2. Development of therapy. The advanced features of domestic therapy in the second half of the XIX century. It must be said that Russian clinicians in the second half of the XIX century. did not take the position of therapeutic nihilism. Let us name the greatest therapists of this era: G.A. Zakharyin, S.P. Botkin, A.A.

LECTURE No. 9. Health care and the development of medical science in the Soviet period

LECTURE No. 10. The development of medicine at the end of the XX century. International cooperation in the field

18. Development of medicine in the XV in Monastic hospitals and their role The fact is that the Mongol-Tatar yoke, under which Russia was for a long time, slowed down the development of Great Russia, the Kiev state, which, by the way, was considered one of the most civilized and

26. The development of medicine at the beginning of the XVIII century To begin with, it should be noted that by the XVIII century. Russia has stepped over the so-called period of backwardness, which was caused by the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Serfdom, which fettered a significant part of the country's population, was an obstacle to

52. Medicine during the Great Patriotic War. The development of medicine in the post-war period From 1941 to 1945. the Great Patriotic War was going on, which became the bloodiest in the history of mankind. More than 27 million soldiers and civilians were killed. But many both survived and survived

3. The emergence and development of forensic medicine in Russia In the pre-Petrine time, there are only a few indications of medical examinations, which were of a forensic nature. In the XVII century. examinations of wounds, mutilations and corpses of the killed were carried out by officials with

Conclusion Natural medicine is a new stage in the development of domestic physiology As you know, human and animal physiology is a science that studies the vital processes occurring in humans and animals, the relationship of these processes and their dependence

Chapter 9. The formation of Soviet health care and medicine (the first years of Soviet power) In Soviet historical literature, the beginning of modern times is October 1917. In most foreign publications, the beginning of modern times is associated with 1918 - the time

Chapter 1 The emergence of medicine and its development in primitive society The era of the primitive system covers the period from the appearance of the first people to the emergence of class society. This era is also called the Stone Age. The existence of a primitive communal system

Chapter 9 Medicine in Russia during the period of decomposition of feudalism (first half of the 19th century) For Russia in the first half of the 19th century. characterized by the further development of capitalist relations and the decomposition of the feudal system. International trade expanded. Russian agricultural

The administration of the portal congratulates all veterans and home front workers on the 65th anniversary of the Victory in Nazi Germany. For this wonderful date, we publish materials about how medical workers worked in these difficult years for our country.

Medicine during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945

The achievements of medicine and healthcare in our country during the Great Patriotic War are a glorious page in history, an enduring value for future generations. Much has been done at the front and in the rear to organize assistance to wounded soldiers, prevent epidemics, save the younger generation, create a health service for workers in defense enterprises, and provide the population with medical care.

During the war, our doctors returned to service 72.3% of the wounded and 90.6% of the sick soldiers. If these percentages are presented in absolute figures, then the number of the wounded and sick returned to service by the medical service for all the years of the war will amount to about 17 million people. If we compare this figure with the number of our troops during the war years (about 6 million 700 thousand people in January 1945), it becomes obvious that the victory was won largely by soldiers and officers returned to service by the medical service. At the same time, it should be especially emphasized that, starting from January 1, 1943, out of every hundred killed in battles, 85 people returned to service from medical institutions of the regimental, army and front-line regions, and only 15 people from hospitals in the rear of the country.

Thanks mainly to the efforts of physicians during the war years, neither the front nor the rear knew epidemics of infectious diseases. For the first time in the world, a seemingly binding law on the connection between wars and epidemics "did not work" in our country. The epidemic "fire" was prevented, and this saved hundreds of thousands, millions of human lives.

Until now, we still do not know how many people our country lost in the Great Patriotic War, if we add up both military losses and civilian casualties. In recent years, some historians have reported 43 million deaths. The official figure is 26-27 million. We do not know the final number: many argue that we will never know this. Although it is really impossible to establish the exact number of casualties, especially among the civilian population, it is nevertheless necessary to strive to find out. It is necessary both for history and for realizing the true cost of our Victory. 1. The work of the medical service in the early years of the war

Before the war, a number of measures were taken to strengthen the military medical service, but they did not manage to do much. The restructuring of the medical service of the Red Army, for many reasons, was carried out slowly, and sometimes inconsistently and, unfortunately, was never completed by the beginning of the war. As military doctors - war veterans rightly noted, most of all, the actions of military doctors in the first year and a half of the war were hampered by outdated, but still in force, ideas about the tactics of medical service: these canons formed in the pre-war years obliged the leaders of military medicine to act in a combat situation, obeying strict regulations ...

At the same time, the provisions of a unified field military medical doctrine based on the works of the classic of domestic medicine N.I. Pirogov, as well as V.A.Oppel, N.A. Velyaminov, N.N.Burdenko, M.N. Akhutin and others, and developed by a group of military doctors under the leadership of EI Smirnov, in the first months of the war, during the period of heavy defensive battles, were practically not used. And in order to preserve the health of the wounded, to return them to service faster, a clear organization of the work of all military doctors was required - the rational location of hospitals and medical battalions, the correct choice of evacuation routes, the use of justified methods of treatment. It was necessary to learn how to maneuver the forces and means of military medicine, to direct them in time to the places of upcoming battles, or, conversely, to evacuate to the rear.

It was important to use the most rational methods of wound healing. However, surgeons called up from the reserve, from civilian hospitals (and there were an overwhelming majority of them: by the beginning of the war there were only 12 418 regular military doctors in the army, and more than 80 thousand were called up from the reserve during its course), also used methods of peaceful surgery in the war. , for example, the primary suture, after excision of the wound (its use did not justify itself and was actually prohibited). The numerous and varied methods of prevention and treatment of various complications that were used were also not quite adequate, and the organization of surgical work (for example, in medical battalions) had serious shortcomings.

The experience accumulated by military doctors in the battles of the first year of the war contributed to the unification of the use of scientifically based methods of medical care for the wounded. This experience helped the detailed development of a unified military field medical doctrine, the implementation of the principles of unity, consistency, continuity of medical and evacuation measures, based on the general theory of combat pathology, or at least on unified views on the emergence, course and treatment of combat defeats and diseases. ... The most important thing was that during staged treatment with evacuation by appointment, the treatment of the wounded and their evacuation to the rear were linked into a single process.

Only by adopting the most advanced system of medical and evacuation support for troops - a system of staged treatment with evacuation by appointment, improving specialized medical care and anti-epidemic support, making full use of the achievements of medical science and civil health care, the military medical service was able to fulfill the tasks, to achieve the return to service and to work of the huge number of the wounded and sick, measured in millions.

As you know, the initial period of the Great Patriotic War was especially difficult, since as a result of the retreat of our troops from the West to the East, it was necessary to move only about 2,000 evacuation hospitals. This task was accomplished, and the displaced hospitals were subsequently used in medical support of the offensive operations of the Red Army, playing an important role in the treatment of the wounded and sick.

The originality of the operational-tactical situation in the initial period of the war required the creation of powerful army hospital bases (including evacuation hospitals), which did not exist in peacetime. This ensured the provision of qualified medical care in the most difficult conditions. 2. Organization of the evacuation of the wounded

2.1. Organization of first line medical support

Timely first aid to the wounded, quick collection and removal of them from the battlefield in past wars (especially the twentieth century) have always been associated with great difficulties and required the involvement of significant forces and resources. The urgency of this problem, in principle, was not a new phenomenon, specific to the conditions of the war, but the unfavorable situation that developed on the Soviet-German front in the summer of 1941, a sharp decrease in the number of orderlies and porters, due to their large losses, complicated the situation. For example, on the Leningrad Front alone, in the first year of the war, almost 4.5 thousand orderlies and porters were put out of action, including about 2 thousand killed and missing and about 2.5 thousand wounded.

With the forced withdrawal of covering troops and the rapid advance of superior enemy forces at a rate of 25-35 km per day, the military medical service had to focus on providing all the means available in the active forces for quickly removing the seriously wounded from the battlefield and evacuating them to the rear. That is why EI Smirnov in telegraphic order dated 10.07.1941, No. 452320, given to the chiefs of the medical service of the armies of the Northern, Southern, Southwestern, Western and Northwestern fronts, indicated: “... the main task of the sanitary service of the military the area is the timely provision of first aid, quick removal of the wounded from the battlefield and their immediate evacuation to army field and inpatient hospitals for the primary surgical treatment of the bulk of the wounded. Surgical treatment in the MRB should be limited only to extremely urgent interventions designed to prepare the wounded for further evacuation ... I order the main attention to be paid to the precise organization of the work of the sanitary service of the company, battalion and rifle regiment. Timely removal of the wounded from the battlefield is the main link in this work. "

On July 23, 1941, the Deputy Chief of the General Staff issued an order to the chiefs of staff of the armies with the requirement to "systematically maintain a full full-time set of orderlies and medical orderlies-porters in combat battalions and regiments, allocate people to help the orderlies-porters". Unfortunately, under the conditions of a combat situation, due to the extreme shortage of orderlies and medical orderlies, porters, and sometimes the lack of discipline of commanders and medical chiefs, it was not always possible to fulfill this requirement.

The head of the Armed Forces of the Southern Front L.M. Moyzhes stated that in the very first battles the lack of provision for the removal of the wounded from the battlefield was revealed, the main reason for this was an acute shortage of porters and the inability to work on the battlefield, which was reported to the command. And further it was said: it is necessary to admit that it is extremely necessary to have at least 50 porters in the states of a rifle regiment (in addition to orderlies in companies) and, in addition, a company of porters in medical battalions of at least 120 people.

