Ashwagandha is an herb and popular dietary supplement. It has neuroprotective, anti-cancer effects, increases potency, and can also prevent anxiety.

general information

Withania somnifera, commonly known as ashwagandha, is a herb used in Ayurveda. Ashwagandha means "horse scent", which is based on the presence of a horse scent at the fresh root. Popular beliefs say that the use of this herb bestows strength and power to the horse. Ashwagandha is an adaptogen. This herb is primarily consumed for its ability to prevent anxiety. The soothing effects of ashwagandha are also synergistic with alcohol. The herb can relieve the manifestations of insomnia, stress against a background of depression. Ashwagandha can significantly reduce cortisol levels and stress-induced immunosuppressive responses. In addition to reducing stress levels, ashwagandha can improve physical endurance in both sedentary individuals and athletes by lowering bad cholesterol. Ashwagandha may improve memory formation and may contribute to positive dynamics in the course of Alzheimer's disease, but more research is needed to better identify the effects of ashwagandha in Alzheimer's disease. More research is needed to determine the mechanism of action of ashwagandha. Ashwagandha has traditionally been recommended for cancer patients. It's important to note that there is no concrete evidence that ashwagandha can treat cancer in humans. However, this plant is an excellent remedy for reducing immunosuppression. It can also ease the pain of chemotherapy while reducing stress and fatigue. Ashwagandha should not be used to treat cancer, but it can be prescribed as an adjuvant therapy, meaning it can be used as an adjuvant.

Other names: Withania somnifera, Indian ginseng, horse scent, winter cherry, Solanaceae

Not to be confused with Withania coagulans (other plant)

Interesting to note:

While ashwagandha root extract appears to be practically non-toxic at this point in time, high dosages of isolated Vitaferin A (an anti-cancer molecule) are toxic; in the worst case, toxic doses are 4 times higher than the therapeutic dose, which is difficult to achieve with root extract

There is insufficient evidence of drug interactions with ashwagandha and P450 enzymes.

Represents

Adaptogen

Stress reliever

Ayurveda remedy

Productivity enhancer

Pairs well with:

Terminalia arjuna to increase physical performance

Nrf2 / ARE inducers (curcumin or silymarin from milk thistle) to induce HO-1 activity and antioxidant effect

ERK / p38 inhibitors (chemotherapy effect)

Notch2 / 4 inhibitors (chemotherapy effect)

SSRI drugs (to reduce obsession)

Especially useful:

With anxiety

To increase fertility (male)

Poorly Combines With:

JNK inhibitors (blocks the chemotherapeutic properties of ashwagandha)

MAO inhibitors (MAOI-induced inhibition may be suppressed)

Ashwagandha: instructions for use

The smallest effective dosage for a single dose of ashwagandha is 300-500 mg. The optimal dosage is 6000 mg per day, divided into three doses (2000 mg each). While a dosage of 300-500 mg is effective in most cases, a lower dosage of 50-100 mg may be effective only in some cases, for example, to reduce immunosuppression caused by stress and increase anxiety. Ashwagandha root extract is the preferred form of ashwagandha to consume as a supplement. Ashwagandha should be taken with meals. If consumed once a day, take it with breakfast.

Sources and composition

Sources and Uses

Withania somnifera (of the solanaceae family) is a highly valued medicinal plant in Ayurveda, it is also called ashwagandha, although it is also called the king of Ayurveda, Indian ginseng (not related to regular ginseng), and winter cherry. The herb is classified as rasayana in Ayurvedic medicine due to its general tonic effect, in modern terms this effect can be called adaptogenic, the herb can also be classified as bhalya (increases strength) and vajikara (is an aphrodisiac). The name ashwagandha translates literally as "horse scent", which is believed to be due to two main reasons: the root itself resembles the scent of a horse, in addition, the root, by its effects, "gives strength and power to the horse." In addition to the listed purposes, the herb is traditionally used as an analgesic, astringent, antispasmodic and immunostimulating agent; in addition, it is used in the treatment of inflammation, cancer, stress, fatigue, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, while its adaptogenic effect is manifested in an enhanced form in people with stress caused by insomnia, weakness, and nervous exhaustion. Ashwagandha also has an immunostimulating effect with the properties of suppressing factors that cause a decrease in immunity against the background of stress. Ashwagandha is a highly valuable medicinal plant, used in traditional Indian medicine to treat a wide range of diseases, usually primarily associated with stress, impaired immunity (against the background of stress, anxiety and depression (against the background of stress), in the treatment of cancer and inflammation) ; this plant does not show toxicity when its root extract is consumed with food.

Composition

Ashwagandha (root unless otherwise noted) typically includes:

Steroid lactones vitanone (root dry weight 5.54 +/- 0.4 mg per g and 18.42 +/- 0.8 mg per g leaves), 27-deoxyvitanone (1.63 +/- 0.2 mg per g in leaves and 3.94 +/- 0.4 mg per g in roots), 27-hydroxyvitanone (0.50 +/- 0.1 mg per g dry weight of leaves and root)

5,6-epoxy steroidal lactones vitaferin A (22.31 +/- 1 mg per g dry weight of leaves and 0.92 +/- 0.4 mg per g in roots) and 17-hydroxy-27-deoxy-vitaferin A (3.61 +/- 0.5 mg per g dry weight of leaves and 0.66 +/- 0.2 mg per g root)

Vitanolide type 6,7-epoxy steroidal lactones predominantly in the form of vitanolide A (root at 3.88 +/- 0.7 mg / g, leaves at 2.11 +/- 0.5 mg / g), as well as B-D; there are also variants such as 27-hydroxy-vitanolide B (0.55 +/- 0.2 mg per g of root and 2.78 +/- 0.5 mg per g of dry weight of leaves)

Vitanoside-type steroidal lactones, usually vitanoside IV (0.44 +/- 0.1 mg per g dry root weight and 1.60 +/- 0.2 in leaves) and VI (1.90 +/- 0.2 mg per g in leaves and 3.74 +/- 0.2 mg per g in roots), although there are up to 19

Diepoxide variants of vitanolides, e.g. 5β, 6β, 14α, 15α-diepoxy-4β, 27-dihydroxy-1-oxovite-2,24-dienolide

Chlorinated version of vitanolide, e.g. 27-acetoxy-4β, 6α-dihydroxy-5β-chloro-1-oxovite-2,24-dienolide and vitanolide Z

12-deoxyvitastromonolide at 2.15 +/- 0.5 mg / g in leaves and 1.90 +/- 0.5 mg / g in roots

Fizagulin (3.46 +/- 0.4 mg / g in leaves; not detectable in the root) with variants (4,16-dihydroxy-5β, 6β-epoxyphysagulin D) and glycosides (27-O-β-d-glucopyranosifizagulin D)

Ashwagandanolide (a dimer of vitaferin A, bound to sulfur compounds, which is destroyed by epoxy molecules or "thiovitanolide"), the same molecule, only with sulfoxide (sulfoxide vitanolide)

Other sulfated steroidal lactones

Naringenin at 0.50 mg / g dry weight of fruit (not found in roots or leaves)

Catechins at 12.82 mg / g (roots), 19.48 mg / g (fruit), 28.38 mg / g dry weight (leaves)

Gallic acid at 0.18 mg per g dry weight of leaves (not found in roots and fruits)

Phenolic acids such as syringic acid (0.30 mg / g in leaves), p-coumaric acid (0.80 mg / g in leaves), vanillic acid (0.15 mg / g dry weight of leaves), benzoic acid ( 0.80 mg / g in leaves)

Trigonellin (1.33 +/- 0.3 mg / g in leaves)

Palmitic acid in leaves (3.55 +/- 0.5 mg per g dry weight) and root (1.18 +/- 0.2 mg per g dry weight)

Oleic acid in leaves (0.71 +/- 0.1 mg per g dry weight) and root (0.39 +/- 0.1 mg per g dry weight)

Linoleic acid in leaves (1.52 +/- 0.2 mg per g dry weight) and roots (1.31 +/- 0.2 mg per g dry weight)

Linolenic acid in leaves (4.38 +/- 0.5 mg per g dry weight) and root (0.15 +/- 0.1 mg per g dry weight)

The content of polysaccharides in the roots is also noted (196 mg per 20 g of dry root), which consist of 65% sugars (52% arabinose, 22% galactose, 18% glucose, 6% rhamnose and 2% fucose), 22% proteins and 9% from uronic acid. The 28kDa acidic glycoprotein is also present in ashwagandha roots, which has an inhibitory effect on hyaluronidase. Ashwagandha is a source of vitanolide structures, which are either steroidal lactones (four basic steroid ring structures with five carbon lactone groups in the upper right) or their glycosides. These are, perhaps, the main components (and also special for this particular plant), while they can be bioactive polysaccharides. Vitanolides are present in all plants of the Solanaceae family, of which Withania Somnifera (ashwagandha) has the highest concentration. Ashwagandha is also characterized by the presence of phenolic compounds, reaching 17.8-32.6 mg per g dry weight, which is comparable to the content of flavonoids: 15.49-31.58 mg per g dry weight; in both cases, the highest concentration is noted in the leaves, and the lowest in the roots (medium in fruits). In an 80% alcoholic extract, the flavonoid content in the roots is approximately 530 +/- 80 mg per 100 g (quercetin equivalent) and 520 +/- 60 mg per 100 mg in the leaves. High variability in the amount of active vitanolides in nutritional supplements has also been reported due to the lack of a standard for root powder content. Despite the lack of a standard, the amount of active vitanolide A (as the main ingredient) and vitaferin A is 1% dry weight of leaves (with negligible content in the roots) of Withania somnifera. A 50% alcoholic root extract has been noted to contain Vitaferin A (17 +/- 4 mg per 100 g), Vitanoside VI (24 +/- 3 mg per 100 g), Vitanoside IV (79 +/- 5 mg per 100 d), fizagulin (103 +/- 3 mg per 100 g), 27-hydroxyvitanone (22 +/- 2 mg per 100 g), vitanolide A (1340 +/- 6 mg per 100 g), vitanon (315 + / -5), 12-deoxyvitastramonolide (23 +/- 3 mg per 100 g), vitastramonolide (17 +/- 2 mg per 100 g), vitanolide D is not detected.

Physicochemical characteristics

Vitaferin A appears to be more soluble in ethanol than in water; when stored under standard conditions, 90% alcoholic Vitaferin A is 90% stable after 6 months and 80% stable after a year.

Options and drugs

There is a drug called Mamsyadi Kwatha, which includes ashwagandha along with Yatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) and Parasika Yanavi (Hyocymus niger) in a 4: 8: 1 ratio; it is used to treat mental disorders.

