Question 1

Lexicology as a science about the vocabulary of the modern Russian language. Sections of lexicology

Lexicology from the Greek. leksis, leksicos word, expression; logos teaching. This science examines the vocabulary (lexical) composition of the language in different aspects. Lexicology examines the vocabulary of a language (vocabulary) from the point of view of what a word is, how and what it expresses, how it changes. Lexicology adjoins phraseology, which is often included in lexicology as a special section.

Lexicology is divided into general, specific, historical and comparative. The first, called in English general lexicology, is a section of general linguistics that studies the vocabulary of any language, that which refers to lexical universals. General lexicology deals with the general laws of the structure of the lexical system, the functioning and development of the vocabulary of the languages ​​of the world.

Private lexicology studies the vocabulary of a particular language. Private lexicology (special lexicology) deals with the study of issues related to the vocabulary of one, in our case, English, language. So, general lexicology can consider, for example, the principles of synonymous or antonymic relations in a language, while private lexicology will deal with the peculiarities of English synonyms or antonyms.

Both general and specific vocabulary problems can be analyzed in various aspects. First of all, any phenomenon can be approached from a synchronic or diachronic point of view. The synchronic approach assumes that the characteristics of a word are considered within a certain period or some one historical stage of their development. This vocabulary study is also called descriptive lexicology. Diachronic, or historical, lexicology (historical lexicology) deals with the study historical development meanings and structure of words.

Comparing the lexical phenomena of one language with the facts of another or other languages ​​is occupied by contrastive lexicology. The purpose of such studies is to trace the paths of intersection or divergence of lexical phenomena inherent in the languages ​​chosen for comparison.

Historical lexicology traces changes in the meanings (semantics) of an individual word or a whole group of words, and also examines changes in the names of objects of reality (see below about the etymology). Comparative lexicology reveals the similarities and differences in the articulation of objective reality by lexical means of different languages. Both individual words and groups of words can be compared.

The main tasks lexicology are:

*) definition of a word as a significant unit vocabulary;

*) characteristics of the lexical-semantic system, that is, the identification of the internal organization of linguistic units and the analysis of their connections (the semantic structure of a word, the specifics of distinctive semantic features, the patterns of its relationship with other words, etc.).

The subject of lexicology, as the very name of this science implies, is the word.

Sections of lexicology:

Onomasiology - studies the vocabulary of a language, its nominative means, types of vocabulary units of the language, ways of nomination.

Semasiology - studies the meaning of the vocabulary units of the language, types of lexical meanings, the semantic structure of the lexeme.

Phraseology - studies phraseological units.

Onomastics is the science of proper nouns. The largest subsections can be distinguished here: anthroponymy, which studies proper names, and toponymy, which studies geographic objects.

Etymology - studies the origin of individual words.

Lexicography - deals with the compilation and study of dictionaries. It is also often referred to as applied lexicology.

The concept of the term "modern Russian literary language".

Traditionally, the Russian language has been modern since the time of A.S. Pushkin. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of the Russian national language and the literary Russian language. The national language is the language of the Russian people, it covers all spheres of speech activity of people. In contrast, literary language is a narrower concept. Literary language is the highest form of language existence, an exemplary language. This is a strictly standardized form of the national national language. A literary language is understood as a language processed by word masters, scientists, public figures.

Question 2

Wordthe basic unit of the language. Word signs. Definition of a word. Types of words. Word functions

A word is the main structural and semantic unit of a language, serving to name objects and their properties, phenomena, relations of reality, having a set of semantic, phonetic and grammatical features specific to each language. The characteristic features of the word are integrity, distinguishability and free reproducibility in speech.

Given the complexity of the multidimensional structure the words, modern researchers, when characterizing it, use a multidimensional analysis, point to the sum of a variety of linguistic features:

• phonetic (or phonemic) formatting and the presence of one main stress;
• lexical and semantic significance the words, its separateness and impermeability (impossibility of additional inserts inside the words without changing its meaning);
• idiomatic (otherwise unpredictability, unmotivated naming or incomplete motivation);
• attribution to certain parts of speech.

In modern lexicology of the Russian language, it seems quite motivated short definition proposed by D.N.Shmelev: word it is a unit of the name, characterized by integral form (phonetic and grammatical) and idiomatic.

There are several types of words. According to the method of nomination, four types of words are distinguished: independent, official, pronominal, and interjections.

Phonetically, words are distinguished: one-hit, unstressed, multi-hit, complex.

By morphological character words differ: mutable, immutable, simple, derivative, complex.

By motivation: unmotivated and motivated.

According to the semantic and grammatical feature, words are grouped into parts of speech.

From the point of view of structural integrity, words are distinguished as whole and segmented.

Semantically, the words are single-valued and polysemous, absolute and relative, requiring additions and transitive verbs. In a sentence, a word enters into subtle semantic relations with other words and elements of the composition of the sentence (intonation, word order, syntactic functions).

FUNCTIONS OF THE WORD

communicative function

nominative function

aesthetic function

language function

communication function

message function

action function

IMPACT FUNCTION... Its implementation is a voluntative function, i.e. expression of the will of the speaker; the function is progressive, i.e. messages to the expression of expressiveness; the function is emotive, i.e. expression of feelings, emotions.

FUNCTION COMMUNICATIVE. The purpose of the word to serve as a means of communication and communication;

FUNCTION NOMINATIVE... The purpose of a word is to serve as a name for an object;

COMMUNICATION FUNCTION... The main function of the language, one of the sides of the communicative function, which consists in the mutual exchange of statements by the members of the linguistic community.

MESSAGE FUNCTION... The other side of the communicative function is to convey some logical content;

FUNCTION AESTHETIC... The purpose of the word is to serve as a means of artistic expression;

LANGUAGE FUNCTION... Using the potential properties of language means in speech for different purposes.

Question 3

Lexical meaning of the word. Lexical meaning structure

Lexical meaning the correlation of the sound shell of the word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. The lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, action, etc., but only the most essential ones that help to distinguish one object from another. The lexical meaning reveals the signs by which the general properties are determined for a number of objects, actions, phenomena, and also establishes the differences that distinguish a given object, action, phenomenon. For example, the lexical meaning of the word giraffe is defined as: "African cloven-hoofed ruminant with a very long neck and long legs," that is, the characteristics that distinguish the giraffe from other animals are listed.

Question 4

Types of lexical values

Comparison of different words and their meanings allows you to highlight several types of lexical values words in Russian.

By the way of nomination direct and figurative meanings of words are highlighted.

*) Direct(or the main, main) meaning of a word is such a meaning that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality. For example, the words table, black, boil have the following basic meanings, respectively:

1. "A piece of furniture in the form of a wide horizontal board on high supports, legs."

2. "Colors of soot, coal".

3. "Seethe, gurgle, evaporating from strong heat" (about liquids).

These values ​​are stable, although

Zhdanova L.A.

Lexicology (from the Greek lexikós ‘related to the word’ and logos ‘word, teaching’) is a branch of linguistics that studies the vocabulary (vocabulary) of the language and the word as a unit of vocabulary. One of the main tasks of lexicology is the study of the meanings of words and phraseological units, the study of polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and other relationships between the meanings of words. The scope of lexicology also includes changes in the vocabulary of the language, the reflection in the vocabulary of the social, territorial, professional characteristics of people who speak the language (they are usually called native speakers). Within the framework of lexicology, layers of words are investigated, distinguished for various reasons: by origin (original and borrowed vocabulary), by historical perspective (obsolete words and neologisms), by sphere of use (national, special, vernacular, etc.), by stylistic coloring (interstyle and stylistically colored vocabulary).

Lexicology as the science of the word, its meaning and the vocabulary of the language

Vocabulary is a set of words of a language, its vocabulary (lexical) composition. Sometimes this term is used in a narrower meaning - in relation to certain layers of the vocabulary (outdated vocabulary, socio-political vocabulary, Pushkin's vocabulary, etc.). The main unit of vocabulary is a word.

The vocabulary is directly addressed to reality, therefore it is very mobile, it strongly changes its composition under the influence of external factors. The emergence of new realities (objects and phenomena), the disappearance of old ones leads to the appearance or departure of the corresponding words, a change in their meanings. Lexical units do not suddenly disappear. They can persist for a long time in the language as obsolete or outdated words (historicisms, archaisms). New words (neologisms), having become common, fixed in the language, lose the property of novelty. The vocabulary of the national language always interacts with the vocabulary of other languages ​​- this is how borrowings appear. Changes in the lexical composition occur constantly, so that the exact number of all words in the language is fundamentally impossible to calculate.

The vocabulary reflects social, professional, age differences within the linguistic community. In accordance with this, various layers of words are distinguished. Various social and professional associations of people, along with the commonly used one, use restricted vocabulary in communication. For example, in the speech of students, you can often hear words related to student jargon, people of one profession use special vocabulary specific to this profession - terms and professionalisms. In the speech of a person who speaks a literary language, features of one of the Russian dialects may appear (the dialects themselves, or dialects, are studied by the science of dialectology). Such inclusions are classified as dialectisms. In each language, groups of words with different stylistic characteristics are distinguished. Stylistically neutral words can be used in any style of speech and form the basis of the vocabulary. Stylistically colored words stand out against their background - they can belong to a "high" or "low" style, they can be limited to certain types of speech, conditions of speech communication (scientific, official business, book vocabulary, etc.).

The subject of our study is the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language. As noted in the Preface, the chronological boundaries of the concept of “modern” are ambiguous. In a broad sense, the language is considered modern from Pushkin to the present day, in a narrow sense, its lower border has been pushed back to the middle of the 20th century.

The definition of "literary" also requires clarification. The literary language should not be confused with the language of literature. The concept of "Russian literary language" is contrasted with the concept of "national (general) Russian language". The national (general) vocabulary includes all of the above vocabulary layers (including dialects, vernacular, jargon). The basis of the literary language is literary vocabulary and phraseology, outside of it are common speech, jargons, dialect words. The literary language is distinguished by its normality and codification, that is, by the written legitimacy of this norm, which is recorded in normative dictionaries and reference books. The peculiarity of the literary language in general and its vocabulary in particular is that it is not assigned to any limited (geographically, socially, professionally) group of people or communication situation. Therefore, the literary language is not just one of the constituent parts of the national language, but the highest form of its existence.

The dictionary of native speakers distinguishes between active and passive vocabulary... Active vocabulary includes words that we know and use. To passive - words that we know, but do not use in our speech.

With all the diversity and multiplicity of its composition, permeability, mobility, internal heterogeneity of the lexical level of the language, it is a well-organized system. The concept of "systemic vocabulary" includes two interrelated aspects. First, vocabulary is included in common system language, correlates with phonetics, morphemics, word formation, morphology, syntax. Secondly, the consistency is inherent in the vocabulary from the point of view of its internal organization. Words are grouped into different groups depending on their meaning. So, combinations of words based on semantic similarities and differences can be distinguished - antonymic pairs, synonymous series. A complex microsystem is a polysemantic word. On the basis of a common semantic component, words are combined into groups: for example, the words lake, river, stream, canal, pond, etc. form a group of words with overall value'water'.

Thus, the meanings of words form a system within one word (polysemy), within the vocabulary as a whole (synonymy, antonymy), within the entire system of the language (the connection of vocabulary with other levels of the language). The specificity of the lexical level of the language is the appeal of the vocabulary to reality (sociality), the permeability of the system formed by words, its mobility, the associated impossibility of accurate calculation of lexical units.

> Abstracts in Russian

Lexicology

Lexicology is a branch of linguistics that studies the vocabulary or vocabulary of a language. The word "lexicology" has an ancient Greek origin and is translated as "the science of the word." One of the main tasks of this science is the study of the meaning of a word or phraseological unit, as well as the study of the relationship between the meanings of words, for example, polysemy, homonymy, synonymy. In its research, lexicology relies on the social, territorial and professional characteristics of native speakers.

The vocabulary of a native speaker is active and passive.

-­ Active vocabulary- these are words that we know well and often use.

-­ Passive vocabulary- these are words that we know, but hardly use.

Lexicology is usually divided into two general and specific. While general lexicology learns the vocabulary of any language, private lexicology is studying one specific language. Some scholars also distinguish historical and comparative lexicology. The purpose historical lexicology is the study of the history of words, the formation and development of vocabulary, and the goal comparative lexicology is to identify lexical discrepancies between two or more languages. Thus, lexicology considers not only the meanings of words, but also the system of their relationships, formation and development, as well as functional and stylistic differences.

Lexicology, as a science of language, has the following sections:

1. Onomasiology - studies the word as a name and its place in the lexical system of the language.
2. Phraseology - studies stable speech patterns and expressions.
3. Onomastics - studies proper names, their formation and development.
4. Lexicography - studies the semantic structure of a word and the issues of compiling dictionaries.
5. Semasiology - studies the meaning of linguistic units.
6. Etymology - studies the origin of words.
7. Stylistics - studies the connotation of words and phrases.

The object of study of lexicology, respectively, is the word as language unit... The subject of lexicology is the consideration of a word in relation to its concept, the study of the structure of the vocabulary of the language and the ways of its completion, the functioning of lexical units, as well as the relationship of vocabulary with extra-linguistic reality. The vocabulary of the language reflects not only social aspects within the language, but also professional and age differences.

The term "lexicology" is composed of two Greek elements: lexis and logos. Both that and another meant in the ancient Greek language "word". Thus, lexicology is a word about a word, or a science about words. The vocabulary of a language is a collection of all words and their equivalent word readings (phraseological units).

Sections of lexicology

1. Onomasiology - studies the vocabulary of a language, its nominative means, types of vocabulary units of the language, ways of nomination.

2. Semasiology - studies the meaning of the vocabulary units of the language, types of lexical meanings, the semantic structure of the lexeme.

3. Phraseology - studies phraseological units.

4. Onomastics is the science of proper names. The largest subsections can be distinguished here: anthroponymy, which studies proper names, and toponymy, which studies geographic objects.

5. Etymology - studies the origin of individual words.

6. Lexicography - deals with the compilation and study of dictionaries.

7. At the center of the study of lexicology is the word.

Lexeme

Having familiarized yourself with the types of words represented in the language, you can introduce another concept presented in lexicology, namely, the concept of a lexical word, or lexeme. Lexeme is a significant word that indicates objects and denotes concepts about them. A lexeme can act as a member of a sentence and form sentences, it can be simple (lexeme is a word) and compound (lexeme is a compound name, for example: Railway, rest house) In this understanding, service words and forms of words are not included in the concept of "lexemes".

How are the terms lexeme and word related?

In some cases, they denote the same fact of the language. Thus, a person is both a word and a lexeme; in, would. From are words, but not lexemes. In the sentence "Man is a friend to man" - three words, but two lexemes. Consequently, the term lexeme is at odds with the term word. The latter names both the service word and the form of the word. Word forms that differ only in grammatical meaning are not considered separate lexemes (cat - cat - cat - cat). They form a paradigm, that is, a system of word forms of one lexeme.

The lexical meaning of a word is the content of a word, reflecting in consciousness and fixing in it an idea of ​​an object, a property of a process, a phenomenon, and so on. This is the correlation established by our thinking between the sound complex and the object or phenomenon of reality, which are indicated by this complex of sounds.

The carrier of the lexical meaning is the stem of the word. The meaning of the word reflects the general and at the same time essential features of the subject, learned as a result of the social practice of people. Lexical meanings can be concrete and abstract, general (common) and singular (proper).

Word problems in language

Shcherba in one of its recent articles wrote: "Indeed, what is a word? I think it will be different in different languages. It follows from this that the concept of a word does not exist at all."

Smirnitsky sheds light on this issue in a different way, who wrote in his article "On the Question of the Word" that "the word acts not only as the basic unit of the vocabulary, but also as the central nodal unit of the language in general." In presenting the material about words, we will adhere to this point of view.

In linguistic encyclopedic dictionary(M., 1990) the following definition of the concept of a word is given:

A word is the main structural and semantic unit of a language, serving to name objects and their properties, phenomena, relations of reality, having a set of semantic, phonetic and grammatical features specific to a given language.

The most important signs of the word

The word, like any other unit of language, according to Smirnitsky, has two most important features:

1) It has not only an external (sound) side, but also an outwardly expressed meaning (semantic or emotional content).

Considering the question of the two-sidedness of the word, one should dwell on the very nature of this connection between the sound of the word and its meaning.

The connection between the sound and the meaning of a word is, in principle, conditional, arbitrary, or unmotivated. So, for example, there is no inherently binding relationship between the meaning of the table and the sound of Tisch. As you know, in different languages, various sound complexes are associated with the meaning of table: in English. table, in Russian. The table is in it. Tisch. The conventionality principle applies to simple, indecomposable units; completely, in fact, to morphemes.

As for more complex formations, in addition to the principle of convention (since complex formations include simple units), the principle of motivation comes to the fore in them. Corresponds to the concept of motivation is the term "internal form of a word", which is understood as the motivation of the lexical meaning of a word by its word-formation with a semantic structure. The inner form of the word reveals some feature of the object on the basis of which the name originated. So, for example, the redstart bird once struck a person with its unusually bright, as if burning tail. This sign that struck a person was the basis for the name of this bird. Of course, the feature that forms the basis of the name is not always so bright and effective. It is usually much calmer: a candlestick is what is under the candle, and a thimble is what is put on a finger - a finger, a snowdrop, a flower that appears in the spring, when there is still snow in the fields.

2) The word appears not as a work created in the process of speech, but as something that already exists and is only reproduced in speech.

By the way, morphemes also satisfy the above requirements, and therefore can be considered language units with good reason. It should also be noted that proverbs, sayings, aphorisms and, in general, various sayings, reproduced again and again as whole units, also act, according to Smirnitsky, units of the language, since they already exist in the language and are only reproduced in speech. But then the sentence is not, according to Smirnitsky, a unit of language.

It is necessary to dwell on the issue of word allocation in the speech stream. In certain cases, certain phonetic moments serve to highlight a word, to delimit it from neighboring words. So, for example, the absence of emphasis on a full-valued unit that has a substantive meaning, in Germanic languages is usually an indicator that we are dealing with only a part of a word, for example. English Railway, blackboard, it. Eisenbahn, Schwarzbrot, where the absence of stress on -way, -board, -bahn, -brot shows that these units in these cases do not represent separate words, but are only components of words. Such phonetic moments, capable of expressing the difference between a word and a part of a word, should be considered only as some additional, auxiliary means of highlighting a word. Why? The fact is that with such a selection, the word is considered as if it were only a sound segment. Meanwhile, a word, as a unit of language, is a formation that has both a sound side and a semantic, semantic side. The main signs of distinguishing, completeness of a word should be sought based on the understanding of the word as the basic unit of the vocabulary of the language and at the same time such a unit that is capable of grammatically changing and grammatically combined into sentences, into a coherent meaningful speech with other units of the same order.

The mutability of a word presupposes a certain form of it: since one and the same word changes, to the extent that something basic, actually vocabulary, lexical is highlighted in it, which remains the same with various changes of the word, and, on the other hand, something additional, variable, belonging together with that not a given specific word, but a certain class or category of words, abstracted from specific words - grammatical, associated with the use of a word in various works of speech. Thus, the basic, lexical meaning of the word turns out to be supplemented, complicated by certain grammatical meanings, which are materially expressed in external, sound differences between individual varieties - grammatical forms of the word: this gives the word a certain formulation.

Words turn out to be grammatically, both morphologically and syntactically designed, in a certain way adapted to their joint functioning in coherent meaningful speech. This formalization of the word gives it a certain completeness, which makes it easy to distinguish it from speech.

The internal integrity of the word (integral formality) of the word is revealed in comparison with the structure of the word combination. In contrast to words as whole-formed formations, word combinations can be defined as separate formations. This can be illustrated by the following examples. If we compare the linguistic education das Schwarzbrot and the linguistic education das schwarze Brot, which includes the same root elements as the first education, then it is easy to see that they, denoting the same object of objective reality and not significantly differing in their meaning, are fundamentally different in its relation to the grammatical structure, in its design. This difference lies in the fact that in the first linguistic formation - the word - both components are formalized once, while in the second linguistic education - the word combination - there is an independent grammatical design for each component. In other words, the Schwarzbrot formation is whole-formed, and the das schwarze Brot formation is separately formed.

The wholeness of the word itself expresses a certain semantic wholeness: it emphasizes that a given object or phenomenon is thought of as something one, a special whole, even if the complexity of its structure is noted or its individual features are highlighted. So speaking das Schwarzbrot, we pay main attention to the object denoted by this word, although we mean its individual aspects: a) bread, food product and b) the quality of this product in color. On the contrary, if we say das schwarze Brot, individual aspects of the designated phenomenon are brought to the fore, and through the perception of individual aspects of this object or phenomenon, the object itself or the phenomenon as a whole is realized.

Semantic word structure- the semantic structure of the basic unit of vocabulary (see Word). S. s. with. manifests itself in its polysemy (see) as the ability to name (designate) various objects (phenomena, properties, qualities, relationships, actions and states) with the help of internally related meanings (see) The semantic structure of an unambiguous word is reduced to its semantic composition (see Sema) ...

The simplest unit (element) of the semantic structure ambiguous word- its lexical-semantic variant (LSV), that is, the lexical meaning (see), associated with other lexical meanings by certain relations, the main of which are hierarchical: the expression of subordination of dependent lexical meaning from the south to the main one. In S. with. with. the lexical and semantic variants are connected with each other due to the generality of the internal form (see. The internal form of the word), their mutual motivation, derivability from each other.

Therefore, in dictionaries, each previous LSV determines the interpretation of the next one, for example. circle ^ "part of the pesosgn, bounded by a circle, as well as the circle itself" ~ ^ - circle ± "object in the form of a circle" (rescue rubber circle), [circle-) "closed area, within the outlined boundaries of a swarm there is a commit and a difference something "(circle of responsibilities, interests, questions)], [circle" a group of people united by common interests, take pictures "(circle of acquaintances, friends; in their own circle)], [circle $" social totality of persons of predominantly intellectual, creative work "(wide circles of the public, literary, journalistic circles; about diplomatic circles: among scientists, specialists)] and others. Here, hierarchically, the main LSP is a circle, in the content of which the inner form is manifested to the greatest extent; with this LSV metaphorically (by the similarity of form) all other LSV of the word circle are connected. At<ггом представление о круге присутствует в толковании значений всех ЛСВ слова и внутренне связывает их в единое целое. Основанием для выделения главного и частных значений (или иначе: главного и частных ЛСВ) служит различный характер взаимодействия слова в таких значениях с контекстом, т. е. фрагментом текста, необходимым и достаточным для определения того или иного значения слова. Главное значение в наименьшей степени обусловлено контекстом. Слово в главном (первом в словарях) значении является семантически наиболее простым по своему содержанию (ср. вода\ "прозрачная бесцветная жидкость") и обладает в силу этого самой широкой н свободной сочетаемостью с другими лексическими единицами. Все прочие значения слова (его ЛСВ) выступают как частные. В частных значениях по сравнению с главным слово в значительно большей степени обусловлено контекстом, присоединяет к себе его элементы и является в силу этого семантически более сложным (напр., вода2 "минеральный, газированный, фруктовый напиток", т. е. вода+содержащая минеральные соли; насыщенная газом; приготовленная из фруктов), при атом характеризуется ограниченной, избирательной сочетаемостью: минеральная, сельтерская, газированная, фруктовая вода.

The main meaning is called the primary semantic function of the word, the particular meanings are called its secondary semantic functions.

Along with the usual dictionary meanings (main, private) in S. p. with. the general meaning is distinguished as its invariant (from Latin invarians - unchanging), opposed to variant meanings: this is the coinciding part of the content of all meanings (LSV) of a word, something constant, unchanging in them. It stands out like a common factor in algebra: ab + ac + ad = = a (b + c + d), is extremely generalized and semantically simple content and is a linguistic abstraction useful for the semantic analysis of linguistic units. The ratio of the meanings of a word to its general meaning [i.e. that is, to the general content of all its variants] allows us to establish their semantic hierarchy according to the degree of closeness to it: the central, dominant meanings turn out to be semantically the simplest, the peripheral meanings are more complex and therefore farther from the general (invariant) meaning of the word than the former. In S. with. with. certain values ​​(LSV) can die off. For example, the meaning "beautiful" in the adjective red, which is generally Slavic in origin (cf. Red Square), was historically original, the main one in the word formed from the same stem as the word beauty. In the meaning of color, the word red began to be used later, in the era of the separate existence of Eastern-Slavs. languages. This value became the main one in S. with. s, leading to its partial restructuring. At the same time S. with. with. is constantly enriched with new meanings, since a word is a unit of an "open" lexical system, for example. meanings "a person swimming in open water in winter" in the word walrus (cf. walrus section), "effective striker in football, hockey" in the word scorer (cf. top scorer of the season), etc.

All words are divided into word-formatively motivated (derivatives) and unmotivated (non-derivative). Word-formatively motivated are those words, the meaning and sound of which are conditioned in the modern language by other words of the same root (motivating, or producing). Motivated words are perceived as formed from motivating words: table - table ‘small table’, white ‘turn white’ ‘become white, whiter’. The meaning and sound of word-formatively unmotivated words (table, white) are not conditioned in the modern language by other words of the same root; they are not recognized as derived from other words.

The motivated word is associated with another one-root word or with several one-root words by the relations of word-formation motivation. Motivation is a relationship between two words of the same root, in which the meaning of one of them is either determined through the meaning of the other (house is a house 'small house', strength is a strong man 'a man of great physical strength'), or is identical to the value of the other in all its components, except for the grammatical meaning of a part of speech (walking - walking, daring - daring, bold - bold), or completely identical to the meaning of the other, with a difference in the stylistic coloring of these words (knee - razg. knee).

Single-root words, devoid of the named properties (house and house), are not among themselves in a relationship of motivation.

One of the two single-root words connected by the relations of word-formation motivation is motivating, and the other is motivated. The motivation of a word is determined by four rules that apply in the following cases:

The compared single-root words have different lexical meanings, and in their stems, in addition to the root, a different number of sound segments is isolated (the basis of one of them may be equal to the root). In this case, the motivated is the word, the stem of which is longer by some sound segment, which is recognized as a word-forming affixal morph (see § 16): forest - forest-ok, stand - stand.

Comparable single-root words have different lexical meanings, and the same number of sound segments is isolated in their bases. In this case, the motivated is a word that is semantically more complex, the meaning of which is determined through another comparable word: chemistry is a chemist ‘specialist in chemistry’, an artist is an artist ‘woman-artist’.

The meanings of the matched single-root words are identical in all their components, except for the grammatical meaning of the part of speech. In this case: a) in pairs "verb - noun denoting the same action" (draw - draw, go out - exit, creak - creak) and "adjective is a noun denoting the same sign" (bold - courage, graceful - grace , blue - blue), regardless of the length of the stems of the compared words, the noun is motivated; b) in the pair "adjective - adverb", a word is motivated, the base of which is longer by some segment - a word-forming affixal morph (see item 1): cf. today - today-shn-th and bold - bold-o, where -o is part of the stem (suffix).

Note. Exceptions to the rule formulated in paragraph 3a are: 1) pairs of words consisting of a noun that does not have a suffix with the meaning of an action, and a verb with a suffix -nicha-, -stvo-, or -ova - / - irova - / - izirova - / - isova-: in such pairs, the verb is motivated, since in the modern language, with the help of these suffixes, verbs are easily formed from nouns with the meaning of action, and nouns with the meaning of action without the help of a suffix from such verbs are not formed: focus - to trick, blasphemy - to blaspheme, fireworks - to salute, repair - to repair, terror - to terrorize; 2) pairs, consisting of a noun noun -stv (o) and an adjective in which the suffix follows -stv-: courage - courageous, ignorance - ignorant.

One of the words in the relationship of motivation is stylistically neutral, while the other has some stylistic connotation. In this case, regardless of the length of the stems of the words being compared, a stylistically colored word is motivated: ship - shipbuilder (colloquial), individual - individual (colloquial).

A motivated word differs from a motivating one by certain derivational means. Affix morphs (most often), as well as cutting off a part of the stem, the fixed order of the components and a single stress on one of the components in additions and splices act as word-formation means for motivation (for more details, see § 31).

Similar information.

Lexicology

Lexicology(from ancient Greek. λέξις - word, expression, λόγος - judgment) - a section of linguistics that studies the vocabulary of a language, or vocabulary. Lexicology is divided into general and specific. Private lexicology studies the lexical composition of a particular language. In lexicology, the following are considered:

• word and its meaning
• word relationship system
• history of the formation of modern vocabulary
• functional and style difference of words in different spheres of speech

The object of study is the word. It is also studied in morphology and word formation. However, if in them words turn out to be a means for studying the grammatical structure and derivational models and rules of the language, then in lexicology the words are studied for the knowledge of the words themselves, as well as the vocabulary of the language (vocabulary). Since vocabulary is not just a sum of words, but a certain system of interrelated and interrelated facts, lexicology appears as a science not about individual words, but about the lexical system of the language as a whole.

Lexicology subject:

• 1) Word from the point of view of word theory. For example, how the meaning of a word relates to a concept. What is the role of the word in the text and in the language.
• 2) The structure of the vocabulary of the language. That is: how lexical units relate (in what relationships).
• 3) Functioning of lexical units. Word combination, frequency of use, etc.
• 4) Ways to replenish the vocabulary of the language. How new words are created and how new meanings of words are formed.
• 5) Correlation of vocabulary and extra-linguistic reality. For example, how vocabulary can relate to culture.

Sections of lexicology

Sections of lexicology:

• 1) Onomasiology (ancient Greek. ὄνομα name, ancient Greek λόγος judgment) - explores the process of naming objects.
• 2) Semasiology (ancient Greek. σημασία sign, meaning, Old Greek λόγος judgment) - explores the meaning of words and phrases. Answers the question of how extra-linguistic reality is displayed in words.
• 3) Phraseology (ancient Greek. φράσις way of expression, Old Greek. λόγος judgment) - studies the phraseological composition of the language, the relationship of words with each other and with other units of the language.
• 4) Onomastics (ancient Greek. ὀνομαστική letters. - the art of giving names) - studies already existing proper names in the broad sense of the word: a) toponymy - studies geographical names; b) anthroponymics - studies the names and surnames of people.
• 5) Etymology (ancient Greek. ἔτυμον original meaning [of a word]) - studies the origin of words and vocabulary in general.
• 6) Lexicography - deals with the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries.
• 7) Stylistics - studies the connotative meaning of words and expressions.

Literature

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See what "Lexicology" is in other dictionaries:

Lexicology ... Spelling dictionary-reference

Section "linguistics" (see), dedicated to the study of vocabulary. Literary encyclopedia. In 11 volumes; M .: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, Soviet Encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V.M. Fritsche, A.V. Lunacharsky. 1929 1939 ... Literary encyclopedia

- (Greek, from the lexikon dictionary, and I speak lego). A science that deals with the study of the composition and formation of forms of language. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov AN, 1910. LEXICOLOGY, Greek, from lexikon, dictionary, and lego, ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

lexicology- and, w. lexicologie f.gr. lexis word + logos science. A branch of linguistics that studies vocabulary. ALS 1. The term lexicology was first introduced by the encyclopedia of D. Diderot and J. D. Alambert in 1765. LES 261. Elucidation of the essence of the meaning of a word, analysis ... ... Historical Dictionary of Russian Gallicisms

- (from the Greek lexikos referring to the word and ... logia), a section of linguistics that studies the vocabulary, vocabulary of the language ... Modern encyclopedia

- (from the Greek lexikos referring to the word and ... logia) a section of linguistics that studies the vocabulary of the language ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

LEXICOLOGY, lexicology, many others. no, wives. (from the Greek lekxikos vocabulary and logos teaching) (philol.). Department of Linguistics, studying vocabulary, vocabulary of the language. Transactions on lexicology. Engage in lexicology. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

LEXICOLOGY, and, wives. The branch of linguistics is the science of the vocabulary composition of the language. | adj. lexicological, oh, oh. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 8 lexicography (5) linguistics (73) semantics (8) ... Synonym dictionary

Lexicology- LEXICOLOGY (Greek) teaching about the vocabulary or vocabulary of Ph.D. language ... Dictionary of literary terms

LEXICOLOGY- (from the Greek. lexicon - dictionary + ... logia). The section of linguistics that studies the vocabulary, vocabulary of the language. L. studies the following basic problems: the word as the basic unit of language; types of lexical units; ways to replenish and develop vocabulary ... ... New Dictionary of Methodological Terms and Concepts (Theory and Practice of Language Teaching)

Books

• Lexicology of the modern Russian language. Study guide, N. M. Shansky. `Lexicology of the modern Russian language` M. Shanskiy is one of the first monographic studies of the vocabulary of the Russian language, which largely determined the development of this industry ...