In order to stimulate and encourage the far from safe work of the junior level of the medical service on the battlefield, the NCO issued an order dated 23.08.1941, No. 281 "On the procedure for nominating military orderlies and porters for good combat work for the government award," fronts by telegraph. For the first time, the labor of medical personnel on the battlefield was officially equated with the accomplishment of a feat of arms: for the removal of a certain number of the wounded with their rifles or light machine guns, orderlies and porters could be nominated for the award with medals "For Military Merit" or "For Courage", Orders of the Red Star, Red Banner and the Order of Lenin. And yet it was naive to believe that this measure would radically solve the problem of rescuing the seriously wounded on the battlefield.

Fierce hostilities on the Soviet-German front and the withdrawal of our troops seriously hampered, and in a number of cases thwarted, the manning of medical units, units and institutions. Nevertheless, all measures were taken to strengthen the company and battalion levels of the medical service, to fully staff the staff of orderlies and orderlies-porters, to prohibit their misuse. However, the situation remained very difficult. It was almost universally practiced to replenish combat units and subunits at the expense of company orderlies, porters, and even paramedics.

A large shortage of orderlies and porters led to the untimely removal of the wounded from the battlefield and the provision of first aid to them, which was one of the reasons for the high mortality rate of the wounded in the military area. So, in the order to the troops of the Southern Front of 12.07.1941, No. 2 indicated: “... there were cases when the wounded remained on the battlefield for 10 ~ 12 hours; As a result, qualified medical assistance was delayed. It can be assumed that some of the seriously wounded remained on the battlefield and died. The main reason for this is the insufficiency and sometimes complete absence of medical orderlies-porters in the units of the units conducting the battle ”4. In this regard, the front commander ordered: 1. Immediately to fully staff the porters' units in the rifle regiments; 2. The unit commanders, in advance, before the march and before the start of the battle, allocate at the disposal of senior doctors of the units auxiliary porters in the amount of at least 30 people for the rifle regiment and 16 people for the cavalry regiment; 3. The organization of the removal and removal of the wounded from the battlefield must be included in the general plan for ensuring the march and battle. The unit commanders were directly responsible for ensuring the removal and removal of the wounded from the battlefield.

Indirect data allow us to conclude that in the first period of the war, the number of unbearable wounded was very significant. This is evidenced, in particular, by the increase in the proportion of the seriously wounded in the overall structure of sanitary losses with each subsequent year of the war. If in the first year of hostilities the share of the seriously wounded accounted for 17.1%, then in the second - 21.8%, in the third - 24.2%, in the fourth - 26.1%. The same pattern is revealed in the change in mortality rates at the stages of medical evacuation. If in the first year of the war, per 100 outcomes among the wounded, the deaths accounted for 6.4%, then in the second year this figure increased to 7.3%, and in the third - to 8.2%. It is quite obvious that the increase in deaths was due to an increase in the proportion of seriously wounded among all those who entered the stages of medical evacuation, which, in turn, depended on the continuing serious defects in the medical support of the troops.

The reasons for the shortcomings in the provision of first aid, as can be seen from the documents, were primarily in the lack of orderlies, orderlies-porters, sanitary instructors, in large losses among this category of medical personnel, in the difficulties of organizing work to carry out the wounded in a combat situation. It should be emphasized that the loss of medical personnel was high not only at the beginning of the war, but also in its subsequent years.

As a result, the staffing of the medical service with sanitary instructors, orderlies and porters was significantly less than other categories of medical personnel, even more declining during periods of intense hostilities.

For these reasons, the medical service of the military level could not fully independently solve the tasks of providing first aid to the wounded on the battlefield and their timely removal and evacuation. In a number of cases, the latter circumstance became the cause of the death of the wounded. The studies of pathologists using the material of a large number of autopsies of those killed on the battlefield found that 21.9% of all deaths from bleeding occurred from injuries in which timely assistance and removal of the wounded could save their lives, 40% of deaths are associated with untimely and inadequate medical care.

It was not always possible to ensure the removal and delivery of the wounded to medical centers at the optimum time. This, in turn, led to their late admission to the subsequent stages of medical evacuation, the development of various complications, which affected the duration and results of treatment. An analysis of the work of the medical service confirms the relevance of the problem of finding, collecting and removing the wounded from the battlefield, which faced the military medical service throughout the war, but this problem was not fully resolved, despite the decisive measures taken by the command and leadership of the medical service. In order to facilitate the hard work of orderlies in collecting and carrying out (removing) seriously wounded from the battlefield and delivering them to the advanced stages of medical evacuation, teams of sled medical dogs were used.

The widespread use of wheeled dog sleds contributed to the faster delivery of the wounded to the BMP and PMP. So, in the second and third periods of the war, up to 80-85% of all wounded were admitted to the BMP, in the first 4-5 hours from the moment of injury. not exceeding 2 hours from the moment of injury, 9% - after 2-4 hours, .1% - after 4-6 hours, 5% - after 6-8 hours and 5% - after more than 8 hours, and in a battle under Kursk, on the DMP of the Central Front, up to 50% of all the wounded were delivered within a time frame not exceeding 6 hours from the moment of injury, 35% - after 6-12 hours, 10% - after 12-16 hours and 5% - after more than 16 hours Thus, at the optimum time (up to 8-12 hours), up to 85% of the total number of wounded arrived here.

Thus, it becomes obvious that the medical service during the Great Patriotic War faced a large number of difficulties in organizing the collection, removal (removal) of the wounded from the battlefield and their evacuation to the first-line primary care, DMP and KhPPG, which led to an increase in mortality, contributed to increased duration and worsening of treatment outcomes. The medical service had to solve these problems during the war.

2.2. Hospital service during the evacuation stages

One of the main tasks of the USSR People's Commissariat for Health was to organize the treatment of wounded soldiers. At the very beginning of the war, evacuation hospitals appeared in the country, they were created according to a government directive adopted in the first days of the war. Already at the beginning of July 1941, the medical service had about as many evacuation hospitals as it was envisaged by the plan drawn up before the war. And on July 7, 1941, the State Defense Committee, at the request of doctors, decided to create additional hospitals, the total capacity of which was more than 1.6 times higher than the pre-war plan: about 1600 hospitals were to be formed in the shortest possible time to treat 750 thousand wounded. In particular, it was decided to deploy evacuation hospitals in trade union sanatoriums and rest homes.

The number of evacuation hospitals was constantly growing: by October 1, 1941, there were already 1 million beds, and by November 1, 1944 - almost 2 million. By the decision of the State Defense Committee of September 22, 1941, civilian doctors were responsible for the care of the wounded in the rear. , and at the front - on military doctors. The rear evacuation hospitals became completely subordinate to the USSR People's Commissariat for Health, and civilian doctors were entrusted with the care of the treatment of the wounded in them.

In the civil health care of all Union republics, primarily in the Russian Federation, a special evacuation hospital service was formed. The entire work was headed by the Deputy People's Commissar of Health of the USSR S.I. Milovidov, his first assistant was the chief surgeon prof. I. G. Rufanov. In the union republics these positions were occupied by prof. N.N. Priorov (RSFSR), prof. M. A. Topchibashev (Azerbaijan), prof. A.P. Tsulukidze (Georgia), prof. X. A. Petrosyan (Armenia). At the beginning of 1942, specialized evacuation hospitals were created - neurosurgical, maxillofacial, for the treatment of injuries to the organs of the chest and abdominal cavities, eye, and ear. Then sorting hospitals appeared, and the system of specialized evacuation hospitals acquired a complete look.

The ascetic work of doctors in evacuation hospitals helped to achieve unique results: in 1942, 1943 and 1944. from the rear hospitals, 56.6%, 60.8% and 47.7% of the wounded were returned to service, respectively. The overall result of the activities of evacuation hospitals is as follows: 57.6% of the wounded were returned to duty, 4.4% were sent on leave, 36.5% were transferred to the reserve and demobilized, 1.5% died. 3. Organization of anti-epidemic service

The military sanitary and anti-epidemic service has achieved excellent results. Hygienists and epidemiologists protected the army and the frontline areas from outbreaks of epidemic diseases and helped civilian health in the anti-epidemic protection of the population.

During the war years, the gigantic migration of human masses, combined with a sharp overcrowding, a shortage of housing, a catastrophic deterioration in living conditions, and hunger opened the green light to epidemic diseases.

In the autumn and winter of 1941-1942. doctors began to register an increase in the number of patients with typhus, as well as dysentery, typhoid and relapsing fever; the country was threatened with a real epidemic "fire". By the decree of the State Defense Committee of February 2, 1942, emergency anti-epidemic commissions, endowed with broad powers, were created in all republics, territories, regions, cities and districts; the prosecutor's office was ordered to bring sanitary order violators to strict liability. The main burden of the fight against the emergence of epidemics fell on the shoulders of physicians, and the People's Commissar of Health of the USSR G.A.Miterev was appointed authorized by the State Defense Committee for anti-epidemic work.

In the fight against epidemics, doctors involved the sanitary community - sanitary units, sanitary posts, sanitary squads, thousands of active members, public sanitary inspectors. Only in the Russian Federation during the war years there were more than 200 thousand public sanitary inspectors. Doctors and their assistants conducted house-to-house and apartment-house visits. The current sanitary supervision was constantly carried out in residential buildings, dormitories, canteens and shops, the sanitary cleaning of populated areas was carefully monitored.

On the routes of movement to the front, an extensive network of sanitary barriers was created. The railways were under the constant control of doctors. At the largest railway junctions, there were sanitary control, observation and isolation checkpoints. Trains and echelons passing by railways were systematically checked at 275 sanitary control points. Here they inspected trains, carriages and passengers, carried out sanitization, isolated the sick and persons with suspected disease. In just 10 months of 1943, 121,169 trains were examined, about 2 million separately traveling wagons, almost 20 million passengers. More than 5 million people have been sanitized in special sanitary checkpoints. Physicians found 69 thousand patients on trains and sent to hospitals, another 30 thousand people were placed in isolation wagons.

To prevent typhus, vaccinations developed by prof. MK Krontovskaya in 1942 with a typhus vaccine. Typhus was the main threat. Other infectious diseases were also a serious threat. If in 1943 typhoid fever occurred 20 times, and dysentery 50 times less often than typhus, then in 1944 the picture changed dramatically. The medics had to deploy battle formations against the new enemy.

Everything that was recommended by medical science and practice was put into use. Thorough sanitary cleaning of cities, villages, workers' settlements was carried out; special attention was paid to bazaars, markets, shops, canteens. Combined vaccinations against typhoid fever and tetanus were given with the NIISI polio vaccine developed in our country. So, against typhoid fever in 1941, almost 15 million people were vaccinated, in 1942 - 19 million, in 1944 - almost 20 million. Those who were in contact with patients were given the typhoid bacteriophage used then. Laboratories were opened that could quickly recognize a disease that had arisen. Obligatory and timely referral of patients to a hospital or hospital was ensured. In the foci of typhoid fever and dysentery, mandatory disinfection was carried out.

The doctors had to do a lot of anti-epidemic work, not only in the rear, but also in the territories liberated from the Nazi occupation, where epidemics were raging. 4. Organization of medical and preventive services

The medical and prophylactic service held a serious exam. As a result of the evacuation of millions of people, the population of rear towns and villages in the second half of 1941 increased significantly. As a result, the physicians of city hospitals and polyclinics in the eastern regions of the country have a double and even triple burden. The health authorities had to significantly increase the number of jobs. We began to retrain doctors of polyclinics in related specialties.

The possibilities of inpatient care, which had significantly decreased due to the deployment of rear hospitals on the basis of hospitals and clinics, were to some extent compensated for after the organization of "hospitals at home": it was during the war years that this method was most developed.

Much has been done to provide medical care to workers in industrial enterprises, primarily in defense enterprises, where, as a rule, men of non-conscription age, most often adolescents, and women worked.

By orders and orders of the USSR People's Commissariat of Health (November 1941, etc.) and local health authorities, the priority, priority provision of medical care was introduced for workers. The number of shop and factory health centers, outpatient clinics, polyclinics, and hospitals has been significantly increased. At the largest enterprises, medical and sanitary units were created, which best provided priority services to workers in defense plants. It was during the war years that medical units were formed not just as medical institutions attached to the enterprise, but as an organic, integral part of the enterprise, a kind of "health shop". Largely due to the activities of medical units, from the middle of 1942, the incidence of sickness among workers at the largest enterprises began to decline.

4.1. Organization of surgical care

The organization of surgical aid in the "theater" of military operations has always been in the center of attention of domestic surgery and its best representatives. Therefore, the fundamental principles of Soviet military field surgery did not arise from scratch, but have deep roots going back to the origins of its origin in our country.

The great NI Pirogov, analyzing and summarizing the experience of surgical work during the Caucasian expedition (1847), the Crimean war (1854-1856) and 25 years of hospital practice, created the ingenious "Principles of General Military Field Surgery". The content of this work is of enduring importance for understanding the features of surgical work in a combat situation, and its main provisions were confirmed and further developed during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

As you know, N.I. Pirogov first defined war, from a medical point of view, as a "traumatic epidemic" and, specifying this definition, wrote shortage ... The shortage of hands at dressing posts and in field hospitals was so great that for 100 or more seriously wounded there was one resident ... ".

The initial period of the Great Patriotic War is also characterized by a significant shortage of surgical personnel.

On the eve of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, 140,769 doctors worked in the civil health care of our country, of which 12,560 were surgeons of all specialties. After the attack of Nazi Germany, most of them were mobilized into the army, where, together with professional military surgeons, 10,500 surgeons were at the disposal of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate. However, in July 1941, an additional formation of 1600 evacuation hospitals (EG) began in the system of the People's Commissariat of Defense, in addition, by December 1, 1941, 291 medical battalions (MSB), 380 mobile field hospitals, mainly of a surgical profile, 94 medical and sanitary companies were formed. and many other medical institutions. In total, during this period, not counting the medical and sanitary companies of rifle regiments and individual tank brigades, 3,750 medical institutions were re-formed.

The greatest difficulties in the formation of these institutions were with the surgical personnel, since at least 15,000 surgeons were needed to recruit these institutions, according to the most conservative estimates. Therefore, in the initial period of the war, the full-time positions of surgeons in medical institutions of the Red Army were staffed only by 58.6%, and neurosurgeons - only 35%.

If the general shortage of doctors could to some extent be compensated for by accelerated graduation of senior students of medical institutes, which in 1941 alone gave more than 30,000 doctors, then in order to eliminate the shortage in surgical personnel, they also needed their training in practical work or postgraduate specialization, which was organized on a large scale and thousands of doctors have completed it.

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Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus

Educational institution

"Gomel State Medical University"

Department of Public Health and Health Care

Topic: Medicine during the Great Patriotic War

Subject: History of Medicine

Completed by a 1st year student

Groups L-101

Paksadze Tatiana Alexandrovna

Checked by senior teacher

Verkhina N.V.

Gomel 2015

Introduction

The work of the medical service in the early years of the war

Organization of anti-epidemic service

Organization of treatment-and-prophylactic service

Conclusion

Application

Introduction

The achievements of medicine and healthcare in our country during the Great Patriotic War are a glorious page in history, an enduring value for future generations. Much has been done at the front and in the rear to organize assistance to wounded soldiers, prevent epidemics, save the younger generation, create a health service for workers in defense enterprises, and provide the population with medical care. medical war wounded rehabilitation

During the war, our doctors returned to service 72.3% of the wounded and 90.6% of the sick soldiers. If these percentages are presented in absolute figures, then the number of the wounded and sick returned to service by the medical service for all the years of the war will amount to about 17 million people. If we compare this figure with the number of our troops during the war years (about 6 million 700 thousand people in January 1945), it becomes obvious that the victory was won largely by soldiers and officers returned to service by the medical service. At the same time, it should be especially emphasized that, starting from January 1, 1943, out of every hundred killed in battles, 85 people returned to service from medical institutions of the regimental, army and front-line regions, and only 15 people from hospitals in the rear of the country.

Thanks mainly to the efforts of physicians during the war years, neither the front nor the rear knew epidemics of infectious diseases. For the first time in the world, a seemingly binding law on the connection between wars and epidemics "did not work" in our country. The epidemic "fire" was prevented, and this saved hundreds of thousands, millions of human lives.

Until now, we still do not know how many people our country lost in the Great Patriotic War, if we add up both military losses and civilian casualties. In recent years, some historians have reported 43 million deaths. The official figure is 26-27 million. We do not know the final number: many argue that we will never know this. Although it is really impossible to establish the exact number of casualties, especially among the civilian population, it is nevertheless necessary to strive to find out. It is necessary both for history and for realizing the true cost of our Victory.

The work of the medical service in the early years of the war

Before the war, a number of measures were taken to strengthen the military medical service, but they did not manage to do much. The restructuring of the medical service of the Red Army, for many reasons, was carried out slowly, but was never completed by the beginning of the war. As military doctors - war veterans rightly noted, most of all, the actions of military doctors in the first year and a half of the war were hampered by outdated, but still in force, ideas about the tactics of medical service: these canons formed in the pre-war years obliged the leaders of military medicine to act in a combat situation, obeying strict regulations ...

At the same time, the provisions of a unified field military medical doctrine based on the works of the classic of domestic medicine N.I. Pirogov, as well as V.A.Oppel, N.A. Velyaminov, N.N.Burdenko, M.N. Akhutin and others, and developed by a group of military doctors under the leadership of EI Smirnov, in the first months of the war, during the period of heavy defensive battles, were practically not used. And in order to preserve the health of the wounded, to return them to service faster, a clear organization of the work of all military doctors was required - the rational location of hospitals and medical battalions, the correct choice of evacuation routes, the use of justified methods of treatment. It was necessary to learn how to maneuver the forces and means of military medicine, to direct them in time to the places of upcoming battles, or, conversely, to evacuate to the rear.

It was important to use the most rational methods of wound healing. However, surgeons called up from the reserve, from civilian hospitals (and there were an overwhelming majority of them: by the beginning of the war there were only 12 418 regular military doctors in the army, and more than 80 thousand were called up from the reserve during its course), also used methods of peaceful surgery in the war. , for example, the primary suture, after excision of the wound (its use did not justify itself and was actually prohibited).

As you know, the initial period of the Great Patriotic War was especially difficult, since as a result of the retreat of our troops from the West to the East, it was necessary to move only about 2,000 evacuation hospitals. This task was accomplished, and the displaced hospitals were subsequently used in medical support of the offensive operations of the Red Army, playing an important role in the treatment of the wounded and sick.

The originality of the operational-tactical situation in the initial period of the war required the creation of powerful army hospital bases (including evacuation hospitals), which did not exist in peacetime. This ensured the provision of qualified medical care in the most difficult conditions.

Organization of anti-epidemic service

The military sanitary and anti-epidemic service has achieved excellent results. Hygienists and epidemiologists protected the army and the frontline areas from outbreaks of epidemic diseases and helped civilian health in the anti-epidemic protection of the population.

During the war years, the gigantic migration of human masses, combined with a sharp overcrowding, a shortage of housing, a catastrophic deterioration in living conditions, and hunger opened the green light to epidemic diseases.

In the autumn and winter of 1941-1942. doctors began to register an increase in the number of patients with typhus, as well as dysentery, typhoid and relapsing fever; the country was threatened with a real epidemic "fire". By the decree of the State Defense Committee of February 2, 1942, emergency anti-epidemic commissions, endowed with broad powers, were created in all republics, territories, regions, cities and districts; the prosecutor's office was ordered to bring sanitary order violators to strict liability. The main burden of the fight against the emergence of epidemics fell on the shoulders of physicians, and the People's Commissar of Health of the USSR G.A.Miterev was appointed authorized by the State Defense Committee for anti-epidemic work.

In the fight against epidemics, doctors involved the sanitary community - sanitary units, sanitary posts, sanitary squads, thousands of active members, public sanitary inspectors. Only in the Russian Federation during the war years there were more than 200 thousand public sanitary inspectors. Doctors and their assistants conducted house-to-house and apartment-house visits. The current sanitary supervision was constantly carried out in residential buildings, dormitories, canteens and shops, the sanitary cleaning of populated areas was carefully monitored.

On the routes of movement to the front, an extensive network of sanitary barriers was created. The railways were under the constant control of doctors. At the largest railway junctions, there were sanitary control, observation and isolation checkpoints. Trains and echelons passing by railways were systematically checked at 275 sanitary control points. Here they inspected trains, carriages and passengers, carried out sanitization, isolated the sick and persons with suspected disease. In just 10 months of 1943, 121,169 trains were examined, about 2 million separately traveling wagons, almost 20 million passengers. More than 5 million people have been sanitized in special sanitary checkpoints. Physicians found 69 thousand patients on trains and sent to hospitals, another 30 thousand people were placed in isolation wagons.

To prevent typhus, vaccinations developed by prof. MK Krontovskaya in 1942 with a typhus vaccine. Typhus was the main threat. Other infectious diseases were also a serious threat. If in 1943 typhoid fever occurred 20 times, and dysentery 50 times less often than typhus, then in 1944 the picture changed dramatically. The medics had to deploy battle formations against the new enemy.

Everything that was recommended by medical science and practice was put into use. Thorough sanitary cleaning of cities, villages, workers' settlements was carried out; special attention was paid to bazaars, markets, shops, canteens. Combined vaccinations against typhoid fever and tetanus were given with the NIISI polio vaccine developed in our country. So, against typhoid fever in 1941, almost 15 million people were vaccinated, in 1942 - 19 million, in 1944 - almost 20 million. Those who were in contact with patients were given the typhoid bacteriophage used then. Laboratories were opened that could quickly recognize a disease that had arisen. Obligatory and timely referral of patients to a hospital or hospital was ensured. In the foci of typhoid fever and dysentery, mandatory disinfection was carried out.

The doctors had to do a lot of anti-epidemic work, not only in the rear, but also in the territories liberated from the Nazi occupation, where epidemics were raging.

Organization of treatment-and-prophylactic service

The medical and prophylactic service held a serious exam. As a result of the evacuation of millions of people, the population of rear towns and villages in the second half of 1941 increased significantly. As a result, the physicians of city hospitals and polyclinics in the eastern regions of the country have a double and even triple burden. The health authorities had to significantly increase the number of jobs. We began to retrain doctors of polyclinics in related specialties.

The organization of surgical aid in the "theater" of military operations has always been in the center of attention of domestic surgery and its best representatives. Therefore, the fundamental principles of Soviet military field surgery did not arise from scratch, but have deep roots going back to the origins of its origin in our country.

The great NI Pirogov, analyzing and summarizing the experience of surgical work during the Caucasian expedition (1847), the Crimean war (1854-1856) and 25 years of hospital practice, created the ingenious "Principles of General Military Field Surgery". The content of this work is of enduring importance for understanding the features of surgical work in a combat situation, and its main provisions were confirmed and further developed during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

As you know, N.I. Pirogov first defined war, from a medical point of view, as a "traumatic epidemic" and, specifying this definition, wrote shortage ... The shortage of hands at dressing posts and in field hospitals was so great that for 100 or more seriously wounded there was one resident ... ".

The initial period of the Great Patriotic War is also characterized by a significant shortage of surgical personnel.

On the eve of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, 140,769 doctors worked in the civil health care of our country, of which 12,560 were surgeons of all specialties. After the attack of Nazi Germany, most of them were mobilized into the army, where, together with professional military surgeons, 10,500 surgeons were at the disposal of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate. However, in July 1941, an additional formation of 1600 evacuation hospitals (EG) began in the system of the People's Commissariat of Defense, in addition, by December 1, 1941, 291 medical battalions (MSB), 380 mobile field hospitals, mainly of a surgical profile, 94 medical and sanitary companies were formed. and many other medical institutions. In total, during this period, not counting the medical and sanitary companies of rifle regiments and individual tank brigades, 3,750 medical institutions were re-formed.

The greatest difficulties in the formation of these institutions were with the surgical personnel, since at least 15,000 surgeons were needed to recruit these institutions, according to the most conservative estimates. Therefore, in the initial period of the war, the full-time positions of surgeons in medical institutions of the Red Army were staffed only by 58.6%, and neurosurgeons - only 35%.

If the general shortage of doctors could to some extent be compensated for by accelerated graduation of senior students of medical institutes, which in 1941 alone gave more than 30,000 doctors, then in order to eliminate the shortage in surgical personnel, they also needed their training in practical work or postgraduate specialization, which was organized on a large scale and thousands of doctors have completed it.

Due to this, by the end of the 2nd year of the Great Patriotic War, despite the combat losses among surgeons, the provision of surgical personnel on all fronts was 63.8%, and in the institutions of the military and army regions, where the fate of hundreds of thousands of wounded was decided, the staffing with surgical personnel was is 72-74%, female surgeons in these institutions accounted for only about 30%, while in the EG staffed with surgeons only 58.5 -50% of them were women. The selfless labor of surgeons, nurses, orderlies, even in these difficult conditions, made it possible to return to service 70% of the treated wounded. It is pertinent to note that the medical service of the American army, which had 39,917 wounded during the same period, returned to service only 51.5% of them.

The second position of NI Pirogov says that "... the properties of wounds, mortality and the success of treatment depend mainly on the various properties of weapons, and especially firearms ...". Developing this position, he saw in the future the need for active surgical activity for gunshot wounds with the widespread use of preventive operations at the advanced stages of surgical care.

The study of the striking properties of enemy weapons and ammunition, confirming the main provisions of this principle, made adjustments to the forecasts of N.I. Pirogov. Summarizing the experience of surgical treatment of wounds in the initial period of the war, Deputy Chief Surgeon of the Red Army S.S. Girgolav came to the conclusion that it was necessary to distinguish 2 main groups of combat wounds: wounds subject to active surgical treatment (they account for about 80%), and wounds that are not requiring any interventions either in the wound itself or in connection with it, with the exception of a toilet of the surrounding skin by the type of treatment of the operating field to reduce the risk of secondary microbial contamination. This also eliminated the inconsistency in the interpretation of the very concept of surgical treatment of the wound, since a principle was formulated for all wounds: not to sterilize the wound with the help of surgical intervention, but to make it the most prepared for the healing processes and the least susceptible to the infectious source that got into it. The negative consequences of deviations from this position, due to ignorance of the damaging properties of the enemy's weapons and the characteristics of the injuries inflicted on them, were not uncommon in the initial period of the war and are well known to surgeons. It should only be recalled that the implementation of these principles in the field army required a special instruction from the head of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate (GVSU) and the Chief Surgeon of the Red Army.

The third position of NI Pirogov says that "... not medicine, but the administration plays the main role in helping the wounded and sick in the theater of war ...". Clarifying this position, NI Pirogov gives it a very wide range of applications - from determining the status of the general leadership of the military medical service of the army to organizing the work of company orderlies. "... If my stay in Sevastopol, - wrote N.I. Pirogov, - has brought any benefit, then I owe this independent position to my headquarters, which I achieved, however, not by rights, but by personality ..." ... Elsewhere, referring to the organization of the work of advanced dressing points, NI Pirogov emphasizes that "... if the doctor in these cases ..." (that is, when a significant number of wounded) "... the main goal, first of all, is to act administratively, and then physically, then he will be completely confused and neither his head nor his hand will help the wounded ... ". Pirogov's requirements for sorting the wounded according to the urgency of providing medical care and indications for evacuation are a generally recognized example of combining medical practice with military and a fundamental element of military medicine in general.

Critically examining the materials of the largest domestic surgeons on the provision of surgical care in the theater of operations (N.V. Sklifosovsky, N.A. Velyaminov) and especially the work of V.A. Oppel, the head of the GVSU of the Red Army, an outstanding organizer of civil and military healthcare, General Colonel of the medical service, EI Smirnov, called these provisions of NI Pirogov "a road star" in his practical work on the leadership of the medical service of the Red Army.

In the development of the principles and improvement of the organization of surgical care in the theater of operations, the experience of medical support for the combat operations of the Red Army units on the lake was of great importance. Hasan and R. Khalkhin-Gol (75% of the chief surgeons of the fronts participated in the organization and provision of surgical assistance in these hostilities).

This experience was comprehensively analyzed and generalized by V.A. Oppel's talented student M.N. Akhutin. His work on the organization and maintenance of surgical aid in these combat operations attracted wide attention of the country's medical community to the problems of wartime surgical pathology, which was of great importance especially in the initial period of the war.

Studying the lessons and generalizing the experience of organizing surgical aid during the war with the White Finns was invaluable. This work was done mainly by P.A. Kupriyanov and S.I.Banaitis. The manual they created on military field surgery was the reference book of surgeons in the military and army regions throughout the war.

As a result of extensive defense work that permeated all links of military and civilian health care, Soviet surgery, in general, was sufficiently prepared to provide surgical care to the wounded. She had experience in organizing and providing surgical care both in the sultry steppes of Mongolia and in the severe frosts of the Karelian Isthmus. A fairly clearly formulated unified doctrine of military field surgery was developed, which included the following provisions: all gunshot wounds are microbially contaminated; 2) the only reliable method for the prevention and treatment of wound infection is the surgical treatment of wounds; 3) most wounds are subject to early surgical treatment.

At the final stage of the Great Patriotic War, the organization of surgical care in the Soviet Army reached a very high level of perfection at all stages of medical evacuation. None of the fighting armies of other countries that participated in the Second World War had such a harmonious and battle-tested system. Skilled surgical care for almost 90% of the wounded was provided in the first 8 hours after being wounded, while in foreign armies this figure was an average of 12 hours.

Organizational and specialized surgical care was widely developed and clearly formed.

Based on the experience of the first years of the war, qualitative changes were made to the structure of the entire medical service of the Red Army, as a result of which it became more fully consistent with the maneuverable nature of combat operations involving a large number of forces and means of armed struggle. This made it possible, for example, in the Berlin operation to concentrate more than 250,000 beds in the army and front-line hospital bases of the involved fronts, that is, 20% more than was in all medical institutions in Russia on the eve of the First World War.

It can be said with good reason that during the Great Patriotic War, a qualitatively new structure of medical support for the troops took shape, in which the surgical service occupied one of the leading places.

Organization of pediatric care

Much has been done to protect the health of children. During the evacuation from the front-line cities, first of all, pupils of nurseries, kindergartens and orphanages, orphanages, and younger schoolchildren were removed. The evacuation carried out in the first months of the war saved millions of children's lives. In January 1942, the government of the country developed measures for the placement of children left without parents. A wonderful patriotic movement was born in the country to patronize orphaned children. Measures were taken to organize baby food: for example, by a special decree throughout the country, existing dairy kitchens were reconstructed into a kind of "food station".

The organization of the pediatric service, disturbed by the war, was restored. In October 1942, the government, in a specially adopted resolution, obliged the USSR People's Commissariat of Health to restore the system of medical care for children that existed before the war in the shortest possible time, primarily the district principle of the activities of children's clinics and clinics. Other measures were taken, in particular, to improve baby food, to make food fortified.

Everything that was done during the war years to protect the health of children has yielded results. Unlike other countries, the death rate of children in our country in 1941-1943. not only did not increase, but, on the contrary, decreased. For the first time in world history, several generations were able to get out of a terrible war with minimal losses. Commenting on this fact, N.A.Semashko pointed (1947) to the factors that contributed to this, including the state health care system, a single, well-thought-out, well-built system of protection of mothers, infancy and childhood.

Organization of the rehabilitation of the wounded

In the course of the war, the issues of not only treatment, but also the quickest rehabilitation of the wounded, became increasingly important, and the role of the military sanitary service in providing human reserves for operational and strategic operations of the Red Army became more and more clear. The medical service coped with these tasks with flying colors. So, in the first half of 1944, the medical service of the 1st Ukrainian Front returned to service after the end of treatment so many personnel that it was enough to staff 50 divisions of that time. The medical service of the 2nd Ukrainian Front in the last 2 years of the war returned 1 million 55 thousand people to service.

During World War II, the medical service became a significant supplier of reserves to the belligerent armies. At the same time, the supplier of experienced, well-versed in military affairs, fired personnel.

There is an increasing demand for the recovered wounded in the rear of the country. Starting from the army hospital base, and even more so from the front-line hospital base, it was necessary to clearly define and note in the medical history how long it takes for this or that wounded to be cured completely, and what is its possible purpose after recovery.

It is clear that at the beginning of the war the experience was still insufficient and the element of evacuation in predictive diagnostics prevailed over the prediction of the final destination of the recovered wounded.

But the more specialized care for the wounded was strengthened in the work of hospitals, the more decisively the command demanded clear answers to these questions.

Hospitals for lightly wounded (GLR) played a huge role in the Great Patriotic War. The treatment of the wounded and sick in these hospitals is, of course, the main thing. However, they were organized as a military unit (companies, platoons) with purely military commanders. In them, lightly wounded were not only treated, but also continued to improve their military experience (shooting, study of military equipment, drill, political studies, etc.). The wounded and sick, sent to the GLR, are intended to return again to the troops of their army or their front, depending on the subordination of the hospital. The command of the army (front) was very jealous of the manning and work of the GLR. This is their reserve. As a consequence, the medical staff, especially the leading surgeons and therapists, had a very great responsibility. Unfortunately, it should be noted that we, the leading medical workers, did not always closely follow the work of the GLR. It would be necessary to appoint a very experienced clinician to the position of the leading surgeon, and usually either a not very “successful” surgeon who did not always like large operations, or was “guilty” of something, stood out. An experienced, good surgeon, who loves his job, usually reacted negatively to the offer to go to work in the GLR, regarding it as humiliation and insult to himself. Such a wrong attitude towards GLR was, as a rule, always corrected by very experienced and strong-willed chiefs, good doctors with a strong military command "vein."

We can be proud that in the Great Patriotic War and in its most difficult initial period, the medical service was at the height of its vocation both in the treatment of the wounded and in direct battles with the Nazis.

Conclusion

We must not forget that the results, which we are rightfully proud of, were achieved at the cost of tremendous efforts and losses. During the Great Patriotic War, our medical service suffered serious losses. The total losses amounted to 210 601 people, which is 10.5 times higher than the losses of the US Army medical service (19 898), and sanitary losses - 7.7 times (respectively 125 808 and 16 248 people): with 88.2% of the losses accounted for on the rank and file, that is, on the front line of the medical service operating on the battlefield.

The war imposed on us by German fascism has brought immeasurable disasters. The Hitlerite invasion threatened the very existence of our country, our people, the entire population of the country was under threat of destruction - not only soldiers at the fronts, but also peaceful people in the near and far rear. To eliminate this threat, to prevent huge human losses, civil health care was called upon, which operated throughout the years of the war in contact and close relationship with the military medical service.

It was the activity of the state system of civil health care, and during the war years, the unity of the goals of civil health care and the military medical service was an unshakable law that led to many indisputable achievements both in the rear and at the front.

The feats of medical workers in the Great Patriotic War were highly appreciated by our party and the government: for the heroism and courage shown in the fight against the Nazi invaders, 44 medical workers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. During the war, 285 people were awarded the Order of Lenin, 3,500 - the Order of the Red Banner, 15,000 - the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree, 86,500 - the Order of the Red Star, about 10,000 - the Order of Glory. More than 20 leaders of the medical service and chief surgeons of the fronts were awarded the orders of the commander of the Soviet Union.

However, the military medical service also suffered considerable losses. The authors do not know the exact number of doctors, including surgeons, who died in the war, but 525 people from among the students of our Military Medical Academy died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. Of the 472,000 medical workers with a completed secondary medical education that were available in the country on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, in the first post-war year there were just over 300,000 in cash, the rest mostly died in the battles for our Motherland.

Time smooths out the acuteness of events. Six decades have passed since the end of the war. Long ago, the fields of former battles were overgrown, the destroyed cities were rebuilt. But even now, the war has not yet become a distant history, it still makes itself felt with the bitterness of memories, aching wounds, the pain of irreversible losses. We still feel the "echo of war", its terrible demographic consequences: the "knocked out" generations of men; women who never became mothers; disabled people, whose lives turned out to be much shorter than intended by nature; human destinies, which were scorched, broken, distorted by the war hard times. The huge wound inflicted on us by the war is still aching and aching.

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Saint Petersburg State University

Faculty of Medicine

Abstract on the discipline "History of Medicine" on the topic

Courage and Courage of Physicians DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

1st year student 101 gr. O.V. Surovegina

Content

Introduction

Chapter 1. Medicine during the Great Patriotic War

1.1. Problems faced by medicine at the beginning of the war

1.2. Tasks of health care during the Second World War

1.3. Science help

Chapter 2. War does not have a woman's face

Chapter 3. History in persons

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

During the five thousand years of the written history of mankind, only 292 years have passed on Earth without wars; the remaining 47 centuries have preserved the memory of 16 thousand large and small wars that claimed more than 4 billion lives. World War II (1939-1945) was the bloodiest among them. For the Soviet Union, it was the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the 65th anniversary of the end of which we celebrate this year.

This was the period when service to duty goes beyond science and one's profession and is performed in the name of the Motherland, in the name of the people. In this difficult time, medical workers showed genuine heroism and devotion to their fatherland, their feats during the war years are unique.

Suffice it to say that over two hundred thousand doctors and a half-million army of paramedical workers worked at the front and in the rear, who showed miracles of courage, unprecedented mental fortitude and humanism. Military doctors have returned millions of soldiers and officers to the ranks of the defenders of the Motherland. They provided medical assistance on the battlefield, under enemy fire, and if the situation required it, they themselves became warriors and dragged others along. 27 million lives. Millions of people were left with disabilities. But among those who returned home with victory, many survived, thanks to the selfless work of military and civilian doctors.

The famous commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Khristoforovich Bagramyan, after the end of the war, wrote: “What was done by Soviet military medicine during the years of the last war, in all fairness can be called a feat. For us, veterans of the Great Patriotic War, the image of a military doctor will remain the personification of high humanism, courage and dedication. "

Chapter 1. Medicine during the Great Patriotic War.

1.1. Problems faced by medicine at the beginning of the war.

From the first days of the war, the medical service experienced serious difficulties, there was a sharp shortage of funds, and there was a shortage of personnel. A significant part of the mobilization material and human resources of health care, accounting for 39.9% of the total number of doctors and 35.8% of the number of hospital beds, was located in the western regions of the Soviet Union and was captured by the advancing enemy units in the first days of the war. The medical service suffered heavy losses directly on the battlefield. More than 80% of all its sanitary losses accounted for privates and sergeants, that is, on the front link operating on the front line. During the war, more than 85 thousand doctors died or went missing. Of these, 5 thousand doctors, 9 thousand paramedics, 23 thousand sanitary instructors, 48 ​​thousand orderlies and orderlies-porters. In this regard, early graduations of the last two courses of military medical academies and medical faculties were held, accelerated training of paramedics and junior military paramedics was organized. As a result, by the second year of the war, the army was staffed by 91% doctors, 97.9% paramedics, 89.5% pharmacists.

Fig. 1. Chief of the medical service V.F. Lisenko bandaging the wounded, 1944

The main "forge of personnel" for the military medical service was the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov (VMedA). Military doctors who underwent training in it, and students who received special military medical knowledge during the training period, formed the backbone of the leadership and medical staff of the Red Army medical service. Within its walls, 1829 military doctors were trained and sent to the front. At the same time, in 1941, 2 early graduations were made at the academy. The graduates of the academy showed genuine heroism, fulfilling their patriotic and professional duty in the war. 532 students and employees of the academy were killed in the battles for the Motherland. A significant contribution to the victory was also made by representatives of other medical educational institutions, including the 1st Moscow Medical Institute named after I.M. Sechenov: 2632 pupils of the institute served the troops of the active army and the rear of the country.

1.2. Tasks of health care during the Second World War.

Fig. 2. The military assistant of the Komsomol member Maslichenko O. assists the wounded soldiers, 1942

During the war years, the main tasks of health care were:

1.Help the wounded and sick war;

2. Medical service for home front workers;

3. Protection of children's health;

4. Broad anti-epidemic measures.

The struggle for the life of the wounded began immediately after being wounded, directly on the battlefield. All medical personnel were clearly aware that shock and blood loss were the main causes of death of the wounded on the battlefield, in addition to incompatible injuries. In solving this problem, the most important condition for success was the timing and quality of first aid, first medical and qualified medical aid.

Particular attention was paid to the requirement to carry out the wounded with weapons, which restored not only the human, but also the military-technical potential of the Red Army. So, in the order of the People's Commissar of Defense "On the procedure for presenting military orderlies and porters for good combat work to the government award", signed on August 23, 1941 personally by I.V. Stalin was ordered to present for rewarding orderlies and orderlies-porters for taking out the wounded from the battlefield with their weapons: to the Order of the Red Banner, 80 people - to the Order of Lenin.

A wide network of evacuation hospitals (single-profile and multidisciplinary) was created in the country, a system of staged treatment of the wounded and sick with evacuation by appointment was formed. In the theoretical substantiation of this system, the works of N.I. Pirogov, V.A. Oppel, B.K. Leonardov. The system of staged treatment with evacuation by appointment was established already at the beginning of the war and, depending on the strategic situation, was constantly modified and improved. The main elements of the system included a clear and consistent provision of medical care to the wounded and sick, starting with the first medical aid on the battlefield and ending with an exhaustive specialized one in the hospital bases of the front and rear of the country.

The evacuation of the wounded from the hospital bases of the front to the rear hospitals of the country was carried out in the overwhelming majority of cases by military medical trains. The volume of railway traffic from the front-line region to the rear of the country amounted to more than 5 million people.

The organization of specialized medical care was improved (wounded in the head, neck and spine, in the chest and abdomen, hip and large joints). During the war, it was vitally important to create an uninterrupted system for the collection and delivery of donated blood. The unified leadership of the civilian and military blood services ensured a higher recovery rate for the wounded. By 1944, there were 5.5 million donors in the country. In total, about 1,700 tons of canned blood was used during the war. More than 20 thousand Soviet citizens were awarded the "Honorary Donor of the USSR" badge. The joint work of military and civilian health authorities on the prevention of infectious diseases, their active interaction at the front and in the rear to prevent the massive development of epidemics, dangerous and inalienable earlier satellites of any war, fully justified themselves and made it possible to create the strictest system of anti-epidemic measures, which included:

• creation of anti-epidemic barriers between the front and rear;
• systematic observation, in order to timely identify infectious patients and their immediate isolation;
• regulation of sanitary processing of troops;
• the use of effective vaccines and other measures.

A large amount of work was done by the chief epidemiologist and infectious disease specialist of the Red Army I.D. Ionin.

The efforts of the hygienists contributed to the elimination of the danger of vitamin deficiencies, a sharp reduction in alimentary diseases in military units, and the preservation of the epidemic well-being of the troops and the civilian population. First of all, due to targeted prevention, the incidence of intestinal infections and typhoid fever was insignificant and had no tendency to increase. So, if in 1941 there were 14 million vaccinations against typhoid fever, then in 1943 - 26 million. using complete microbial antigens; tularemia vaccines; typhus vaccine. Tetanus vaccinations with tetanus toxoid have been developed and successfully applied. Scientific development of the issues of anti-epidemic protection of troops and population continued successfully throughout the war. The military medical service had to create an effective system of bath and laundry and disinfection services.

A well-ordered system of anti-epidemic measures, sanitary and hygienic provision of the Red Army led to an unprecedented result in the history of war - during the Great Patriotic War, there were no epidemics in the Soviet troops. Little-known issues remain related to the medical care of prisoners of war and repatriates. It was here that the humanism and philanthropy of domestic medicine manifested themselves with all their brightness. In accordance with the Regulations on prisoners of war approved by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on July 1, 1941, the wounded and sick from among them were sent to the nearest medical institutions, regardless of their departmental affiliation. They were provided with medical assistance on the same basis as the servicemen of the Red Army. Food for prisoners of war in hospitals was carried out according to the norms of hospital rations. At the same time, in German concentration camps, Soviet prisoners of war were practically deprived of medical care.

During the war years, special attention was paid to children, many of whom lost their parents. For them, children's homes and nurseries at home were created, dairy kitchens were arranged. By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in July 1944, the honorary title "Mother Heroine", the Order of "Maternal Glory" and "Medal of Maternity" were established.

1.3 Science assistance.

The successes achieved in the treatment of the wounded and sick, their return to service and to work,
in terms of their significance and volume, they are equal to the victory of the largest strategic battles.
G.K. Zhukov. Memories and Reflections.

It is difficult to overestimate the feat of Soviet doctors in these difficult years.

In the active army, 4 academicians of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 60 academicians and corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, 20 laureates of the Lenin and State Prizes, 275 professors, 305 doctors and 1199 candidates of medical sciences worked as chief specialists. Important features of Soviet medicine were formed - the unity of civil and military medicine, the scientific leadership of the medical service of the rear front, the continuity of the provision of medical care to the wounded and sick.

In the course of their work, medical scientists have developed common principles for treating wounds, a common understanding of the "wound process", and have standardized specialized treatment. Chief specialists, surgeons of fronts, armies, hospitals, and medical battalions performed millions of surgical operations; methods of treating gunshot fractures, primary treatment of wounds, and the imposition of plaster casts have been developed.

The chief surgeon of the Soviet Army N.N. Burdenko was the largest organizer of surgical care for the wounded.

The well-known domestic military field surgeon, scientist, professor Nikolai Nikolaevich Elansky made an invaluable contribution to the development of both military field surgery and surgical science in general. His name is among the most prominent figures in Russian medicine. Since 1939, from the fighting in the Khalkhin-Gol area, N.N. Elansky at the front as a consulting surgeon. Realizing that the combat defeat of the personnel of the troops, taking place in qualitatively new conditions, cannot be compared with the trauma of peacetime, N.N. Elansky strongly objected to the mechanical transfer of the concept of such a trauma into the practice of military field surgery.

In addition, the indisputable contribution of N.N. Elansky in the organization of surgical care was the development of issues of surgical sorting and evacuation. One of the most important problems of military field surgery received a final solution - the refusal to suture a treated gunshot wound in a combat situation. The implementation of these proposals of the scientist made it possible to achieve high performance indicators of the army's medical service. The number of surgical complications has sharply decreased. The experience of medical and evacuation support of past combat operations was summarized in a number of works by N.N. Elansky. The most important of them is the "Military Field Surgery" published at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. In subsequent periods of the war, as the tactics of hostilities changed, and, consequently, the forms and methods of medical support for the troops, it was repeatedly necessary to revise some of the provisions of the textbook. As a result, it was reprinted four times, and the 5th edition, which came out after the war, was awarded the USSR State Prize. The textbook has been translated into many foreign languages. The scientific development by scientists of such urgent problems of military pathology as the fight against shock, the treatment of gunshot wounds to the chest, limbs, craniocerebral wounds, contributed to a significant improvement in the quality of medical care, a speedy recovery and return to the ranks of the wounded.

The method of skin graft transplantation and the method of eye corneal transplantation, developed by V.P. Filatov, are widely used in military hospitals.

At the front and in the rear, the method of local anesthesia developed by A.V. Vishnevsky was widely used - it was used in 85-90% of cases.

In the organization of military field therapy and the provision of emergency care, the main merit belongs to the therapists M.S. Vovsi, A.L. Myasnikov, P.I. Egorov, and others.

The science of antibiotics began to develop after the discovery in 1929 by the English scientist A. Fleming of the antimicrobial action of the mold Penicillinum. The active substance produced by this fungus. Ah, Fleming called penicillin. In the USSR, the first penicillin was obtained by Z.V. Ermolyeva and G.I. Badesino in 1942. The development of methods for the biological synthesis of penicillin on a mass scale, its isolation and purification, the elucidation of the chemical nature, and the manufacture of drugs have created conditions for the medical use of antibiotics. During the war years, penicillin was used to treat complicated infected wounds and saved the lives of many Soviet soldiers.

The epidemiological scientist T.E. Boldyrev ensured the epidemiological well-being of the front, and G.A. Miterev - the rear of the country.

VN Shamov was one of the founders of the blood service system in the army. During the war, for the first time, mobile blood transfusion stations were organized on all fronts.

On the basis of evacuation hospitals, mobile field hospitals and other military medical institutions, thousands of scientific works and dissertations have been completed. In order to further develop medical science, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on June 30, 1944 adopted a resolution "On the establishment of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR" in Moscow. The opening of the Academy took place on December 20, 1944. The academy includes 22 research institutes and 5 independent laboratories. In total, there were 6717 employees in the academy system, of which 158 were doctors and 349 candidates of medical sciences. After the war, from 1949 to 1956, a 35-volume work "The Experience of Soviet Medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" was published in the USSR.

Also, many scientists-chemists came to the aid of medicine, who created drugs necessary for the treatment of the wounded. So, the polymer of vinyl butyl alcohol, obtained by MF Shostakovsky - a thick viscous liquid - turned out to be a good remedy for wound healing, it was used in hospitals under the name - "Shostakovsky's balm".

Scientists of Leningrad developed and manufactured more than 60 new medicinal preparations, in 1944 they mastered the method of plasma transfusion, created new solutions for the preservation of blood.

Academician A. V. Palladiy synthesized means to stop bleeding.

Scientists at Moscow University have synthesized the enzyme trombone, a drug for blood coagulation.

In addition to chemical scientists who made an invaluable contribution to the victory over Nazi Germany, there were also simple warrior chemists: engineers and workers, teachers and students. The senior lecturer of the Dnepropetrovsk Chemical-Technological Institute, a former front-line soldier ZI Barsukov, dedicated his poem to the memory of frontline chemists.

"Who said about the chemist:" Fought a little ",

Who said: "He shed little blood?"

I call my chemists-friends as witnesses, -

Those who bravely beat the enemy until the last days,

Those who sang in the same ranks with their native army,

Those who defended my Motherland with their breasts.

How many roads, front lines have been covered ...

How many young guys were killed on them ...

The memory of the war will never fade,

Glory to the living chemists, the fallen - a double honor ”.

Chapter 2. The war is not a woman's face.

Fig. 3. Marine Corps soldier N.P. Kudryakov says goodbye to hospital doctor I.A.Kharchenko, 1942

I was only once in hand-to-hand

Once in reality. And a thousand times in a dream.

Who says that war is not scary

He knows nothing about the war.

Yu.V. Drunin

Ardent love for their fatherland gives rise to the Soviet people the determination to go to great deeds, to strengthen the power of the Soviet state, to increase its wealth, to defend the gains of socialism from all enemies / to defend peaceful life in every possible way at any post.

In all this struggle, the role of Soviet women, including medical women, is great.

During the years of the pre-war five-year plans, millions of women in the Soviet Union, together with the entire Soviet people, ensured by their labor the transformation of our Motherland into a mighty industrial-collective farm power.

During the Great Patriotic War, during the period of the greatest tension of all the material and spiritual forces of the people, when the male part of the population went to the front, the places of men everywhere - both in production and on collective farm fields - were taken by women. They coped with honor with the work in the rear at all posts.

At the same time, Soviet women at the front displayed unparalleled valor, bravery and courage. In a halo of glory, the names of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Liza Chaikina and many thousands of others. Medical squads, nurses, nurses, doctors, partisans, anti-aircraft gunners, famous pilots, scouts, snipers, signalmen - all of them in various sectors of the front showed fearlessness and heroism on an equal basis with men.

Soviet women have taken and are taking an active part in the common struggle for world peace, for disarmament, and for the prohibition of weapons of mass destruction.

The role of the Soviet Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is honorable and noble.

The Union of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies performs a tremendous and intense work, is one of the most important links in strengthening the defense capability of the socialist state. The Union of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in war and peacetime is the guardian of public health, being a powerful reserve and assistant to the Soviet health authorities. Work was especially widespread in the organizations of the Soviet Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies during the Great Patriotic War. Hundreds of thousands of nurses and sanitary squads were trained on the job at schools, courses, and sanitary squads of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. Here they received initial training in the provision of first aid to the wounded and sick, in caring for them, in conducting recreational activities.

Selflessly, under enemy fire, brave patriots provided first aid to the wounded and carried them out of the battlefield. With caring care and great attention, they surrounded the seriously wounded in field hospitals and hospitals in the rear. At the front and in the rear, nurses, nurses, sanitary squads, Red Cross activists were donors, giving their blood to the wounded.

During the years of peaceful construction, the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies continue to train nurses, sanitary squads, badges of the State Defense Forces, organize sanitary posts at enterprises, collective farms, and institutions.

In 1955, there were more than 19 million members of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Currently, the companies' sanitary assets provide effective assistance to health authorities in improving medical and sanitary-preventive services for the population.

Orderlies, sanitary instructors, nurses, doctors - all of them selflessly performed their duty on the fields of the Great Patriotic War, at the bedside of the wounded, in the operating room, in front-line hospitals and in rear hospitals far from the front. Thousands and tens of thousands of medical workers received orders and medals, the best of the best were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Most of the awardees were active members of the Red Cross Society.

The names of twelve medical women who received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union are known. These glorious names are: sanitary instructor Valeria Osipovna Gnorovskaya; guard senior sergeant of the medical service Kashcheeva Vera Sergeevna; foreman of the medical service Konstantinova Ksenia Semyonovna; Guard Senior Sergeant Kravets Lyudmila Stepanovna; sanitary instructor - guard senior sergeant Mareseva Zinaida Ivanovna; Chief Petrova of the Medical Service Galina Konstantinovna Petrova; lieutenant of the medical service Pushina Faina Andreevna; sanitary instructor Senior Sergeant Samsonova Zinaida Aleksandrovna; partisan Troyan Nadezhda Viktorovna; sanitary instructor Tsukanova Maria Nikitichna; sanitary instructor - senior sergeant Shkarletova Maria Savelyevna; foreman of the medical service Shcherbachenko Maria Zakharovna.

The largest scientist in our country, the chief surgeon of the Soviet Army N.N.Burdenko, who participated as an orderly in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. and then awarded the soldier's St. George's Cross, pointed out in the days of the Great Patriotic War that "behind the shoulders of a soldier with a sanitary bag, bent over a wounded comrade, stands our entire Soviet country."

Evaluating the high moral qualities of the orderlies and nurses who worked under a hail of bullets and mines in the name of saving their comrades, he said that our glorious orderlies show miracles of courage and dedication, that soldiers-orderlies risk their lives every minute, but they perform their duty heroically, and examples there are thousands of such heroism.

The feat of Russian women will forever remain on the pages of history, let us preserve the memory of it in our hearts, the memory of the women who brought freedom to our Motherland.

Chapter 3. History in persons.

In this chapter, I will talk about people who, during and after the Great Patriotic War, occupied top positions in the health sector. They not only took part in helping the wounded directly on the battlefield, but also ensured the development of medicine in general.

The chief surgeon of the Red Army was an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences Nikolay Nilovich Burdenko(1876-1946). His assistants and deputies were S.S. Girgolav, V.V. Gorinevskaya, V.S. Levit, V.N. Shamov, S. S. Yudin. The chief surgeon of the Navy was Justin Yulianovich JanelidzeMiron Semyonovich Vovsi(1897-1960); in 1952 - 1953 he was repressed in the "Doctors' Case" (terminated in 1953). The chief physician of the Navy was Alexander Leonidovich Myasnikov(1899-1965).

Supervised the medical support of the Red Army throughout the war, the head of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate Efim Ivanovich Smirnov(1904-1989), later the Minister of Health of the USSR (1947-1953).(1883-1950). The main therapist of the Red Army during the war years was (and of the Soviet Army in the postwar period) - academician

Nikolay Nilovich Burdenko (1876-1946), surgeon, one of the founders of neurosurgery in the USSR, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939), the first president of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1944), colonel-general of the medical service (1944), Hero of Socialist Labor (1943). On the eve of the war, he took part in the development of the scientific and organizational foundations of military field surgery, during the war years the chief surgeon of the Red Army. Under the leadership of Burdenko, unified principles of treatment of gunshot wounds were introduced at the fronts, which contributed to the success of Soviet military medicine in saving lives, restoring the health and fighting efficiency of the wounded.

Justin Yulianovich Janelidze (1883-1950), surgeon, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945), lieutenant general of the medical service (1943). Since 1939 Chief Surgeon of the Navy and since 1943 Head of the Department of Hospital Surgery of the Naval Medical Academy. He worked out the problems of surgical treatment and medical and evacuation support for the wounded in the fleet, in particular, with injuries to the musculoskeletal system (one of the operations bears his name) and burns.

Miron Semenovich Vovsi (1897-1960), therapist, major general of the medical service (1943). In 1941-1950, the chief physician of the Soviet Army. He made a great contribution to the development of military field therapy. Participated in the development of a system of therapeutic measures in the active army. Proceedings devoted to the peculiarities of the course of internal diseases in wartime conditions, exactly in the wounded.

Alexander Leonidovich Myasnikov (1899-1965), therapist, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1948). Since 1942, the chief physician of the Navy, head of the department of the Naval Medical Academy (1940-1948), was in besieged Leningrad; repeatedly in active flotillas. Under the leadership of Myasnikov, a system of the therapeutic service of the fleet was created.

Efim Ivanovich Smirnov (1904-1989), scientist in the field of health, colonel-general of the medical service (1943). Works on the organization and tactics of military medical service, epidemiology, history of military medicine. During the war years, the head of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army. He developed the doctrine of staged treatment with evacuation by appointment and introduced into practice a system for treating evacuation measures that contributed to the return to service of most of the wounded and sick. The system of anti-epidemic support of troops developed under the leadership of Smirnov led to the epidemic well-being of the army in the field. Editor-in-chief of the scientific work "The experience of Soviet medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." in 35 volumes.

Conclusion

The medical professionals made an invaluable contribution to the victory. At the front and in the rear, day and night, in the incredibly difficult conditions of the war years, they saved the lives of millions of soldiers. 72.3% of the wounded and 90.6% of the sick returned to service. If these percentages are presented in absolute figures, then the number of the wounded and sick returned to service by the medical service during all the years of the war will amount to about 17 million people. If we compare this figure with the number of our troops during the war years (about 6 million 700 thousand people in January 1945), it becomes obvious that the victory was won largely by soldiers and officers returned to service by the medical service. It should be especially emphasized that, starting from January 1, 1943, out of every hundred killed in battles, 85 people returned to service from the medical institutions of the regimental, army and front-line regions, and only 15 people from hospitals in the rear of the country. “The armies and separate formations,” wrote Marshal K. K. Rokossovsky, “were replenished mainly with soldiers and officers who returned after recovery from front-line and army hospitals and from medical battalions. Truly, our doctors were heroic workers. They did everything to put the wounded on their feet as soon as possible, to give them the opportunity to return to duty again. "

“What was done by military medicine during the years of the last war, in all fairness, can be called a feat. For us, veterans of the Great Patriotic War, the image of a military doctor remains the personification of high humanism, courage and dedication "Marshal of the Soviet Union I.Kh. Baghramyan

A big war is always a lot of blood and colossal sacrifices. But our losses in the Great Patriotic War could have been much more crushing, if not for the feat of the people who fought for the lives of the wounded and sick soldiers. In 1941-1945, doctors, paramedics, nurses and orderlies put about 17 million soldiers and officers of the Red Army on their feet - 72.3 percent of the wounded and 90.6 percent of the sick returned to duty. Truly, this is a feat in the name of life. The army and the population were reliably protected from the emergence of epidemics - these constant companions of war.

Most of the doctors are women, mothers, sisters, daughters. The brunt of everyday warfare fell on their shoulders, because almost the entire male population was on the front line. Their lot was tested no less than the soldiers on the front line. They showed so much courage, courage, and fearlessness! Old people and children, wounded and disabled, weak and sick - all needed the help of a nurse and a sanitary squad. And every soldier and commander felt this in battle, knowing that there was a sister nearby - a “sister”, a fearless person who will not leave you in trouble, will provide first aid in any conditions, drag you into cover, take it out on yourself in a difficult moment, hide from the bombing on my way.

Order of Georgy Zhukov: “Do not leave the wounded on the battlefield! "- and they did not leave. At least, they did everything they could for this, and much more. In the order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 281 of August 23, 1941, it was said: for the removal from the battlefield, 15 wounded with their weapons should be presented to the government award with the medal "For Military Merit" or "For Courage", 25 wounded - to the award with the Order of the Red Star, 40 wounded - to be awarded the Order of the Red Banner, 80 wounded - the Order of Lenin for each orderly and porter. Thus, their work was equated to a military feat.

How were the wounded taken out of the battlefield? On raincoats, on their own shoulders, crawling, under bombardment, machine-gun and artillery fire. And first aid to those bleeding was provided most often under fire. The hardest work, especially when you consider that almost half of the orderlies and medical instructors were women! For millions of men in bloody greatcoats, these young women have become truly angels of mercy. They appeared at the front at the behest of their souls and in the heat of the war showed miracles of dedication. Many doctors were still very young, in some cases they specially assigned themselves a year or two to be older.

We must not forget the doctors, nurses, nurses, all those who worked in the rear and helped people who were close to death to return to life, they looked death in the face. The soldiers who were treated in hospitals addressed with gratitude through the newspapers, without naming the names of the doctors, but only the names and fatherlands: “Hello, dear mother Praskovya Ivanovna, I will not find high gratitude words that I must write to you; I loved Dora Klimentievna, I loved as I loved my mother in childhood, you carried me a lot in your arms; I ask you, mother, take care of yourself. "

On the Leningrad front, sanitary instructor Valentina Chibor became famous. In the early days of the war, she voluntarily enlisted in a division of the People's Militia. In 1941, she carried more than 85 wounded from the battlefield. During the war, she was wounded 5 times, and twice - seriously. 18-year-old Valeria Gnarovskaya achieved her enrollment in a division formed in the Omsk region and, being a medical instructor of a rifle company, saved the lives of more than 300 soldiers. For her responsiveness and warmth, she received the affectionate name "Swallow". On September 23, 1943, German tanks broke through the defenses of our troops in the area of ​​the Zaporozhye village of Verbovoe and approached a group of wounded awaiting evacuation. When the tanks were 50-60 meters away, Valeria grabbed a bunch of grenades and threw herself under the tracks of the tank. The second "tiger" was hit by an anti-tank rifle, the rest turned back. The wounded were saved. Gnarovskaya was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Here are the data from a letter from the command of the 6th rifle corps of Siberian volunteers to the workers of the Krasnoyarsk Territory about the military exploits of Krasnoyarsk residents and an appeal to join the ranks of the dead on January 7, 1943: help. Taking part in a tank landing on the battlefield, she bandaged 40 wounded soldiers. Three times wounded did not leave the battlefield. "

Sasha Serebrovskaya, daughter of the famous Soviet biologist Alexander Serebrovsky, served as a medical officer in the Marine Corps battalion. During the landing on April 26, 1945, near the town of Pillau (now Baltiysk), Serebrovskaya, together with her fellow soldiers, went into an attack up to the waist in icy water. Already on the shore, at the moment when she was helping the wounded, she was struck by a fragment of an exploding mine. The sailors buried Sasha on a high hill; the grave was surrounded by a chain removed from a warship.

Taisiya Semyonovna Tankovich, who was born in the Mansky District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, recalls that she had to carry out her work in difficult conditions: “I, a young nurse, under the bombardment and shelling, had to bandage wounds on the battlefield, find those who breathed, find help and save , to drag a heavy soldier with weak girlish hands to the dressing station ... On the way, they were bombed, the walking wounded were able to jump out and escape into the forest. The seriously wounded screamed out of fear, I calmed them down as best I could, ran from car to car. Fortunately, the bombs did not hit. " Many doctors went on their feet almost the entire battle path, but it was impossible to destroy enthusiasm and willpower. On the Oryol-Kursk direction, the losses were enormous. Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Petrova (a participant in these events) did not have deep knowledge of medicine, but despite this, Nadezhda Nikolaevna assisted the wounded soldiers in a temporarily equipped dressing station (in a deep bomb funnel), since other nurses were injured. Now the lives of all the wounded depended on the girl from Irbei. She had to, without hesitation, if you need to help a person save his life, then without hesitation, she said: “Take blood from me as much as you need”, and in return received words of gratitude and letters. Anna Afanasyevna Cherkashina tells about military life on the Oryol-Kursk Bulge. She, unable to swim, drove a rubber boat, pulled the wounded out of the water when crossing the Dnieper. Saving the lives of the soldiers, being wounded herself, she did not think about herself. Another case, when the doctor V.L. Aronov and the nurse Olga Kupriyanova were not taken aback during the raid of enemy aircraft, but were able to calm the patients by ordering Olga to sing loudly:

I accompanied you to the feat,
A thunderstorm thundered over the country ...

The work of nurses in hospitals was also hard. Young girls had to unload the cars with the wounded arriving from the stations, drag the helpless people for dressings, for x-rays, wash, scrape the floors in the wards, heat the stoves, wash and dry bandages, sheets, soldier's linen. In addition, caring for the wounded, assistance in operations, dressings, injections, distribution of medicines, sleepless shifts ... The Sisters of Mercy managed to nurture the most, it seemed, hopeless ones. Here's just one example.

In the Kazan hospital, surgeon Alexander Vishnevsky performed a complex operation on tanker Vasily Sergeev, saved his life and saved both legs from amputation. “It is necessary to provide the patient's legs with a temperature of 37 degrees,” Vishnevsky said to nurse Raisa Stepanova after the operation. The nurses figured out how to do this: one by one, wrapped in a sheepskin coat, hugged the tanker's legs like a baby. And so - for many hours ... When Vishnevsky first saw it, he cried, not embarrassed by his tears, and kissed another nurse Vasily Sergeev. The day came when the tanker recovered and returned to duty.

The contribution of women as health care workers has been enormous and great. The medical workers who operated on the wounded fighters, the nurses who carried the wounded fighters from the battlefield - these are tens of thousands of women heroines, whose names we hardly know today. There were over 100,000 female medical workers in the Red Army. Millions of Soviet soldiers and officers owe their lives to these women.

Among the medical instructors, 40% were women. Among 44 doctors - Heroes of the Soviet Union - 17 women. As one of the heroes of K. Simonov’s story “Days and Nights” said: “Well, by God, there really are no men for this business. According to the poetess Y. Drunina, it often happened: "Men in bloody greatcoats called a girl for help ..."

Many of the wartime sanitary officers and medical instructors did not live to see the day of victory. According to the memoirs of veterans of the Great Patriotic War, the soldiers of the sanitary platoons, even after the end of the battle, remained under attack, since German snipers purposefully hunted those who were helping the wounded. Losses of orderlies, medical instructors and medical orderlies-porters during the war amounted to more than 88% of the human losses of the medical services of the Red Army.

Yu. Drunina wrote the following lines about the heroes of these events:

We didn't expect posthumous glory
We wanted to live with glory.
... Why in bloody bandages
Is the light-haired soldier lying?
His body with his greatcoat
I covered, clenching my teeth,
Belarusian winds sang
About Ryazan wilderness gardens ...

To save the defenders of the Motherland, the girls did not spare either their strengths or their lives.

The following materials were used in the article:
http://www.ahleague.ru/index.php?id=350&Itemid=212&lang=ru&option=com_content&view=article
http://mymedsestry.narod.ru/vov1.htm

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