Molecular targets

Vimentin

Initially, it was noted that Vitaferin A can irreversibly degrade the 56kDa protein in HUVEC cells; later it was found that this protein was vimentin, which is an intermediate substance; thus, it is a protein involved in wound healing, cancer suppression and metastasis. Vitaferin A docks with the amino acids Gln324, Cys328, and Asp331 (initially it was thought that binding to Cys328 was necessary, but it turned out that this was not necessary); and although this link per se does not block the aggregation of vimetin in the tetramer (it is involved in its mechanism of action), it contributes to a change in its binding, causing fragmentation and depolymerization. Vitaferin A can also participate in the phosphorylation of serine 56 to vimentin (at a concentration of 250-500 nm), which is phospholyzed to half-decay, and the C3 carbon on the A-ring of vitaferin (two carbon atoms between epoxy and ketone groups) are crystalline for such phosphorylation; this phosphorylation was detected in vivo with injections of 4 mg per kg of body weight in mice with breast tumors. Decreased vimentin is not associated with decreased cellular protein levels until chronic incubation; it can occur at low nanomolar concentrations, decreasing vimentin in a concentration and time dependent manner, suggesting selectivity. Vitaferin A can also reduce TGF-β-induced increases in vimentin (in the 500-1000 nm range), although there is no evidence that TGF-β prevents increases in vimentin mRNA levels, nor does it decrease total vimentin mRNA levels. Vitaferin A appears to bind directly to vimentin, causing its degradation. A decrease in vimentin level is considered one of the main mechanisms of action of Vitaferin A, since it underlies proteasome inhibition (which, in itself, is the main one for many anti-tumor mechanisms); it is also a basic element in the suppression of metastases and angiogenesis. It is noted that the binding of vimentin is not unique, as many intermediate filamentous proteins also undergo similar interactions with vitaferin A, although they are less sensitive (4 μm of keratin IF or KIF heteropolymer is required to induce degradation; 1 μm of peripherin (PF) and neurofilament triplet protein (NIF)); the inhibitory effects of vimentin (despite their irreversibility during co-incubation) are reversible three hours after the removal of Vitaferin A from the medium. Due to the effect on all four intermediate filament proteins (KIF, PF, NIF and VIF), microtubule disruption and microfilament formation in the cell cytoskeleton are observed, as well as an increase in actin stress fibers at 2 μm of Vitaferin A. It seems that all intermediate filamentous proteins undergo a similar with vimentin (although vimentin is more sensitive), high levels of vitaferin A negatively affect cell structure and integrity; This fact suggests that it is reasonable not to exceed the nanomolar concentrations of Vitaferin A, since low concentrations (100-500 nm) are selective for vimentin, but not for other IFPs.

NF-kB

NF-kB is an inflammation and cell survival locus that is inactive due to an IkB inhibitor (directly prevents NF-kB from being activated). IkB can be phosphorylated by IKK (IkB kinase), releasing NF-kB, which indicates a positive effect of IKK on NF-kB activity. IKK itself is a complex of two subunits, namely IKK-alpha and IKK-beta, and a regulatory subunit known as NEMO (NF-kB major modulator), sometimes called IKKc. IKK beta has sufficient intrinsic resources to stimulate IkB phosphorylation by inhibiting the formation of IKK beta and NEMO; this mechanism is considered relatively new for suppressing NF-kB. Vitanolide A showed direct docking with NEMO in the so-called “binding pocket”; the energy was -9.44 kcal per mole, primarily due to Glu 89, which is crystalline for the binding of NEMO to Ser 733 from IKK-beta, and vitanolide A is also bound to Glu 99, being involved in binding to Phe 92, Leu 93, Phe 97 and Ala 100 (all involved in the binding of NEMO to IKK-beta, Arg 101 alone is involved without being exposed to vitanolide A), although they are rather unstable in MD-type stimulation. Vitanolide A, as already noted, binds directly to NEMO, preventing the interaction of NEMO with IKK-beta; all this can lead to a decrease in NF-kB activation. Subsequently, weaker NF-kB activation will lead to decreased cell survival of tumor cells and an increase in other apoptosis-inducing agents. Vitaferin A can also inhibit NF-kB activation secondary to inhibition of the degradation of IkB-alpha (an inhibitor whose degradation is necessary for the release of active NF-kB), which by blocking IKK-beta (acts to degrade IkB-alpha by phosphorylation) is secondary to MEK1 / ERK with an IC50 of 250 nm, reaching an inhibition of 95%. This potent inhibition by MEK1 / ERK is prevented by special reducing agents, which are believed to act through a thioalkylation reaction between the lactone and cysteine \u200b\u200bgroups on proteins (theoretically, this could also happen with steroid lactones, since this process is active against to lactone groups). However, at least one study has shown that inhibition of NF-kB (as well as suppression of Akt) is partially prevented the moment vimentin is removed from the cell. Vitaferin A suppresses NF-kB through a different mechanism (increasing the effect of MEK1 / ERK, which suppresses IKK-beta and prevents IKK-beta from releasing NF-kB from its inhibitor (IkB-alpha); this is thought to be related to protein modification MEK1 / ERK due to direct thioalkylation, in which vimentin also participates).

20S proteasome

Vitaferin A has been found to inhibit chymotrypsin-like activity in the rabbit 20S proteasome (IC50 4.5 µm) and isolated prostate cancer cells (5-10 µm). Apparently, the ketone structure of Vitaferin A is mandatory (90% inhibition at 10 μm was reduced to 30% at the time of the decrease in the ketone structure), similar to how celastrol is involved in proteasome inhibition; it was noted that inhibition at maximum concentrations (10 μm) is rather weak when there is a direct inhibition of catalytic activity (catalytic inhibition was measured at 340 +/- 80 at 0.5-10 μm for Vitaferin A; for comparison, a direct proteasome inhibitor epoxomycin reached 44510 +/- 7000 at 10-75 nm). Vitaferin A is known as a connecting link of the specific catalytic beta subunit of the 20S proteasome at Thr1, which leads to its inhibition within three hours of incubation, with the maximum inhibition of 30-60% occurring after 6 hours; The concentration of Vitaferin A caused by this process was set at 10 nm and was comparable to bortezomib. Regarding the manifestation of proteasome inhibition, it did not occur at 0.1 to 1 μm, these doses were found to be ineffective. Vitaferin A is known to inhibit proteasome activity in vitro, showing direct binding to the 20S proteasome, usually; however, direct binding of Vitaferin A does not lead to a strong inhibitory effect on the activity of the proteasome in general activity (occurs even at low concentrations), being minimal. The intermediate aggregation of filamentous proteins affects the work of the proteasome; the ability of Vitaferin A to inhibit the proteasome is significantly reduced in cells that do not express vimentin; this suggests a biologically relevant mechanism for proteasome inhibition secondary to vimentin degradation. Degradation of vimentin is believed to explain the inhibitory proteasome actions of Vitaferin A. Inhibition of proteasome activity is known to cause the accumulation of target proteins (degraded in normal state), including Bax, IkB-alpha, p27 Kip1. One study (using malignant pleural mesothelioma or MPM cells) showed that inhibition of the proteasome from 10 µm vitaferin A was accompanied (expectedly) by a huge decrease in anti-apoptotic proteins; there is also an increase in thioredoxin redutase 1 (3.46 times), TFG-beta induced protein 68kDa (2.37 times), TIMP2 (2.2 times) and CARP-1; CARP-1 is a cell growth inhibitory protein that is critical for the growth inhibitory properties of Vitaferin A. Proteasome inhibition was confirmed in vivo when 4-8 mg of Vitaferin A per kg body weight of mice were injected intraperitoneally (associated with inhibition of tumor growth by 54-70%). Proteasome inhibition suppresses the levels of many proteins, however, it seems to be able to increase the levels of a number of proteins; one such protein, CARP-1, is associated with inhibitory properties of Vithaferin A in cancer cells. This proteasome inhibition has been validated as topical in vivo following injections of Vitaferin A.

Antiapoptotic proteins

Vitanone is noted to have a strong (-19.1088 kJ per mole) similarity to the protein known as survinin, particularly in the BIR5 region; Survinin is an anti-apoptotic protein in cancer cells; its inhibition will enhance the process of apoptosis in cancer cells. There is also another related protein called mortalin (a heat shock protein from the Hsp70 family, which regulates proliferation and stress response, is found in excess in cancer cells), which in combination with p53 isolates it in the nucleus, increasing its activity in normal cells, but can induce resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Vitanone can also bind to mortalin, as is the case with survin; binding occurs to segments of mortalin, which MKT-077 (known as ligands of mortalin) binds to Phe 272 and Asn 139 (vitanone lactone ring); bonds with Asp277 and Arg284 can also be carried out with a binding energy index ranging from -5.99 to -6.60 kCal per mole. Vitanone can be a direct inhibitor of both survinin and mortalin, directly binding to them; and since cancer cells become more resistant to these proteins, inhibition of these proteins will allow cancer cells to die more easily.

Aurora A

TPX2-Aurora A is a complex formed between the Aurora A protein and the TPX2 spindle protein (after TPX2 is released from the alpha and beta imports by the GTPase RAN); as this complex prevents PP1 from negatively regulating the genomic impact of Aurora A; Aurora A is oncogenic, which is generally overactive in cervical, breast, and pancreatic cancers, so inhibition of Aurora A (or inhibition of TPX2 activity causing indirect inhibition of Aurora A) can be considered therapeutic in a variety of cancers. Ashwagandha exhibits apoptotic properties to weaken cancer cells when TPX2 is inactive by siRNA; with all this, vitanon showed direct semi-flexible docking (energy binding index equal to 7.18 kcal per mole) due to His 280 hydrogen bonds in Aurora A, which is a residue that binds to TPX2, another part of the vitanon molecule binds to Arg 180 and Thr 288 in Aurora A; in the end, this (and some possible interactions directly with TPX2 in Phe 35 and Lys 83) inhibit the complex formation and decrease in the activity of TPX2-Aurora, this has been confirmed in vitro with Vitanone (15 μg / ml) due to less activation of histone H3 ( goal Aurora A) and complex formation due to immunoprecipitation. Vitanone prevents the Aurora A and TPX2 complex from forming by physically blocking their interaction, and since these two proteins cannot fuse, they do not affect the genome together; in the end, this leads to a decrease in their activity; Considering the fact that Aurora A is a substance that promotes the development of tumors, the reduction of its activity is a therapeutic property in cancer.

Protein kinase C

Protein kinase C, as noted, docks with both vitanone (the energy coupling index is -22.57 kCal per mole) and vitaferin A (the energy coupling index is -28.47 kCal per mole), which leads to its inhibition; two substances attached to protein kinase C undergo a catalytic reaction, and inhibition affects skin cells.

Hsp90

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are small intracellular signaling proteins known as chaperones and are involved in aiding the folding and establishment of other protein structures. Of these, Hsp90 is one of the most important and abundant heat shock proteins (1-2% of the total number of proteins in the cell in the absence of stress); outside of it, it can maintain the structure of client proteins with those that are clients of Hsp90, including the androgen receptor, p53, Raf-1, Akt, among more than 100 others. Many clients of Hsp90 are typically overexpressed during cancer, so inhibition of Hsp90 activity is considered therapeutic in cancer. It can be inhibited by blocking co-chaperones (other chaperone proteins are required to form the active Hsp90 complex of “superchaperones”), and the main co-chaperone is the cell division cycle of protein 37 (Cdc37). Vitaferin A has been shown to inhibit the effects of Hsp90 in pancreatic cancer cells. Vitaferin A also binds to Hsp90 (the energy coupling index is -9.10 kCal per mole and an inhibiting constant of 214.73 nm), which is associated with hydrogen bonds, primarily Asp102 and partly Asp54, with the force effect of Van der Waals between different amines (Leu48, Asn51, Asp54, Ala55, Leu107, Ala111, Val136 and Phe138), which are not linkers for Cdc37. It turns out that the binding of Vitaferin A structurally disrupts the process by which Cdc37 binds to Hsp90, which inhibits complex formation. Hsp90 is a heat shock protein that is induced in response to stress by assisting in the formation and maintenance of other proteins in the cell; co-chaperone is required for effective functioning; is overactive in cancer cells; Vitaferin A, apparently, can slightly inhibit the binding of Hsp90 to co-chaperones that inhibit its functions.

Pharmacology

Blood serum

In mice given 10 mg of Vitaferin A per kg body weight alone, a Cmax value of 8.41 +/- 1.4 μg per ml was reached after 3 hours, along with a half-life after 7.1 +/- 1.2 hours and total AUC equal to 55.01 +/- 8.4 μg per hour per ml. Aqueous ashwagandha extract (0.046% Vitaferin A and 0.048% Vitanolide A), taken orally in mice at a dosage of 1000 mg per kg of body weight, led to the rapid achievement of Cmax values \u200b\u200bof 16.69 +/- 4.02 ng a ml (Vitaferin A ) and 26.59 +/- 4.47 ng / ml (vitanolide A) at Tmax equal to 20 and 10 minutes, respectively. Their respective half-lives were 60 and 45 minutes, with AUC of 1673.10 +/- 54.53 ng per hour per ml and 2516.41 +/- 212.10 ng per hour per ml. There is very limited pharmacokinetic data on the ingestion of ashwagandha, but oral ingestion of an aqueous extract of ashwagandha appears to alter blood concentrations of the main bioactives in the low nanomolar range; no data on alcoholic extract.

Distribution

The volume of distribution of Vitaferin A was reported to be 0.043 L and the average residence time was 6.52 hours.

Mineral bioaccumulation

Ashwagandha has been reported to reduce bioavailability of cadmium in the body if cadmium was 0.1% of the total chicken diet for 28 days; Ashwagandha intake helped to reduce cadmium bioavailability by 81% (in the liver) and 55% (in the kidneys) after just two weeks; the power of ashwagandha is comparable to ocimum sanctum (holy basil), slightly superior to other adaptogens; also, these two substances are able to normalize changes in oxidative stress to a degree that correlates with the removal of cadmium from the body. Ashwagandha has shown protective properties against lead nitrate (where 80% methane extract was taken at a dosage of 200-500 mg per kg along with lead; hematological and liver toxicity decreases). Ashwagandha is able to reduce mineral bioavailability in the body when taken orally, and the potency (among adaptogens) is comparable to holy basil.

Phase II enzyme interaction

Hemoxygenase 1 (GO-1) is an antioxidant protein that is sensitive to redox potential, which works by releasing the carbon monoxide gas transmitter. In liver tissues, as noted, 100 mg of ashwagandha (root extract) per kg of body weight could not change the concentration of GO-1, although an increase in GO-1 expression in response to gamma irradiation was found to be 45.6% higher than in the control measurements; this increased reactivity is accompanied by a complete reversal of oxidative changes such as MDA, glutanion, SOD, catalase and a significant reduction in DNA damage. In addition, it is noted that ashwagandha (as well as brahmi together with green tea catechins) showed no induction in isolated cells (neuroblastoma and pancreas); increased induction of HO-1 has been observed with curcumin and / or silymarin (from milk thistle). Ashwagandha appears to enhance the ability of prooxidants (including hormonal additives that cause oxidative damage to the environment) to induce the induction of HO-1 via Nrf2 / Are, but by itself it does not affect this mechanism. In practical situations, due to oxidative damage to the environment, it will have an effect similar to the induction of HO-1.

Life span

Justification

Vitanone is able to suppress P21WAF1 in normal fibroblast cells (TIG-1, MRC5, WI38) by suppressing P53, despite an increase in p53 levels in cancer cells; Due to the positive effect of P21WAF1 on the aging rate in normal cells, 2.5 μg per kg of body weight of Vitanone, which induces a decrease in P21WAF1, caused an increase of 10-12-fold increase, correlating with an increase in cell life expectancy by 20%, not only a relative decrease is noted accumulated molecular damage, which is associated with the fact that Vitanon increases P21WAF1, is also released that Vitanon cancels the action of Vitaferin-A. Vitanone appears to inhibit P21WAF1 in cells and increases it in cancer cells; this appears to delay the rate of cellular senescence at sufficiently low concentrations.

Neurology

Mechanisms

One rat study using pentylenetetrazole increased the inhibition of MAO-A (109.1%) and MAO-B (70.6%) activity; ashwagandha glycovitanolides (1.13% root extract) at a dosage of 20-50 mg / kg were able to prevent this inhibitory activity; this is also seen with the drug lorazepam (500 mcg / kg), suggesting an association with GABA exposure. The possibility of inhibiting MAO enzymes is being elucidated, which may have a useful role in preventing excessive MAO inhibition when different supplements are combined (high MAO inhibition suggests various side effects); despite the limited confirmation of this fact, it can be confirmed so far in vivo.

Cholinergic neurotransmission

Regarding the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, vitanolide has a direct inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (molecular docking on Thr78, Trp81, Ser120 and His442), which is observed in vitro with an IC50 of 84.0 +/- 1.5 μm (stronger than 5β, 6β -epoxy-4β, 17α, 27-trihydroxy-1-oxovita-2,24-dienolide and 5β, 6β-epoxy-4β-hydroxy-1-oxovite-2,14,24-trienolide at 161.5 μm and 124, 0 μm, respectively, but weaker than 6α, 7α-epoxy-5α, 20β-dihydroxy-1-oxovite-2,24-dienolide at 50 μm). An injection of 40 mg per kg of a mixture of alkaloids (half - vitanolide A and half - sitoinsides), as noted, can affect acetylcholinesterase with a slight increase in activity in the lateral septum and pallidum globules, a decrease in activity (inhibition rate) is noted in the basal nuclei forebrain. When mice consumed 100 mg of an aqueous extract per kg of body weight, there was a slight decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity compared to the control measurement (approximately 10%). Vitanolide A is directly molecularly coupled with acetylcholinesterase, where it can inhibit its functions, but the enzyme activity required to inhibit is very high and cannot be replenished by oral ingestion of these molecules; in spite of this, the basic aqueous extract of the root showed moderate inhibitory activity in rodents. Consumption of 100 mg of an aqueous extract of ashwagandha root per kg of body weight for a month along with a neurological oxidative toxin (propoxur, pesticide) led to a significant weakening of memory impairments, but this was not associated with practical changes in acetylcholinesterase parameters (propoxur, as you know, reduces its activity ). Ashwagandha injections (40 mg alkaloids per kg bw; half of which were vitanolide A) increased M1 receptor binding in some areas of the brain (lateral and medial septum), while enhancing M2 receptor binding elsewhere (cingulate, piriform, parietal and retrosplenal cerebral cortex); in the case of the frontal cortex, there is improvement in both cases. There may also be a positive modulation of cholinergic effects at the level of receptors associated with the bioactive substances of ashwagandha, but the practical value of this information when taken orally is still unknown.

Glutamine Neutrotransmission

A relatively low concentration of ethanol extract of ashwagandha (400 ng / ml) is capable of causing neuronal depolarization, secondary to an increase in the effect of NMDA receptors, in particular, due to glycine-binding NMDA receptors, which is partially inhibited by blocking these receptors. Glutamate receptors NMDA and AMPA, which, as it seems, cannot undergo changes with the systemic use of the bioactive substances of ashwagandha (vitaferin A and sitoindosides), although in epileptic rats as ashwagandha (100 mg per kg of body weight) and separately vitanolide A (100 μg per kg body weight) can reduce abnormal increases in glutamate (similar in potency to carbamazepine), acting in part to normalize adverse changes in AMPA receptors. The protective effect extends to the NMDA receptors. Ethanol extract appears to enhance the effect of NDA through its interaction with glycine binding, although this does not affect the alteration of glutamine receptors, it may also have a persistent effect secondary to general neuroprotection. Glioma and neural cell models (RA, differentiated into C6 and IMR-32), taking into account 0.01% culture of ashwagandha water extract and glutamate excitotoxicity, lead to the manifestation of protective effects of ashwagandha in relation to cell morphology and biomarkers of cell death, which may be associated with the previously noted increase in glutanion concentrations in cells exposed to ashwagandha, or by preventing oxidation-induced changes in NMDA receptors (which predispose cells to glutamate-induced oxidative stress), although prevention of oxidation-induced changes in Hsp70 is vital. Ashwagandha appears to exhibit neuroprotective properties against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, although it is unclear which mechanisms are involved and which ashwagandha molecules are involved in this process.

GABA neutrotransmission

GABAA receptors are a subclass of GABA receptors that induce an influx of chloride into the neuron similar to glycinergic (via glycine receptors) that act to suppress the ability of neurons to elicit further responses. GABAB receptors are G-protein coupled receptors. Ashwagandha appears to be involved in signaling through GABAA receptors, which has a beneficial effect on sleep; the effect can be prevented against the background of the activation of GABAA antagonists and enhanced with the help of GABAA agonists, the ability of ashwagandha to enhance the GABAA effect due to diazepam was noted already at 5 μg of its methanol extract and 100-200 mg per kg of body weight with oral ingestion of ashwagandha in mice. Action through GABAA receptors justifies the ability of 400 ng per ml of methanol extract to release GnRH. This increase in the effect of GABAA coincides with that of the skullcap plant, and when it was noted that ashwagandha prevents the binding of GABA to the receptor (5 μg causes 20% inhibition, 1 mg causes 100% inhibition), which increases the binding of flunitrazepam (while binding benzodiazepine). Ashwagandha can enhance its effect due to GABAA receptors in a similar Baikal manner to Scutellaria, having a beneficial effect on enhancing sleep, as well as providing a possible anxiolytic effect.

Dopaminergic neutrotransmission

Despite the presence of partial residues of dopaminergic neuroamines in the rat brain after ingestion of dopaminergic toxin (6-OHDA) at a concentration of 25-60%, 100-300 mg per kg of body weight, oral ingestion of ashwagandha root extract daily for three weeks did not affect the levels of these neurotransmitters. Regarding the binding of spiperone to D2 receptors, which increased after 6-OHDA ingestion, 100-300 mg of ashwagandha per kg of body weight can attenuate the increased binding seen in toxicity without altering the binding abilities of these receptors.

Adrenergic neurotransmission

The antidepressant effect of ashwagandha appears to be blocked by prior use of prazosin (a general blocker of alpha-adrenergic receptors), while depressive symptoms induced by clonidine (an alpha2 and imidazoline agonist) and reserpine (a catecholamine depleter) were prevented by prior use of at an antidepressant dosage, while haloperidol (a dopamine antagonist) did not. These effects are similar to yohimbine, which can block the depressive effects of clonidine to the same extent as ashwagandha; Yohimbine enhances the effects of SSRIs. Andrenergic effects appear to be implicated in the antidepressant effects of ashwagandha, and there is also a parallel in the effects of yohimbine. However, it is not yet clear how ashwagandha exerts these effects.

Serotonin neurotransmission

Consumption of 100 mg ashwagandha root per kg of body weight in normal rats for eight weeks reduces the 5-HT1A serotonin response to agonists, while the 5-HT2 exposure increases. A study using ashwagandha notes an increase in plasma serotonin in stressed rats, along with an antidepressant effect; this effect is repeated with other herbs (clitoria trifoliate, brahmi and asparagus racemose). However, another study in mice under stress notes that ashwagandha root, by itself, is effective in preventing the loss of serotonin (albeit not entirely) due to a reduction in corticosterone. Ashwagandha may, according to some reports, increase the effect of the 5-HT2 receptor while decreasing the effect of the 5-HT1A receptor; all this occurs against the background of redistribution and changes in the effects of serotonin. 5-HT2 receptors may be involved in suppressing nNOS activity in neurons (nNOS are localized together with NMDA glutamine receptors, being involved in NMDA and excitotoxicity processes), thus inhibition of 5-HT2 enhances nNOS activity, ashwagandha may also enhance the effect of these receptors. reducing nNOS immunostaining after stress. It is possible that the increased exposure to the 5-HT2 receptor carries some of the neuroprotective effects induced by ashwagandha.

Neuroprotection

Vitanolides and sitoindosides VII-X can increase glutanion peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase in the frontal cortex and striatum of rats after oral administration; a dosage of 10-20 mg per kg has the same efficacy as 2 mg deprenyl per kg of body weight. They also appear to induce antioxidant enzymes in the brain following oral ingestion, which may underlie the neuroprotective properties of ashwagandha. There is a chain of events that occurs after the serotonergic response switches from 5-HT1A to 5-HT2; With these changes, nNOS is suppressed (reduced formation of nitric oxide), this enzyme is a substance that provokes an increase in corticosterone and subsequent memory loss, from which the body protects ashwagandha, contributing to additional blocking of nitric oxide production. Regardless of the source of the increased serotonergic effects from the 5-HT2 formulation, it prevents excessive increases in nNOS and nitric oxide, which then leads to the prevention of excessively high levels of corticosterone, providing neuroprotective and adaptogenic effects. Ashwagandha has been shown to reduce the (orofacial) symptoms of tardive dyskinesia in a dose-dependent manner after manifestation of reserpine-induced toxicity causing tardive dyskinesia in mice. These opposite symptoms have also been observed in the case of haloperidol-induced dyskinesia, in both cases there are positive symptoms secondary to increased antioxidant enzyme expression. Dopaminergic neurons are also protected by ashwagandha during morphine withdrawal; this period is characterized by significant localized atrophy of dopaminergic neurons. It is possible that these inductions of antioxidant enzymes are secondary to the induction of heme-oxygenase 1, which, due to ashwagandha, acts on KEAP-1, inducing Nrf2 activation; however, one in vitro study using industry funding and PLoS registration found that ashwagandha (specifically isolated vitanon) could inhibit premature oxidation-induced cell aging through Nrf2-induced and antioxidant responses, keeping antioxidant enzyme levels stable near baseline values \u200b\u200bequal to 10 μm. This induction was more pronounced than in the case of genistein, the soy isoflavone. The main mechanism associated with antioxidant enzymes may mediate protection against various cognitive diseases associated with oxidative stress. This could be the induction of Nrf2, in which it is assumed that its effects are similar to those of many other polyphenolic compounds.

Neurogenesis

One aspect of ashwagandha's neuroprotective effects is its ability to induce neurogenesis, which is believed to play a rehabilitative role in cognitive decline. Several isolated molecules have shown such properties, including vitanolide A at concentrations as low as 1 μm, vitanoside IV and VI, and the aglycone of vitanoside IV, known as sominone. Vitanoside IV (and its aglycone sominone) has been noted to enhance neurogenesis and neuronal axon length in the presence of Alzheimer's fibrils (Aβ25-35), which is in part due to its protective effects against these fibrils. When incubated in glial cells, ashwagandha leaf extract (800 ng / ml) and vitanone (5 μg / ml), but not vitaferin A (200 ng / ml), may promote astrocyte differentiation. At the cellular level, components of ashwagandha can induce neurogenesis and prevent the suppression of neurogenesis by neurotoxins (Aβ25-35). The concentration, which is sufficient for the manifestation of this effect, is small, and is achieved with oral administration. Sominon can induce expansion of axons (maximum efficiency at 100 nm) and dendrites (maximum efficiency at 1 μm), which is thought to be due to direct phosphorylation of the RET receptor (up to 124.4% compared to controls at 1 μm of sominon) , while being a molecular target for the glial neurotrophic factor GDNF; this was confirmed by intraperitoneal injections of sominone (10 µm per kg bw; maximum effective dosage) in mice in which RET phosphorylation occurred within an hour. The expression of the receptor does not change significantly, only its phosphorylation, and sominone does not induce GDNF secretion. By studying BDNF (neurological growth factor), ashwagandha leaf extract at 200 mg / kg body weight appears to activate BDNF to 130% of control in mice when consumed for a week. By studying the mechanisms of ashwagandha-induced neurogenesis, sominone is a direct agonist for the RET receptor and other components; Ashwagandha can stimulate the production of BDNF (another neurotrophic factor in the brain that acts under the influence of various receptors). In mice that received ashwagandha (100-300 mg per kg of body weight) orally before scolopamine-induced amnesia, the decrease in BDNF and GFAP in this disease was reduced by half, recovering completely when the dosage of 200-300 mg per kg of body weight was reached, BDNF increased by half compared with control measurements, despite the presence of scolopamine, GFAP only returned to normal. Oral ingestion of 200 mg per kg of ashwagandha (leaf extract; has higher levels of steroid lactones than root extract) can completely reverse the effects of scolopamine, which induces a decrease in BDNF.

Stroke and oxygenation

In rats that had previously consumed ashwagandha (hydroalcoholic extracts in an amount of 1000 mg per kg of body weight orally) for 15-30 days before stroke, the supplement was able to, to a degree dependent on the duration of use, preserve motor functions after stroke, assessed using foot closure test (40-68%), handle test (50% reduction with 33% recovery), rotarod test (54-70%) with statistical significance after 30 days, in addition to improvements in physical function, there is a lower oxidation lipids and neurological damage.

Stress and anxiety

Ashwagandha is known as an adaptogen due to the presence of vitanolide adaptogens in it (for example, it is affected by vitanoside IV to a greater extent than Vitaferin A). Adaptogens can reduce the perception of stress, while their mechanisms are not well understood; in the case of ashwagandha, this may be due to the prevention of stress-induced increases in NADPH diaphosphorase (e.g., nNOS), which may be associated with maintaining a decrease in its negative regulators (serotonin), preventing positive regulators (corticosterone, glutamate) from increasing during stress. Ashwagandha has a pronounced anti-stress effect, this anti-stress effect may be associated with the effects of corticosterone and suppression of neuronal excitation (nNOS and glutamate) in response to stress. There is also a decrease in the effect of anxiety secondary to the anti-stress effect, but, possibly, other factors are also inherent in this (serotonergic and GABA effects). Studying ashwagandha roots, 70% ethanol extract of the roots (9.23% yield), which is divided into aqueous fractions (1.43% yield), contains the main bioactive substances; a dosage of 12.5-100 mg per kg is able to increase endurance during swimming (by 35.03-93.68%), reduce stress, assessed for stomach ulcers (protection 12-58% from swimming and stationary stress). Oxidation in organs such as the liver is significantly reduced, and when compared with ginseng (100 mg per kg of body weight), it is noted that under conditions of chronic stress, 25-50 mg of ashwagandha extract (vitanolide glycoside) per kg of body weight were slightly more effective. with a decrease in stress biomarkers. The basic aqueous extract of the root also shows efficacy in a single dose at a dosage of 360 mg per kg of body weight. There was also a significant effect of reducing fatigue when using the rotarod test (the balance of forces was tested immediately after stress in a swimming test), where 100 mg of the extract per kg of body weight instantly relieved stress fatigue, while after 30 minutes, any dosage from 25 to 100 mg per kg of body weight was effective. Ashwagandha includes an anti-stress component that underlies adaptogenic properties; this fact is associated with a decrease in cortisol circulation (see the section on corticosteroid hormones) and an improvement in physical functioning under conditions of psychological stress. 20-50 mg vitanolide glycosides per kg of body weight (1.13% yield from the root) for five days was able to increase social interaction in rats; this dosage did not affect locomotion. The standard dosage of the basic root extract (100-500 mg per kg of body weight) is also effective in socially isolated rats, lower, closer to effective dosages enhance the effects. In people under stress, 300 mg of ashwagandha daily for 60 days resulted in improvements in social functioning as measured by the General Health Questionnaire-28, which noted a 68.1% decrease in "social dysfunction" (with placebo, there was an increase of 3. 7%). Interestingly, the use of ashwagandha as an adjuvant (2000 mg thrice daily) in cancer patients resulted in improvements in social and romantic functionality and well-being. In terms of social interaction (a mechanism associated with serotonin neurotransmission and anxiety), Ashwagandha can promote social interaction by mitigating the negative effects on social function. In rats given 20-50 mg of vitanolide glycoside (1.13% dry root weight; daily intake for five days before the test in the cruciform maze) orally per kg of body weight is comparable to 500 μg of lorazepam (benzodiazepine) per kg of body weight in reducing anxiety. A similar potency of diazepam can be traced in the case of low dosages of ashwagandha, it is also noted in the case of joint use of the relative enhancement of the sedative effect of alcohol, which acts due to the effects of GABA. Standard dosages of ashwagandha are known to have anxiolytic effects secondary to those of GABA; low dosages of ashwagandha enhance the anxiolytic properties of GABA; this includes the use of alcohol. In people with chronic neuropsychiatric stress, 300 mg of ashwagandha showed significant reductions in stress and anxiety; on a stress scale by 44% (placebo - by 5.5%); The general health questionnaire 28 showed a 58-59% improvement over placebo. One way or another, in people with stress who took 125-250 mg of ashwagandha (11.90% vitanolide glycosides; 1.05% vitaferin A; 40.25% oligosaccharides and 3.44% polysaccharides) as two divided doses in one and the same period, there was a significant decrease in anxiety and its associated diseases (forgetfulness, lack of sleep, etc.) 300 mg twice a day (1.5% vitanolide) along with counseling and the use of breathing techniques is associated with an improvement in symptoms by 56.5 % (in the case of placebo - by 30.5%); 250 mg ethanol extract of the root daily, twice a day for six weeks in people with increased anxiety (mainly general anxiety disorder) outperformed placebo in reducing symptoms on the HAMA rating scale. The anxiety-reducing properties of ashwagandha are especially evident in humans, although the effectiveness of ashwagandha as an anxiolytic drug is low in the case of monotherapy (when used alone for the treatment of anxiety); effectiveness is increased if the subject has anxiety secondary to stress.

Depression

In animals, ashwagandha exhibits antidepressant effects over a course of several weeks, 20-50 mg of vitanolide glycosides (1.13% dry root weight) per kg of body weight was slightly less effective compared to 10 mg of imipramine per kg of body weight in reducing the effects of depression , while reducing immobility in the forced swimming test by 30.4-44.7% in comparison with the control measurement. One study notes that while haloperidol failed to block the antidepressant effect of ashwagandha (suggesting a lack of a dopaminergic mechanism), pravosin was able to prevent the antidepressant effect, suggesting an adrenergic effect. 50-150 mg total ashwagandha root extract per kg bw for 14 days prior to testing was able to exert dose-dependent antidepressant effects in rats with a statistically comparable power of 32-64 mg imipramine per kg bw (suggesting less efficacy), in while the combination of low dosages, namely 50 mg ashwagandha per kg of body weight and 16 mg of imipramine per kg of body weight, was more effective than monotherapy; data based on helplessness test base and swimming test base. This study also notes that brahi works synergistically with imipramine, but is less effective in isolated forms and less effective when ashwagandha is used in place of brahmi; it was also found that when using dosages of ashwagandha, close to effective (50 mg per kg of body weight), together with diazepam, an antidepressant effect is found; a synergistic effect is still observed with imipramine (replication) and fluoxetine SSRIs. Ashwagandha has antidepressant effects on its own with a potency comparable to imipramine (although a slightly higher dosage is required); is extremely synergistic with other antidepressants, for example, imipramine and fluoxetine. This power has so far been found in animals. In individuals with chronic stress, symptoms of depression (assessed on the GHQ-28 and DASS scales) were reduced by 77-79.2% with the consumption of 300 mg of ashwagandha daily as part of a 60-day course. One study that measured depressive symptoms while using ashwagandha in individuals with increased stress levels found significant reductions in depressive symptoms along with improved stress scores; To date, there are no studies based on depressed individuals who are not under stress.

Memory and learning

In a study of the antiamnesic properties of ashwagandha, ashwagandha has been consumed by relatively healthy people; there was no increase in memory formation with 100 mg of aqueous root extract per kg bw for one month.] Limited data from relatively healthy rodents suggest that ashwagandha has no relatively nootropic effect on memory formation. In rats that used scopolamine to induce amnesia, when taking 50% ethanol extract of the leaves (high content of Vitanone and Vitaferin A), the manifestation of amnesia associated with a decrease in the expression of the Arc protein in the hippocampus in the frontal cortex may decrease. The amnesic effect of beta-amyloid proteins appears to have been effectively prevented by oral ingestion of 10 um of vitanolide A per kg of body weight over a 13-day course; Basic root extract can reduce the amnesic effect of hypoxia by preventing excess nitric oxide production (through nNOS, which increases corticosterone levels and cell neuronal loss). Anti-amnesic effects are also noted for streptozotocin, injections of which into the vessels of the brain are also an example of Alzheimer's disease. The anti-amnesia effect is manifested in neurological toxins, which are activated during the induction of Alzheimer's disease; the anti-amnesic effect is manifested by vitanolide A and vitanone (although other steroidal lactones may also be active). The damage to the hippocampus observed during immobilization of stress in mice can be partially mitigated with 20 mg of hydroalcoholic extract of ashwagandha root per kg of body weight for a month immediately prior to stress in the CA2 and CA3 regions.

Sedation and sleep

Ashwagandha (100-200 mg / kg body weight) may have the same power as 500 mcg diazeapam in reducing sleep latency while improving sleep quality in mice; GABAA receptors are implicated in this process as the effects of ashwagandha are inhibited by GABAA (picrotoxin) antagonists and enhanced by GABAA (muscimol) agonists. The oxidative stress found in sleep disturbances in mice was reversed by consuming 100-200 mg of ashwagandha root per kg of body weight for five days. Ashwagandha is believed to improve sleep by having a signaling effect through GABAA receptors, and since it can be enhanced by direct GABAA agonists, this would be an enhancing effect. In a rat study that did not examine sleep quality, 3000 ashwagandha per kg of body weight (above the normal dosage) may induce sedation in rats, despite the fact that lower dosages improve libido, the same effect is observed with 100 mg ashwagandha per kg of body weight. the body of mice in obsessive-compulsive disorder (decreased symptoms, indicating the manifestation of sedation). Studies in rats using high single dosages of ashwagandha result in sedation as a side effect of treatment. Human studies include two control groups: 1) the Ayurveda group using several herbs (10 g total, of which 2000 mg is ashwagandha root; other important ingredients: 1000 mg phyllanthus emblica, 250 mg seeded and 250 mg kukubha) ; 2) a group of yogis. It turned out that the consumption of herbs did not have a significant effect on improving the quality of sleep, but the final conclusions cannot be formulated due to the large number of herbs. One study using 750-1250 mg of an aqueous root extract (equivalent to 6-10 g of root) in relatively healthy people showed improved sleep in 6 out of 17 cases; the study was not anonymous. Human studies where ashwagandha is used throughout the day (even if not to treat stress) has been sporadic in improving sleep quality.

Obsession and addiction

At least one study suggests that ashwagandha may help with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Based on the hypothesis that ashwagandha is used to treat "mood swings", the study was conducted in mice with unstable behavior (established by a special research model of OCD); it was found that 10-100 mg of ethanol extract of ashwagandha per kg of body weight can reduce OCD-like symptoms; 25 and 50 mg per kg of body weight are recognized as the most effective; 10 mg per kg of body weight showed no effect; 100mg / kg body weight has been associated with sedation (anti-OCD still exists). Ashwagandha at 10 mg per kg of body weight was as effective as 5 mg of fluoxetine per kg of body weight (both substances are not particularly effective at these dosages); however, the simultaneous combination of these two substances prevented OCD-like effects; ashwagandha together with ritanserin (serotonergic antagonist) negates the effectiveness of each of the substances separately; Ashwagandha consumption acts on OCD through serotonergic mechanisms. Ashwagandha may reduce compulsive behavior, being synergistic when tested with fluoxetine. In animals with alcoholism, which then took ashwagandha root (200-500 mg per kg of body weight), there is an increase in resistance to convulsions; in rats that underwent alcohol withdrawal while taking high dosages of ashwagandha (200 mg per kg were not found to be effective), 500 mg per kg of body weight showed antidepressant and anxiolytic effects, which is comparable to the effectiveness of 1 mg of diazepam per kg of body weight.

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List of used literature:

Widodo N, et al. Selective killing of cancer cells by leaf extract of Ashwagandha: components, activity and pathway analyzes. Cancer Lett. (2008)

Dhuley JN. Adaptogenic and cardioprotective action of ashwagandha in rats and frogs. J Ethnopharmacol. (2000)

Baliga MS, et al. Rasayana Drugs From the Ayurvedic System of Medicine as Possible Radioprotective Agents in Cancer Treatment. Integr Cancer Ther. (2013

Deocaris CC, et al. Merger of ayurveda and tissue culture-based functional genomics: inspirations from systems biology. J Transl Med. (2008)

Chatterjee S, et al. Comprehensive metabolic fingerprinting of Withania somnifera leaf and root extracts. Phytochemistry. (2010)

Namdeo AG, et al. Metabolic characterization of Withania somnifera from different regions of India using NMR spectroscopy. Planta Med. (2011)

Zhao J, et al. Withanolide derivatives from the roots of Withania somnifera and their neurite outgrowth activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). (2002)

Choudhary MI, et al. Chlorinated and diepoxy withanolides from Withania somnifera and their cytotoxic effects against human lung cancer cell line. Phytochemistry. (2010)

Pramanick S, et al. Withanolide Z, a new chlorinated withanolide from Withania somnifera. Planta Med. (2008)

Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review. Altern Med Rev. (2000)

Ganzera M, Choudhary MI, Khan IA. Quantitative HPLC analysis of withanolides in Withania somnifera. Fitoterapia. (2003)

Mulabagal V, et al. Withanolide sulfoxide from Aswagandha roots inhibits nuclear transcription factor-kappa-B, cyclooxygenase and tumor cell proliferation. Phytother Res. (2009)

Misra L, et al. Unusually sulfated and oxygenated steroids from Withania somnifera. Phytochemistry. (2005)

Alam N, et al. High catechin concentrations detected in Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med. (2011)

Misra L, et al. 1,4-Dioxane and ergosterol derivatives from Withania somnifera roots. J Asian Nat Prod Res. (2012)

Girish KS, et al. Antimicrobial properties of a non-toxic glycoprotein (WSG) from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). J Basic Microbiol. (2006)

Udayakumar R, et al. Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of Withania somnifera root and leaf extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Int J Mol Sci. (2009)

(Withania somnifera, Solanaceae) - Sanskrit word for " ashva"Means" horse "," gandha"-" smell ", thus ashwagandha - "with the smell of a horse." It is believed that this plant gives "equine" stamina, vitality and sexual energy. In Ayurvedic medicine, the root ashwagandhi plays the same role as ginseng in Chinese, but ashwagandha much more affordable and therefore cheaper. Various types of preparations are prepared from it: infusions, milk decoctions, powders, tablets, medicinal oils. It has a tonic, rejuvenating, nerve strengthening, sedative effect.

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It is an effective nootropic (improving the activity of the brain and memory) and biostimulating agent used for mental and physical fatigue, asthenic conditions, neuroses, sexual and cardiac weakness. rich in whole a complex of biologically active substances: it contains macro- and microelements, amino acids, peptides, lipids, bases of nucleic acids.

ASVAGANDHA APPLICATION AND DESCRIPTION. Variety of macro andashwagandha has a positive effect on the processes of respiration and the cardiovascular system, on the hormonal activity of a person.

Contained in ashwagandha amino acids, being the most important components of proteins, enzymes, hormones and many other biologically active substances, participate in various biological processes of the brain, in protein and carbohydrate metabolism, improve the nutrition of nerve cells in the brain, are widely used in mental, cardiovascular diseases, increase adaptive responses with heart failure and stressful conditions of the body. The lipid fraction acts on the cardiovascular system, normalizes the level of blood pressure, stimulates the sexual function of the body, has a rejuvenating effect on it, has an anti-sclerotic effect. Peptides regulate various biochemical processes, protect the body from foreign elements, have a positive effect on learning and memorization processes, regulate sleep, and have a positive effect on the treatment of schizophrenia. The bases of nucleic acids take part in the formation of the genetic apparatus of the body, have a stimulating effect on enhancing the protective functions of the body, and have an antitumor effect.
increases mental and physical performance after severe illnesses, injuries and surgical interventions, as well as in asthenic conditions during the off-season, with a sharp change in weather, with a change in climatic conditions; slows down the aging process, improving the condition of patients with atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, suffering from peripheral circulation disorders, age-related changes in muscles, bones and joints, activates energy metabolism in an aging body; accelerates the healing process of wounds, bone fusion and connective tissue; improves performance, reduces manifestations of competitive stress, reduces the effects of damage to muscles, bones and joints caused by physical overload, activates muscle growth and development; activates the body's defenses and the immune system, increasing resistance to colds and infectious diseases, increases blood pressure; improves the condition of patients with stress-related diseases (neuroses, neurasthenia, peptic ulcer, cardiovascular diseases, sexoneuroses, liver and kidney diseases), normalizes sleep (in case of acute sleep deficit, the need for sleep may increase); improves sexual function; lowers blood cholesterol levels; has an antiulcer effect.

General characteristics of ashwagandha:
Part used: root.
Energy: taste - bitter, astringent, action - warming, taste after digestion - sweet.

VK-P and Ama + (in excess)

Effects on tissues: muscles, fat, bones, bone marrow, nervous and reproductive tissues.
Action on systems: reproductive, nervous, respiratory.
General action: tonic, rejuvenating, aphroditic, nerve strengthening, sedative, astringent.
Indications: general breakdown, sexual weakness, nervous exhaustion, recovery period; problems associated with old age, wasting in children, memory loss, muscle weakness, spermatorrhea, overwork, tissue insufficiency, insomnia, paralysis, multiple sclerosis, weak eyes, rheumatism, skin diseases, cough, shortness of breath, anemia, fatigue, infertility, swollen glands.
Cautions: high Ama, pronounced congestion.
Preparations: decoction, milk broth, powder (from 250 to 1 g), paste, medicated oil, medicated Ghee oil,

Has an effect on all organs of the body. Its high biological activity is associated with a high content of phytosteroids, lignins, flavonoglycosides, as well as special nitrogenous compounds called vitanloids (somniferin and vitanone). The latter have the most powerful effect, despite the fact that they constitute only 1.5% in relation to the rest of the chemical components of the plant.

Adaptogenic, nootropic, antidepressant and tonic effects are associated with the action of vitanloids. acts, like a tuning fork, on the central nervous system, ensuring its harmonization with the environment and internal organs.

Have ashwagandhi no obvious periods of seasonal activity have been identified, as it is manifested in ginseng, eleutherococcus, ginkgo biloba, lemongrass and other adaptogens (they are most active in autumn). However, efficiency ashwagandhiincreases significantly in periods from 3 days to a full moon and up to 7 days starting from a full moon. This plant, amazing in its properties, occupies one of the first places in the "golden row" of medicinal herbs growing in Southeast Asia. , possessing a wide spectrum of action on the human body, has been used by Ayurvedic healers for many millennia as rasayana, or a plant with a pronounced anti-aging effect. In recent years ashwagandha became very popular in the West - both in the United States and in some European countries. Medicines and food additives made on its basis in these countries have been successfully tested in clinical trials.

Ashwagandhuit is recommended to be taken by both practically healthy people, leading a stressful lifestyle, and people who already have health problems. The first category includes especially those people who spend a lot of time at the computer or are involved with other high-frequency equipment, students during the session, athletes and those who have daily work.

Elderly people who lead a socially active lifestyle and do not have pronounced pathology of internal organs, ashwagandha also recommended for preventive purposes. Ashwagandha should be used for children and the elderly. In children, ashwagandha promotes the production of growth hormone, and for the elderly, it is the main remedy for strengthening bones and joints, as well as helping with impotence, leucorrhoea and urinary incontinence.

This plant occupies a special place among practicing yogis: it is the main medicinal plant that both strengthens the body and helps to increase flexibility.

ASVAGANDHA APPLICATION AND DESCRIPTION. Mechanism of action ashwagandhi on the human body

Ayurveda conventionally divides the human body into three “levels”. The upper "floor" includes the organs located above the diaphragm: the brain, pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, thymus gland, heart and respiratory system.

The middle "floor" includes mainly the digestive organs: stomach, duodenum, small intestine, blind, transverse colon and pancreas. In addition, the liver and spleen are located here. The lower "floor" includes the pelvic organs: the nocturnal glands, adrenal glands, reproductive system, sigmoid and rectum. The spine, together with the spinal cord, also has corresponding projections: the cervical and 1-7 thoracic vertebrae belong to the upper level, 8-12 thoracic vertebrae and 1 lumbar vertebrae to the middle, 2-5 lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and tailbone - to the lower level. The arms are tied to the top "floor" and the legs are tied to the bottom.

It affects all three "floors" of the body. First of all, ashwagandha balances the energy of the body. It is believed that for normal functioning anna sharira(physical body) and prana sariras (energy-informational body), it is necessary that the energy is distributed as shown in the picture on the left.

Nevertheless, in a modern person, this energy distribution is greatly disturbed due to an improper lifestyle: chronic stress and constant negative emotions, abuse of coffee and strong black tea, exposure to high-frequency radiation, late bedtime, the use of clothing made of synthetic materials and many other factors. An imbalance of energy is revealed using pulse diagnostics or the Kirlian method. It usually looks as shown in the picture on the right.

Such a distribution of energy leads, on the one hand, to an overload of the organs of the upper "floor" and a delay in the body of fluid - to overexcitation of the cells of the nervous system, an imbalance in the work of the pituitary gland and the thyroid gland, an increase in arterial and intracranial pressure, the accumulation of mucus in the bronchi and nasal sinuses, a violation of cardiac activity , and on the other hand, to a decrease in the activity of the digestive glands and the accumulation and we (products of incomplete metabolism, slags and toxins) in the intestine, to weakening of the kidneys and imbalance of the adrenal glands, venous congestion of the pelvic organs and dysfunction of the reproductive system.

Normalizes the energy balance during a two-week course (600 mg per day). With the further intake of this herbal remedy for 7-10 days of each month, the energy balance is maintained at a normal level, even despite the continued action of the above negative factors for the body.

Phytosterols contained in ashwagandha, by their chemical nature, are similar to the structure of the male sex hormone - testosterone. Therefore, they stimulate the secretion of the excretion of the prostate and seminal glands, which is necessary for a normal state, increased activity and vitality of spermatozoa. They normalize colloidal balance and sperm pH. It is known that even in antiquity ashwagandhu used to treat male infertility and chronic prostatitis. Phytosterols ashwagandxu prevent the development of prostate adenoma in older men. Phytosterols also have an anabolic effect, activating protein synthesis and promoting the formation and development of skeletal muscles, changing the ratio between muscle and adipose tissue towards the former.

Insofar as ashwagandha is a male plant, women are sometimes afraid to accept it, thinking that this plant will stimulate their secondary male sex characteristics. However, clinical trials ashwagandhiconducted in the United States completely dispelled these misconceptions. Moreover, it turned out that long-term intake of this plant (4-5 months continuously) normalizes the metabolism of estrogen and thus prevents the development of fibroids and mastopathy. In addition, the majority of the surveyed women showed the elimination of dysmenorrhea and algiomenorrhea: menstruation began to proceed regularly and painlessly. American researchers argue that the latter effect is most likely associated with the action of vitanloids.

IN ashwagandha natural antibiotics have also been found that suppress the reproduction of gonococci, staphylococci, hemolytic streptococcus and colibacteria. Some researchers point to the plant's antiviral effect. Perhaps this is due to an increase in the activity of the nonspecific link of immunity by vitanloids.

Ashwagandhucan be successfully used in the complex treatment and prevention of peptic ulcer disease, liver pathology and lipid metabolism disorders.

Its basis of action is due to the fact that it increases Ojas (Ojas, in modern terms, is the energy of the immune system and sexual strength). When the level of Ojas falls, it is accompanied by degenerative and chronic diseases, difficult to cure or incurable infections and nervous disorders.

Ashwagandha should be used in a sattvic diet, that is, in food that promotes spiritual enlightenment.

Ashwagandha can be used as a tonic enema (decoction).

It is one of the most powerful tonic herbs that replenish the body's energy.

It is used for severe lingering diarrhea, for chronic dysentery,

With Vata-type hemorrhoids, when the hemorrhoids are dry, hard, painful, non-purulent, accompanied by constipation.

Ashwagandha has also been shown for Vata-type malabsorption - a state of weakness of the small intestine, which is caused by unfavorable environmental factors, including dysbiosis. Vata malabsorption is associated with flatulence, bloating and migratory pain, dry skin, cracks in the tongue and anus, weight loss, and a tendency to arthritis. The periods when the stools are watery and frothy are interspersed with periods when the stools are dry and hard. There is a loss of energy, which ashwagandha replenishes.

Ashwagandha is also used in the complex treatment of candidiasis, which, according to, is considered a manifestation of internal weakness and disturbed harmony. Therefore, the goal of treating candidiasis is not only to kill the fungus, but also to increase energy levels.

Ashwagandha is also used in treatment underweightas a means of calming the nervous system. However, it should be borne in mind that if you are overweight, exceeding the recommended dosages of ashwagandha can lead to the accumulation of toxins and further weight gain.

In general, ashwagandha should not be used in the treatment of colds, but in cases of dry cough, loss of voice and hoarseness, insomnia and weakness, it can be used as a tonic. It is good to use ashwagandha during the recovery period from colds.

Ashwagandha is not used in the treatment of asthma, as it can worsen the condition, but its use is shown with prolonged debilitating treatment in the periods between attacks.

Likewise, ashwagandha is used in the treatment of hay fever and allergic rhinitis: it is not used in the acute phase of the disease, but is used in between attacks as a tonic for the lungs.

Thus, the general principle of the use of ashwagandha in the treatment of diseases of the bronchopulmonary system is manifested: as a tonic, ashwagandha can worsen the condition in the acute phase of the disease, but during the recovery period, the use of ashwagandha is very useful, since it restores and strengthens the immune system.

Ashwagandha is indicated in the treatment of heart diseases, when they are manifested by palpitations, a feeling of interruptions in the work of the heart, a feeling of numbness and tightness in the chest, as well as pain in the heart of a pulsating, breaking or explosive nature. At the same time, insomnia, shortness of breath, dry cough, constipation are disturbing, and there are often dark circles under the eyes. The patient is irritated by noise and loud speech. The attacks usually occur after overwork or excessive physical exertion. Anxiety, anxiety, fear, anxiety, and sometimes fainting are noted, after which these symptoms intensify.

In cases of Vata-type hypertension, which is accompanied by intermittent, periodic manifestations and nervous disorders, ashwagandha is used for a long time, so in this course of hypertension, it is mainly tonic therapy that is indicated.

Ashwagandha can also be used for Vata-type urinary tract infections, which are accompanied by a long chronic course without exacerbations. In this case, ashwagandha acts as a kidney tonic.

Ashwagandha is of particular importance as a treatment for sexual impotence in men, as it is an excellent tonic for the male reproductive system. In this regard, the use of ashwagandha is shown in the treatment of prostatitis and genital herpes Vata-type (genital herpes Vata-type disappears without redness, inflammation, and is accompanied by dry skin, constipation, insomnia and loss of strength).

ASVAGANDHA APPLICATION AND DESCRIPTION. Ashwagandha is also used in the treatment of premenstrual Vata-type syndrome, which is accompanied by anxiety, depression, insomnia, constipation, headache and severe painful cramps. Nervousness, agitation, distraction are noted, dizziness, ringing in the ears, fainting, rapidly changing mood and moodiness are possible. A woman may experience anxiety, a feeling of uselessness, a feeling of cold, thirst and dry skin. It may seem to her that she is dying. Thoughts of suicide may appear, but with the onset of menstruation, all this passes. Characterized by a short, only a few days, duration of menstruation with increased pain at dawn and dusk (Vata time).

Ashwagandha is also well suited for the treatment of amenorrhea (delay or absence of menstruation), menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding), Vata-type leukorrhea (leucorrhoea - brown, sticky and dry, with severe soreness), as well as menopause.

Of the other special conditions of a woman, in which ashwagandha should be used, it should be noted that it is especially useful in pregnancy, as well as in miscarriage and in the complex treatment of female infertility.

Ashwagandha is also indicated in the complex treatment of chronic, without high fever, fevers, when, usually, tonic therapy is required.

Ashwagandha can also be used for injuries during the recovery period, when wound healing is slow or there was significant tissue damage. Ashwagandha has a good effect on fractures, as well as in the recovery period after operations.

Ashwagandha is useful for arthritis, when it is necessary to stop degenerative and atrophic processes in the bone tissue, however, care must be taken that the tonic, heavy in nature, does not increase the formation of toxins from undigested food.

Ashwagandha has shown good efficacy in the complex therapy of cancer, which has been proven by clinical trials. In this case, high dosages are used - from 30 grams per day and above.

Ashwagandha should be used for children and the elderly. In children, ashwagandha promotes the production of growth hormone, and for the elderly it is the main remedy for strengthening bones and joints, as well as helping with impotence, leucorrhoea and urinary incontinence.

There has been a good positive effect of ashwagandha in Vata-type baldness, which is accompanied by dry skin, anxiety, insomnia, constipation, unstable digestion, and often occurs after severe fright or a serious illness.

And, of course, ashwagandha is one of the most important Ayurvedic remedies for the treatment of nervous system disorders. In particular, ashwagandha is used for insufficiency and degenerative processes such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Ashwagandha is the main treatment for the anxiety conditions that accompany many nervous disorders. It is a good remedy for insomnia, migraine , as well as for epilepsy in combination with calamus.

Particular attention should be paid to ashwagandha when treating mental disorders. In this case, ashwagandha is used together with ghee from cow's ghee. Ashwagandha is very useful for Vata-type insanity, which is accompanied by unreasonable laughter, crying or singing, loss of memory, incoherent speech, chaotic gestures or poor coordination of movements. Such a patient looks exhausted, emaciated, fears, anxieties, depression, insomnia and nightmares overcome him.

Ashwagandha is also used for disorders associated with yogic practices, such as pranayama or Kundalini awakening. Kundalini can also get out of hand when using strong meditation techniques or by taking drugs.

Ashwagandha is useful in the treatment of tobacco smoking in Vata and drug addiction in all types.

Ashwagandha or Indian ginseng is a plant popular in Ayurveda for more than three millennia. In terms of its value, it is equivalent to ginseng in Chinese medicine. Translated from Sanskrit, the name means "horse head" or "horse strength", which speaks of the powerful medicinal properties of the plant.

Ashwagandha, Indian Ginseng, Winter Cherry or Withania Somnifera is a short perennial tree-like shrub that belongs to the Solanaceae family, native to India. It is found in the Middle East and the African north.

An adult plant grows from a meter to two in height. The leaves are small, oval. The flowers have light green petals and white pistils in the center. They usually grow on top branches near the trunk. Inside flowers, similar to lanterns (like physalis), red berries with small orange seeds ripen. By the time the fruit ripens, the color of the petals turns light orange. The roots of the plant are thin and dense, resembling the shape of carrots. They reach 40 cm in length, and their maximum thickness is 2 cm.

Ashwagandha is a short perennial tree-like shrub belonging to the Solanaceae family, native to India

The healing effect of Indian ginseng root and its composition have not been fully studied by European medicine, but it is known that the components contained in it do not attack diseases, but are powerful complex enhancers of the body's immune forces. So, somnifer root:

• Rich in amino acids, which are the main building blocks of proteins, enzymes, hormones and other components involved in metabolism, improving the nutrition of neurons and nerve cells.
• The lipids included in it normalize blood pressure, have a beneficial effect on the genital area and the cardiovascular system, and rejuvenate cellular structures.
• And the peptides in its composition stimulate biochemical processes, play a protective role in stressful conditions and the attack of infections.
• Nucleic acids, which are rich in plants, have an antitumor effect.

Gallery: ashwagandha (25 photos)

The healing properties of Indian ginseng (video)

Indications for the use of sleeping pills

According to Ayurveda, the herb, the root of Witania and their derivatives are indicated in the following cases:

• Metabolic disorders.
• With reduced immunity, nervous and physical fatigue.
• When stimulation of sexual activity is necessary.
• For the normalization of the condition after diseases, injuries and operations.
• Elderly people to slow down the aging process.
• Children with developmental retardation.
• In case of impaired blood circulation and resulting hypoxia.
• To cope with paralysis, sclerosis, anemia, colds.
• To improve memory and brain activity.
• To stop the growth of tumors, including cancerous ones.
• For problems with many internal organs, during diarrhea and methiorism.
• As an antioxidant.

It is known that winter cherry is useful for both the weaker and the stronger sex:

• It is considered a male plant, as it treats many diseases associated with the male genital area. Increases muscle strength, endurance and performance.
• Accelerates the recovery processes after childbirth, normalizes the female hormonal background and the menstrual cycle, relieves pain during menstruation.

Indian Ginseng Root is a powerful, complex immune booster

Ashwagandha contraindications

An overdose of ashwagandha can lead to the following consequences:

1. A week later, sudden changes in temperature, runny nose and sternum pain are possible.
2. A powerful diuretic that causes kidney failure. Diarrhea and abdominal pain are also observed.
3. Difficulty breathing, causing an irregular heartbeat and a sharp decrease in blood pressure.
4. A sharp increase in weight.

Somnifera is prohibited in such cases:

1. With autoimmune diseases, as it has an immunostimulating effect.
2. For those who have undergone organ transplants, it slows down the recovery process.
3. During pregnancy and breastfeeding, it negatively affects the development of the baby.
4. While taking sedatives, as it leads to anaphylactic shock.
5. With lupus.

What the root of a somnifer looks like (video)

Ready-made preparations with ashwagandha

The following preparations from Indian ginseng are known:

• Powder from dried root, which is packaged in cardboard boxes of 100 grams. It is recommended to take it with milk or water, half a teaspoon three times a day before meals.
• Capsules from root extract or from root and leaves, packaged in different quantities in special containers. They are all dietary supplements.

For extensive wounds, edema, rheumatic pains, use crushed bark

Ashwagandha in traditional medicine

A decoction is prepared from the somnifer, while half a teaspoon of the powder is boiled for a dozen minutes in a glass of water and kept for ten minutes. Drink a medicinal product up to 2 glasses a day. To enhance the healing effect, this herb is combined with rhodiola, thyme, eucalyptus, ginseng and other biologically active agents.

In oriental medicine, a paste is made from leaves and berries, which is used externally for extensive wounds, swelling, and rheumatic pains. For these purposes, sometimes crushed bark is also used. Lotions are made from the leaves to treat joints. Hindus add dried roots and leaves when smoking to relieve asthma coughing fits.

A decoction is prepared from a somnifer

Growing Indian ginseng from seeds at home

Ashwagandha cultivation technology consists of the following processes:

1. The seeds are laid out on cotton pads, leaving half a centimeter between them. They are put in containers and covered with the same discs.
2. Then pour the discs with warm water and make sure that they do not dry out.
3. The top layer is periodically lifted and the condition of the seeds is checked.
4. Friendly shoots appear in ten days.
5. The earth is mixed with perlite or vermiculite in equal proportions. You can also combine an equal amount of these special germination ingredients with the soil.
6. The resulting nutrient mixture is poured into a container. In it, centimeter indentations are made with an interval of a couple of centimeters.
7. Germinated seeds are lowered into the holes, sprinkled with earth and watered abundantly.
8. The landings are covered with film or glass, leaving small gaps for breathing.
9. The containers are kept at a temperature of at least 25 degrees.
10. On the third day, sprouts appear. Before 2-3 leaves develop on them, the temperature and humidity should be constant.

The use of ashwagandha (video)

Photo of the medicinal plant Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha - properties

Ashwagandha Is the main plant in Ayurvedic medicine. The word "Ashwagandha" in translation from Sankrit means "with the smell of a horse," as it gives "horse" vitality and sexual energy.

Latin name: Withania somnifera

English name: Ashwaganda, Winter Cherry

Synonyms: winter cherry, Indian ginseng, sun-leaved physalis.

Family: nightshade - solanaceae.

Habitat: Ashwagandha is native to the dry lands of Western India, North America, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean.

Botanical Description: ashwagandha is a perennial evergreen shrub, reaching a height of 6m. When grown in greenhouses, ashwagandha blooms with yellow or light green flowers in late autumn and winter. Ashwagandha leaves are oval, fruits are orange or light red in color, located in a thin strong cup.

Parts used: all parts of ashwagandha, including roots, bark, leaves, small red fruits and seeds, have been used medicinally in various cultures. However, the most effective results are obtained by using ashwagandha root.

Ashwagandha Chemical Composition: the composition of ashwagandha is not yet well understood. Studies of purified Indian ginseng extract have shown that it contains saponins, steroid lactones, oligosaccharides, vitanolide, glycosides, free vitaferin A (aglycone), which has cytotoxic (antineoplastic) properties. The presence of free amino acids was also found - glycine, cystine, alanine, tryptophan and glutamic acid.

Healing properties of ashwagandha

Ashwagandha occupies the same place in Indian medicine as ginseng in Chinese medicine. For over 2000 years, this medicinal plant has been used in Ayurveda for healing and healing. Ashwagandha is the best anti-aging medicinal herb, especially for muscles, bone marrow, reproductive system.

Ashwagandha root is part of dietary supplements Antidepressant 5-HTP Power, Boswellia plus produced according to the international GMP quality standard for medicines.

Photo of ashwagandha root

Ashwagandha is widely used in mainstream medicine in India for the treatment of mental disorders and agitated states. It is one of the most powerful tonic herbs that replenish the body's energy.

Ashwagandha is indicated in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension, which is accompanied by nervous disorders.

Ashwagandha is of particular importance as a treatment for sexual impotence in men. is an excellent tonic for the male reproductive system. In this regard, the use of ashwagandha is indicated in the treatment of prostatitis and genital herpes.

Ashwagandha is also well suited for the treatment of amenorrhea (delayed or missing menstruation), menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding), and menopause. It should be noted that ashwagandha is particularly useful in pregnancy, as well as in miscarriage and in the complex treatment of female infertility.

Ashwagandha is not used in the acute phase of diseases of the broncho-pulmonary system, but during the recovery period, the use of ashwagandha is very useful, because restores and strengthens the immune system.

Ashwagandha is one of the best treatments for nervous system disorders. It is used for degenerative processes such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Ashwagandha is a good remedy for the treatment of anxiety conditions accompanying many nervous disorders, chronic fatigue syndrome, for the treatment of insomnia, migraine, and even, in combination with, for epilepsy.

Ashwagandha is useful in the treatment of tobacco smoking.

Ashwagandha is an Indian ginseng that is used in Ayurveda as an adaptogen to help combat stress and the health problems it causes.

It's physalis, isn't it?)

For several thousand years this plant has been highly valued for its unique properties. The followers of Ayurvedic teachings have long realized that ashwagandha is a natural source of strength, energy, vitality, youth and excellent health... Therefore, on the basis of this plant, therapeutic and prophylactic drugs are prepared that help men and women to improve their physical, mental and emotional state.

The Indian plant has a powerful effect, which is why it should not be treated lightly. You should know the features of its use and contraindications so as not to harm yourself.

Ashwagandha - what is this plant?

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) - perennial branched shrub that bears fruit with red berries... In height, it reaches an average length of 1 meter. There are not so many places on the planet where it grows: the eastern part of Asia, some regions of India, northern Africa (in the Mediterranean region).

Other names for ashwagandha are also known: physalis sun-leaved, winter cherry, Indian ginseng, Ethiopian agol. For therapeutic purposes, the root of the plant is mainly used. Fruit can also be used.

Ashwagandha in its properties can be correlated with Chinese ginseng. But, there is one important difference - the price. The Indian version is much cheaper, making it much more affordable and can be used more widely for the preparation of various products.

The word "ashwagandha" has its origin. In turn, it consists of two words: "ashva" - horse, "ganda" - smell. Therefore, the translation is: "smelling like a horse." The ashwagandha herb got this name for a reason. Everyone knows that horses are strong and hardy animals. Long ago, having noted the amazing properties of the plant to endow a person with health, strength, vigor and sexual energy, people correlated them with the unique physical abilities of horses. Even after thousands of years, this Ayurvedic remedy never ceases to amaze.

What is included in the plant

Ashwagandha has earned its right to be used as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent due to its composition, which affects the unique properties of the plant.

Among the components of ashwagandha - alkaloids, phytosterols, saponins, phenolic acids... Also, the composition contains lipids, peptides, various macro- and microelements in sufficient quantities. Coumarins, steroid lactones, sitoindosides - no less important components of the Indian plant.

Due to the presence of herbal antibiotics in the composition, ashwagandha is able to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms, up to such dangerous species as staphylococci, streptococci, gonococci.

When entering the digestive system, plant components begin to be actively assimilated. They penetrate the bloodstream, spreading throughout the body and filling all tissues with themselves, and achieve their therapeutic goal.

Healing properties of ashwagandha

Ashwagandha has an impressive list of medicinal properties. The spectrum of action is wide:

• For many women, this plant is a valuable find. It help to ease menstrual pain, correct the menstrual cycle... High chances to heal much faster from mastopathy, fibroids and other benign formations. A long course of taking the drug is able to cope with serious hormonal disorders and infertility. Ashwagandha and will help a woman after childbirth to restore health faster, to establish full lactationprevent the development of postpartum depression and other complications.
• For men, the plant is no less valuable. It can be used as an adjunct to the main treatment of prostate inflammation. "Indian ginseng" skillfully fights spermatorrhea (frequent or continuous discharge of sperm from the urethra), impotence and other sexual disorders. Means will help improve the quality and quantity of semen... Improving endurance, strength and volume of muscles, working capacity are equally important properties of the plant.
• It can rightfully be considered an aphrodisiac that can enhance sex drive.
• Prevents the appearance of neoplasms of a different nature... There is also an opinion that ashwagandha helps to stop the progression of some types of cancer.
• Lowers the level of the hormone cortisol - the main culprit for stress in humans, insomnia, excessive deposits of visceral fat.
• Normalizes blood glucose levels.
• It has a sedative effect and is considered a natural antidepressant. Soothes normalizes emotional balance, restores the natural schedule of sleep and wakefulness.
• It does not increase blood pressure, so that even hypertensive patients can take the drug.
• Effectively affects cognitive and thought processes. Stabilizes cerebral circulation , due to which the quality of attention and memory is significantly improved.
• Helps reduce cravings for sweets and starchy foodstherefore it is an excellent remedy for those on a low-carb diet or excessive alcohol cravings.
• Acts as a means of rejuvenation, slows down premature aging.
• Increases hemoglobin, lowers cholesterol, normalizes biochemical processes in the body.
• Destroys pathogenic microflora and helps restore useful. Thereby able to stop inflammation, regenerate the affected body cells.
• Promotes accelerated wound healing. To do this, you can apply the paste directly to the wound or drink the drug.
• Strengthens bone tissue, joints, ligaments, muscles.
• Stimulates immune forces, makes the body more resistant to bacterial, fungal and viral infections.

We figured out that the spectrum of action of ashwagandha is huge. It is not surprising that both there are also a lot of indications for use:

Ashwagandha as a biologically active supplement is indispensable during the period of rehabilitation after serious injuries, operations and serious illnesses (for example, heart attack or stroke), recovery after neuropsychological and physical exhaustion, in chronic diseases.

Ashwagandha is able to support the body of people who are forced to live or work in a tense rhythm. Ayurvedic remedy also will be useful for students during the session and athletes who train practically for wear... For example, for bodybuilders, such a supplement to the main diet will help to withstand serious loads and build muscle more effectively.

Instructions for use

Ashwagandha is available in different dosage forms: powder (churna), paste (most often prepared from powder or sold ready-made), oil, tincture, decoction. The simplest option is offered by modern manufacturers of Ayurvedic medicines - capsules. How much and how often to take the remedy will depend on the person's constitution, age and disease. Usually prophylactic or to improve general health and strengthen immunity, 1-2 capsules a day are enough... If you plan to take the drug due to the presence of a disease and there is a need to exceed the specified dosage, you should consult a specialist.

On average, the prophylactic course lasts 14 days (in the first month). In the next five months, ashwagandha is taken for seven days.

The advantage of ashwagandha churna is that it can be used in many different ways. For internal use, 3-5 grams of powder should be drunk twice a day, 20-30 minutes before meals, with warm water or milk. Reception is also possible according to another scheme prescribed by a specialist. Some manufacturers suggest making tea from the powder, which must be drunk on an empty stomach.

Churna is also used in as compresses or masks.

1. To do this, dilute the powder with warm water (preferably for dry and sensitive skin) or base oil.
2. It should look like a paste.
3. Then apply the mixture to the part of the body that needs it - face, neck, décolleté, scalp, hair, hands, etc.

Ashwagandha helps to clear pores, get rid of acne and other skin imperfections, strengthen hair follicles, smooth wrinkles, nourish the skin with useful ingredients.

When purchasing the drug, read the instructions before using it. The dosage of the agent (for example, if these are capsules) may depend on the concentration of the active substance.

If you take "Indian ginseng" together with some Ayurvedic drugs, you can expect a more powerful effect. For example, ashwagandha will act as a powerful tonic and rejuvenating agent, actively stimulating and strengthening the cells of the nervous system.

In combination with Arjuna and ghee (ghee), ashwagandha will be a good remedy for the prevention and treatment of heart disease, with Gokshuradi guggul or Chandraprabha bati - to prevent inflammation of the urinary tract.

Today ashwagandha in various forms offers a number of proven manufacturers. Among the most famous are Ashvagandha Himalaya (Himalayas), Churna Dabur, Ashvagandha Now Foods, Ashvagandha Life Extension, Organic India.

Contraindications for use

Ashwagandha cannot be considered a harmless remedy. The root and fruits of the plant contain a huge amount of active substances that can have a serious effect on the composition of blood and other physiological fluids, homeostasis, and the state of tissues of internal organs.

Any, even a natural remedy, has contraindications for use. And ashwagandha is no exception. Taking "Indian ginseng" should be minimized or completely eliminated in such cases:

• The occurrence of an allergic reaction to one of the components of the product.
• It is undesirable to take the remedy for women during pregnancy and lactation. But, this is not an absolute contraindication. You can take the supplement if your doctor permits.
• In case of stomach ulcers, excessive thyroid function and some serious diseases of the internal organs, taking the drug is not recommended.
• Do not give the supplement to very young children.
• Those who are already taking some medications should be careful when taking ashwagandha. It is necessary to carefully monitor that when combining drugs, there are no undesirable reactions, and even better - it is worth consulting a doctor before starting the intake.

In case of drug overdose, side effects may occur: vomiting, hallucinations, toxic damage to the brain. Such unpleasant phenomena as inhibition of reactions, lowering of pressure, irritable stomach syndrome may develop.

With uncontrolled intake of the drug, a breakdown, a state of apathy and depression (due to an increased sedative effect), drowsiness, and slowness are possible.

In order to prevent these health problems, the recommended dosage must be strictly observed... Better yet, if there is such an opportunity, you should consult with a specialist. In general, ashwagandha, when taken correctly, is well tolerated by the body and rarely causes side effects.

Why is ashwagandha banned in Russia?

Not only in India, but also in many European countries and the United States, ashwagandha is recognized as an effective adjuvant, which is indicated for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. But, in Russia, reviews about this plant are ambiguous. Some experts accept the healing properties of "Indian ginseng", while others reject them.

Critics of the drug cite the fact that it is addictive and has side effects as reasons for using it.... Besides, overdose can lead to undesirable consequences... Fearing that people will take an Ayurvedic drug uncontrollably and put their health at risk, Russian medical experts are against ashwagandha. In the vastness of the state, the use of funds is prohibited precisely for the purpose of observing security measures.

Yes, drug overdose can indeed be dangerous... But, if you follow the dosage, then ashwagandha should be beneficial. Due to the fact that there is a ban on Ayurvedic products on the territory of the Russian Federation, it is not available for sale.... But, the drug can be freely purchased in specialized online stores. For example, on the website of the iHerb company you can find many dietary supplements from different manufacturers (Himalaya, Dabur, etc.) Ayurvedic remedies and ashwagandha in particular.