vocal cords and in the trachea, the respiratory function worsens, bleeding and suffocation may occur.

Papillomas in women not only disrupt reproductive function, but can also be transmitted to the child. Usually, the virus enters the baby directly into the mouth and then papillomas grow in the oropharynx, interfering with breathing and voice formation.

A man who has papillomas on his body and genitals can transmit the virus to his sexual partners. It is impossible to exclude the risk of HPV transmission through towels and other objects, and then the risk of infection arises for children and relatives living nearby.

Diagnosis of the disease

Exhibited on the basis of detection of papillomas on the body. For confirmation, a PCR or Digene HPV test is prescribed. When removing papillomas, a part of the growth is taken for cytological examination.

Treatment of human papillomavirus

Should be mandatory.

Modern medications are not able to completely remove the virus from the body, but they are necessary in order to transfer the pathogen into a dormant state in which there is no infection and no disease develops.

Papillomas on the body are removed by various methods, in addition, several groups of drugs are used that reduce viral activity.

How are they withdrawn?

Papillomas on the body are removed in the usual surgical way, using a laser, electrocoagulation, radio wave therapy. The choice of method depends on its location, size, number of formations, the presence of a leg.

Conservative treatment

Drug treatment consists of the course use of the following groups of drugs:

• Antiviral drugs that can stop the reproduction of the virus. This is Isoprinzine.
• Vitamin complexes.
• Immunity boosters.

The course of treatment with human papillomavirus preparations can be repeated several times according to the results of the analysis. The goal of antiviral therapy is the complete suppression of HPV activity.

Folk remedies

In addition to the main therapy can be used. It is possible to prevent further growth and, in some cases, the destruction of papilloma by lubricating these growths with celandine juice, castor oil, dandelion juice, garlic and sour apple.

Naturally, such removal of papillomas will take a long time and is effective in most cases when combined with the simultaneous use of antiviral drugs.

Disease prevention

Prevention of the appearance lies in sufficient personal hygiene, in the timely processing and healing of all minor cuts on the body.

Be sure to follow the rule of using only your own towel, manicure sets, combs, shoes. During sexual intercourse with unverified partners, you should always use condoms, and after an intimate act, take a shower and carefully treat the genitals, because it takes time to introduce the virus into the epithelium.

Which doctor should I contact with HPV?

When papillomas appear on the body, it is best to contact a dermatovenereologist. If growths are found on the genitals, then women should consult a gynecologist, and men a urologist.

Video about the human papillomavirus, its consequences and removal methods: