From the history of the Russian Orthodox Church 988 - the baptism of Rus' 988 - the baptism of Rus' - the head of the Russian Orthodox Church - Metropolitan - the head of the Russian Orthodox Church - Metropolitan. –synoidal period -synoidal period led by the Holy Synod with the Chief Prosecutor Since 1917. - to the present - Patriarch Since 1917 - currently Patriarch

Questions for the class: What was the significance of the adoption of Christianity for Rus'? What was the significance of the adoption of Christianity for Rus'? Describe the role of the Orthodox Church in the history of Russia. Describe the role of the Orthodox Church in the history of Russia. What ideals and values ​​did it carry? What ideals and values ​​did she carry? What ancient Russian monasteries do you know? What ancient Russian monasteries do you know?

Ambrose of Optina Optina Pustyn ()

Filaret 1827 – catechism (instruction) is the teaching of the Orthodox faith 1. Knowledge of God 2. Faith in him 3. Living on good deeds 4. Knowledge (by experience), faith (by trust) 5. The need for faith for every person Takes part in compiling the text Manifesto of February 19, 1861 on the liberation of peasants from serfdom ()

His Holiness Innocent (Borisov) at the Vologda See ()

Working with the document “From the works of Academician D.S. Likhachev” What thoughts and feelings does this statement evoke? What thoughts and feelings does this statement evoke? What, according to the academician, is included in the concept of “Holy Rus'?” What, according to the academician, is included in the concept of “Holy Rus'?” - - Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery
Consolidating new material Which saints and companions of the 19th century have we met today? What saints and companions of the 19th century have we learned about today? What did the keepers of the Orthodox faith teach? What did the keepers of the Orthodox faith teach? Are these thoughts and beliefs consonant with our time? What do they teach us? Are these thoughts and beliefs consonant with our time? What do they teach us? John of Kronstadt Alexy II

Clergy and laity Laity - A layman (pl. laity; Greek λαϊκός - Laiki) is a follower of Christianity, a member of the Church, who is not a priest, who does not belong to the clergy. Clergy is a collective term to designate a social class, individuals or social group consisting of professional ministers of a particular religion. Used, as a rule, only to monotheistic religions.

Clergy and laity Until 1589, the head of the Orthodox Church was the metropolitan. Until 1589, the head of the Orthodox Church was the Metropolitan. The center of religious life was the church, which was built with donations from people. The center of religious life was the church, which was built with donations from people. Parishioners - residents of surrounding villages or a city block who elected a candidate for priests Parishioners - residents of surrounding villages or a city block who elected a candidate for priests

Josephites and non-acquisitive Josephites (Osiflyans) are followers of Joseph Volotsky, representatives of the church-political movement in the Russian state at the end of the 15th to the middle of the 16th centuries, who defended an extremely conservative position in relation to groups and movements that demanded reform of the official church. They defended the right of monasteries to land ownership and ownership of property in order for the monasteries to carry out broad educational and charitable activities. Yosiflyane (Osiflyane) followers of Joseph Volotsky, representatives of the church-political movement in the Russian state at the end of the 15th to the middle of the 16th centuries, who defended an extremely conservative position in relation to groups and movements that demanded reform of the official church. They defended the right of monasteries to land ownership and ownership of property in order for the monasteries to carry out broad educational and charitable activities.

Josephites and non-covetous people Non-covetous people, this term usually refers to the monastic movement in Russia at the end of the 15th and first half of the 16th centuries, which opposed monastic land ownership. Non-acquisitive, this term usually refers to the monastic movement in Russia at the end of the 15th and first half of the 16th centuries, which opposed monastic land ownership.

Josephites and non-covetous people At the end of the 15th century. With the formation of the state, secular authorities increasingly attempted to take land from the church. Ivan 3 planned to confiscate the lands that were owned by the metropolitan, bishops and monasteries. At the end of the 15th century. With the formation of the state, secular authorities increasingly attempted to take land from the church. Ivan 3 planned to confiscate the lands that were owned by the metropolitan, bishops and monasteries. The church council opposed this. The church council opposed this.

Josephites and non-covetous people The founder and abbot of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery, Joseph Volotsky, spoke out in defense of the monasteries. The monk Nil Sorsky from Constantinople did not agree with him. He argued that monasteries should not engage in charity, and therefore they do not need land. The founder and abbot of the Joseph-Volokolamsk monastery, Joseph Volotsky, spoke out in defense of the monasteries. The monk Nil Sorsky from Constantinople did not agree with him. He argued that monasteries should not engage in charity, and therefore they do not need land

Josephites and non-covetous people The monk Vassian became a follower of the Nile, who criticized the Josephites in his literary works. A follower of Nile was the monk Vassian, who criticized the Josephites in his literary works. Disputes about church lands continued for many years, until the councils of 1547, 1549 and 1551 established a model of church-state relations. Disputes about church lands continued for many years, until the councils of 1547, 1549 and 1551 established a model of church-state relations.

Heresies of Matvey Bashkin and Fedosia Kosova Matvey Semyonovich Bashkin (XVI century) representative of the reform movement. Descended from the children of boyars. One of the first in Rus' to speak out against servitude. Matvey Semyonovich Bashkin (XVI century) representative of the reform movement. Descended from the children of boyars. One of the first in Rus' to speak out against servitude.XVI centuryXVI century

Heresies of Matvey Bashkin and Fedosius Kosov Theodosius Kosov is one of the representatives of the religious movement of the 16th century, the head of a heretical movement, an ideologist of the peasantry and urban poor of the 16th century. in the fight against the official church and the feudal system, Theodosius Kosoy is one of the representatives of the religious movement of the 16th century, the head of a heretical movement, the ideologist of the peasantry and urban poor of the 16th century. in the fight against the official church and the feudal system

Heresies of Matvey Bashkin and Fedosy Kosov First half of the 16th century. This is not only a time of intense religious controversy, but also a period of the spread of personal heresies. During the days of Great Lent in 1553, the boyar's son Matvey Bashkin came to confession to the priest of the Kremlin Annunciation Cathedral, Simeon. First half of the 16th century. This is not only a time of intense religious controversy, but also a period of the spread of personal heresies. During the days of Great Lent in 1553, the boyar's son Matvey Bashkin came to confession to the priest of the Kremlin Annunciation Cathedral, Simeon.

Heresies of Matvey Bashkin and Fedosy Kosov Meetings between Bashkin and Simeon continued further. Soon the priest realized that Matthew’s reasoning was heresy! Meetings between Bashkin and Simeon continued. Soon the priest realized that Matthew’s reasoning was heresy! He reported this to his spiritual mentor Selvester, who had access to the king. Matvey was arrested, and the case began! He reported this to his spiritual mentor Selvester, who had access to the king. Matvey was arrested, and the case began!

Heresies of Matvey Bashkin and Fedosius Kosov Also Feodosius Kosoy got caught in the heat! Theodosius Kosoy also got caught in the heat! Matvey and Fedor did not recognize the Holy Trinity and GOD!!! Matvey and Fedor did not recognize the Holy Trinity and GOD!!! Result: During the investigation, Theodosius managed to escape to Lithuania, and Matvey was sent for “UNDERSTANDING” Result: During the investigation, Theodosius managed to escape to Lithuania, and Matvey was sent for “UNDERSTANDING”

Slide 1

Who was at the head of the Russian state? What was the Boyar Duma? What is the name of the body that controlled tax revenues? What functions did the Palace perform? What is feeding? What name did the new set of laws adopted by Ivan III receive? What is elderly? Who paid it and in what case? What is a fiefdom? What is an estate?

Slide 2


Remember who supported Alexander Nevsky, who inspired Dmitry Donskoy to the Battle of Kulikovo, who supported the Prince of Moscow during the princely strife? CHURCH AND STATE AT THE END OF THE XV - BEGINNING OF THE XVI CENTURY. Plan of the Monasteries. Non-possessors and Josephites. 2. Heresies in the second half of the 15th - first half of the 16th century. 3. The theory “Moscow is the third Rome” by monk Philotheus.

Slide 3


New words and concepts: Union of Florence, synodics, heresies, simony, strigolniki, non-covetous people, eldership, clerk, Judaizers. Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, where the Union of Florence was signed in 1439

Slide 4


Until 1448, the Russian Church was under the control of the Ecumenical (Constantinople) Patriarchate, constituting a separate Russian Metropolis. Due to the devastation of Kyiv by the Tatar-Mongols, the metropolitan see in 1299 (according to other sources - in 1309) was moved to Vladimir, and in 1325, under Metropolitan Peter, the see was moved to Moscow. In 1448, the Council of Bishops of the Russian Church independently elected Bishop Jonah of Ryazan as metropolitan, who received the title of Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus'

Slide 5

Monasteries

The Solovetsky Monastery was founded in 1436 in the lands of the Novgorod Republic by the monks Zosima and German. The first monastic settlement on the islands appeared a little earlier - in 1429. The founders are German and Savvaty. The Trinity-Sergius Lavra, in church literature usually the Holy Trinity-Sergius Lavra, is the largest Orthodox male stauropegic monastery in Russia, located in the center of the city of Sergiev Posad, Moscow region, on the Konchura River. Founded in 1337 by St. Sergius of Radonezh Find out: how were the monasteries enriched? Page 184 (last paragraph)

Slide 6


Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery

Slide 7

Non-possessors and Josephites

Who did the grand ducal government support? Page 188-189 At the church council (1503) - a dispute about church wealth

Slide 8


Slide 9


“Beware that no one deceives you, for many will come in My name, saying, ‘I am the Christ,’ and will deceive many.” (Matthew 24:4-5)

Heresy of the Strigolniks Heresy of the Judaizers What is heresy? How did they fight heresies in Western Europe?

Slide 10


Why are heresies dangerous? “I speak to you, the deceivers and apostates of the faith of Christ and all your like-minded people, who are philosophizing with you your evil accursed and cursed heresy, that in Veliky Novgorod they naturally committed evil and accursed deeds incomparable: many of you cursed the image of Christ and the most pure image written on the icons , and some of you swore at the cross of Christ, and some of you spoke blasphemous words against many holy icons, and some of you splintered holy icons and burned them with fire, and some of you bitten the cross with silos (a cross made of aloe wood), and some of you bitten They beat holy icons and crosses on the ground and threw dirt on them, and some of you threw holy icons into a tub, and they did a lot of other desecration of the holy images written on the icons. And you have uttered many blasphemies against our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, and against His Most Pure Mother of God...” Church Council of 1490 (Metropolitan Zosima)

Slide 11


Monk Philotheus (c. 1465-1542) - elder of the Pskov Spaso-Eleazarovsky Monastery (village of Elizarovo, Pskov region). The alleged author of the concept “Moscow - the Third Rome” (q. v.), the theses of which are set out in his letters to clerk Mikhail Grigorievich Misyur-Munekhin and Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich.

Slide 12


Monomakh's Cap "... all the Christian kingdoms were trampled under foot by the infidels... having come to an end and descended into the one kingdom of our sovereign." And this happened in fulfillment of ancient prophecies: "two of Rome fell, and the third stands, and the fourth will not exist."

Slide 13

Let's repeat:

Who are the non-covetous people and the Josephites? What is heresy? About what heresies in Russia in the end. 15-beg. 16th century did you find out? What is the Union of Florence? Who was the author and what is the essence of the theory “Moscow – the third Rome”?

View all slides

Slide 1

During the Second World War

Russian Orthodox Church

Slide 2

1) On the eve of the war 2) The policy of the German invaders 3) Patriotic activities of the Russian Orthodox Church 4) “Metropolitan Sergius”

Slide 3

On the eve of the war

The Soviet state, with the firm hand of Stalin, pursued a course towards building a non-religious society. Existing religious communities and clergy were persecuted. First of all, this applied to the largest of all denominations that existed in the USSR - the Russian Orthodox Church.

Slide 4

In 1937 - 1941, another large-scale wave of closures of prayer buildings and repressions against priests swept across the country. At the end of the 1930s, trials of leaders of religious associations were a common feature of “public” life.

Slide 5

In 1937 alone, more than 8 thousand Orthodox churches were closed, 70 dioceses and vicancies were liquidated, almost 60 bishops were shot, tens of thousands of Orthodox clergy and clergy, as well as lay believers, were tortured.

Execution of clergy

Slide 6

At the same time, Soviet legislation declared the equality of all citizens, including “clergy.” Adopted on December 5, 1936, the USSR Constitution proclaimed “freedom of religious worship and freedom of anti-religious propaganda” for all citizens of the USSR. At the same time, propagandists enjoyed state support, and believers were persecuted for even one mention of God...

Slide 7

In April 1938, when it seemed that the Russian Orthodox Church was destroyed, it was dissolved. After this, the only state structure dealing with religious issues was the “church department” of the NKVD.

Tuchkov Evgeniy - head of the 6th secret department of the OGPU/NKVD.

Slide 8

Policy of the German invaders

Slide 9

The basis of any fascist policy was the fight against dissent. The secret police (Gestapo) investigated the activities of all forces hostile to Nazism, including among religious associations.

Slide 10

Fragmentation (“atomization”) of traditional religious structures; total control over all manifestations of religious life. In Germany itself, strict restrictions were introduced on the activities of almost all religious organizations, many thousands of religious leaders and believers were tortured.

The main objectives of the anti-religious policy of the Third Reich were:

Slide 12

Hitler was closely involved in the problems of control over religious life and considered such control to be very important in the matter of “managing conquered peoples.” In April 1942, among those close to him, he outlined his vision of anti-religious policy:

Slide 13

“It would be in our interests to have a situation in which each village would have its own sect, where they would develop their own special ideas about God. Even if in this case shamanic cults, like Negro or American-Indian cults, arose in individual villages, we could only welcome this, because this would only increase the number of factors crushing Russian space into small units.”

Slide 14

In the occupied Soviet territory, the Nazi media persistently discussed the topic of persecution of religion and believers by the Bolsheviks, emphasizing that the German authorities provided complete religious freedom.

Slide 15

Unauthorized anti-religious events were prohibited during the war with the USSR by a special order from Hitler in July 1941. A spontaneous revival of religious life began in the occupied territory. This was manifested in the widespread opening of churches and houses of worship.

Slide 16

The RSHA reports emphasized that “among the part of the population of the former Soviet Union liberated from the Bolshevik yoke, there is a strong desire to return to the rule of the church or churches.”

Slide 17

In mid-1943, there were 6,500 Orthodox churches operating in the occupied territories, which was almost twice the number of churches in the rest of the USSR (3,329).

Slide 18

With the permission of the Reichskommissariat Ostland (East), which controlled the occupied territory of the Baltic states and Belarus, the Patriarchal Exarch of Latvia and Estonia, Metropolitan. Sergius (Voskresensky) in August 1941 organized the “Pskov Mission” (“Orthodox Mission in the Liberated Regions of Russia”), which was engaged in active charitable, educational, and publishing activities in the southwestern regions of the Leningrad, part of the Kalinin, Novgorod and Pskov regions occupied by the Germans. Go to the article “Metropolitan Sergius”

Slide 19

Collective photo of the "Orthodox Mission" in Pskov

Slide 20

In Ukraine, with the support of nationalists, the suffragan bishop of Vladimir-Volyn. Polycarp (Sikorsky) and Archbishop. Alexander (Inozemtsev) uncanonically established the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church.

Slide 21

Council of Bishops of the UAOC in Pinsk (1942). At this (first) Council of the UAOC, sitting from left to right: Archbishop Alexander Inozemtsev and Archbishop Polycarp Sikorsky, a later metropolitan of the UAOC. Standing from left to right: Archbishop. Nikanor Abramovich (executive Chigirinsky and Archbishop of Kiev), ext. Yuri from Berest of Lithuania and Archbishop. Igor Guba (Archbishop of Uman).

Slide 22

After the occupation of Estonia in the summer of 1941, Metropolitan of Tallinn. Alexander (Paulus) announced the separation of Estonian parishes from the Russian Orthodox Church. In October 1941, at the insistence of the German General Commissioner of Belarus, the Belarusian Church was created.

Metropolitan of Tallinn Alexander (Paulus)

Slide 23

The religious factor was taken into account when planning domestic policy in areas where Islam traditionally spread, primarily in the Crimea and the Caucasus. German propaganda declared respect for the values ​​of Islam, presented the occupation as the liberation of peoples from the “Bolshevik godless yoke,” and guaranteed the creation of conditions for the revival of Islam.

Slide 24

In fact, nothing was sacred to the invaders. This is evidenced by the history of the desecration of temples and monasteries. According to far from complete data from the Extraordinary State Commission to establish and investigate the atrocities of the Nazi invaders, 1,670 Orthodox churches, 69 chapels, 237 churches, 532 synagogues, 4 mosques, and 254 other prayer buildings were completely destroyed, looted or desecrated in the occupied territory.

Slide 26

Patriotic activities of the Russian Orthodox Church

Slide 27

Since the fall of 1941, arrests of the clergy practically ceased, dozens of clergymen began to be released from prison. In a number of places, religious organizations were allowed to raise funds for the front; distribution of patriotic appeals; public prayer for victory; prayer buildings were opened, although without legal registration.

Slide 28

During the period of evacuation, Metropolitan remained in Moscow on behalf of the Patriarchal Locum Tenens. Nikolai. During the battle for Moscow, he often went to the front line, performed services in churches in Moscow and Moscow region, and delivered sermons, calling on Muscovites not to panic and to steadfastly defend the capital.

Metropolitan Nikolay

Slide 29

A true example of courage is the behavior of Orthodox Christians. clergy and laity during the 900-day siege of Leningrad. 1) Being in a besieged city, Metropolitan of Leningrad. Alexy (Simansky) - later the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' - served the liturgy in St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral and other churches, performed funeral services for the victims of the siege, and addressed patriotic appeals to the clergy and believers of the diocese.

St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral

Slide 30

2) His example was followed by the Leningrad clergy, who did not stop pastoral care for the believers and provided all possible assistance with medicines and firewood from parish reserves.

Slide 31

Divine service in the St. Nicholas Cathedral during the siege

Slide 32

In the very first year of the war, collections of money for the Defense Fund began to be organized in Orthodox churches. In 1942-1944, there was a widespread movement to raise funds for the construction of tank columns. December 30, 1942 Metropolitan. Sergius called on believers to donate funds for the construction of a tank column named after. Dimitry Donskoy.

Slide 33

At the tank plant in Chelyabinsk, 40 tanks were built, which Met. Nicholas handed it over to the Red Army on March 7, 1944. Tanks from the column named after. Dmitry Donskoy participated in the liberation of Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Poland, and as part of the 516th regiment reached Berlin. Church-wide fundraising continued for the air squadron named after. Alexander Nevsky

Slide 34

Tank column named after Dmitry Donskoy

Slide 35

Orthodox believers took an active part in the construction of tanks and aircraft on the initiative of the regional population, for example, the clergy and believers of Novosibirsk donated 110 thousand rubles for the construction of the Siberian squadron “For the Motherland.”

Slide 36

Late in the evening of September 4, 1943, Metropolitans Sergius, Alexy (Simansky) and Nikolai (Yarushevich) arrived in the Kremlin to meet with Stalin. During the two-hour conversation, Stalin expressed approval of the patriotic activities of the Church and emphasized that She “can count on the full support of the government in all matters related to Its organizational strengthening and development within the USSR.”

Alexy (Simansky) and Nikolay (Yarushevich)

Slide 37

On September 8, 1943, the historic Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church took place, at which Metropolitan was unanimously elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. Sergius.

Slide 38

As the Red Army advanced, facts of patriotic actions of the clergy and believers in the occupied territories became known. Many Orthodox clergy and laymen were liaisons, comrades-in-arms, and assistants to partisan detachments and underground groups. Hundreds of patriotic clergy were subjected to arrest, imprisonment, torture, were shot or burned alive. Clergymen and active believers, starting in the fall of 1943, began to be nominated for awards with state orders and medals .

Slide 39

The first big award took place in Leningrad, when a group of clergy was awarded medals “For the Defense of Leningrad.”

Medal "For the Defense of Leningrad".

Slide 40

On September 14, by resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church was formed. Issues of opening prayer buildings at the request of believers and legal registration of communities, primarily operating in previously occupied territory.

The number of Orthodox churches and monasteries grew in the 2nd half of the 40s: in August 1944 there were 8,809 parishes in the USSR, in July 1945 - 10,243, in January 1946 - 10,547.

Slide 41

After the death of Patriarch Sergius, according to his will, Metropolitan took over the rights of Locum Tenens of the Patriarchal Throne. Alexy (Simansky). At the last meeting of the Local Council, he was elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'.

Slide 42

On April 10, 1945, Stalin received a delegation of the Russian Orthodox Church led by Patriarch Alexy. At the meeting, issues of patriotic activity and the internal life of the Church, its possible participation in strengthening international relations in the post-war period were discussed. Stalin highly appreciated the patriotic activities of the Russian Orthodox Church during the war years, evidence of this was the presence of Patriarch Alexy on the podium of the Lenin Mausoleum during the Victory Parade on June 24, 1945.

Slide 45

He managed to successfully resist the tactics of dismembering church and administrative units pursued by the Nazis. He not only kept the entire Exarchate intact, not allowing it to be divided into several pseudo-independent churches-dioceses, but was also able to resist local nationalist tendencies that could lead to an intra-church split.

Slide 46

He managed to defend church unity not only within the territory of the Exarchate, but also its unity with the Moscow Patriarchate. The great merit of Metropolitan Sergius was his care for Red Army prisoners of war. The Nazis imposed a categorical ban on communication between the Orthodox clergy and prisoners of war, but for some time Metropolitan Sergius achieved its abolition within the Exarchate he headed.

Slide 47

Metropolitan Sergius took charge of the occupied part of the Pskov, Novgorod and Leningrad regions, where over 200 churches were opened. In Vilnius, Metropolitan Sergius opened theological courses. The courage, flexible mind and extraordinary courage of Metropolitan Sergius allowed him to defend the interests of his flock before the occupation authorities for almost three years.

Slide 48

In Moscow, he was put on trial in absentia, “as having gone over to the side of fascism.” But in reality, Metropolitan Sergius served the Church and the Fatherland. On April 29, 1944, on a deserted section of the Vilnius-Riga highway, the car of the Patriarchal Exarch of the Baltic States, Metropolitan Sergius, was shot by machine gunners. Metropolitan Sergius and his companions died.

Lesson plan: I Russian Orthodox Church at the beginning of the 15th century. II Church during the period of state centralization: (The “Moscow-Third Rome” theory.) III Anti-Church movements: 1.Strigolniki, Judaizers and anti-Trinitarians. 2. Non-covetous people and Josephites (covetous people). IV Internal structure and state of the Church in the 15th century.

Concepts of the lecture: Heresy (in the translation - a chosen way of thinking) is a religious trend that deviates from official church doctrine and causes condemnation, excommunication and repression from the Church and secular authorities. Asceticism is an extreme degree of abstinence, renunciation of the blessings of life. The Creed is a brief statement of the tenets of Christianity that every believer should know. Hesychasts are adherents of the mystical doctrine of hesychia - inner peace, detachment as a way of spiritual ascent to God. Autocephaly (literally) – independence. ROC – Russian Orthodox Church. Trade execution is a type of criminal punishment that consisted of public whipping in the marketplace and other public places. Charity is the provision of material assistance to the poor out of mercy.

I Russian Orthodox Church at the beginning of the 15th century: 1. The Church under the Mongol yoke. A. V. Kartashev: “The catastrophe of the Mongol yoke defined the boundary between the Kyiv and Moscow periods of the history of the Russian Orthodox Church” - the Russian Orthodox Church receives legal and economic benefits from the Golden Horde - the lands and lands of the Church, church property were recognized as inviolable. 1229 (1309) – Kiev Metropolitan Maxim moves his residence to Vladimir-on-Klyazma. 1328 (1326) – transfer of the department of Kyiv metropolitans from Vladimir to Moscow.

II Church during the period of centralization of the state: 1448 - Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, election of Jonah as metropolitan - division of the Russian Orthodox Church into metropolitanates: Kyiv and Moscow - official proclamation of autocephaly of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Strigolnichestvo The founder is (according to legend) the artisan Karp. Distribution since the middle of the 14th century. Centers: Moscow, Pskov, Novgorod... The teaching of the Strigolniks practically freed a person from the obligation of official, legalized rituals, turning his religious views into a private, personal matter for everyone. The ideal was the church of apostolic times. They stood for the dignity of man, his right to be a teacher of faith in life, regardless of belonging to the clergy... They did not recognize the essence of confession. They rejected the dogma of the “afterlife.” In general, this movement is characterized as urban, expressing the interests of the people.

Judaizers: Formation of the movement at the end of the 15th century. The founder is the Kyiv Jew Skhariya. The teaching came to Novgorod from Lithuania. Based on criticism of eschatological ideas and practices of the Novgorod church. “The heretics were strict monotheists and rejected all objects of worship that at least indirectly reminded of polytheism - icons, relics, crosses” N.M. Nikolsky.

14 Money-grubbers (Josephites) Ideologist Igumen of the Volokolamsk Monastery Joseph(). The teaching presupposed strict social life, no property, compulsory labor and refusal of the most necessary things in everyday life. At the same time, he was convinced that monasteries should serve as centers of education, charity, spiritual and moral influence in society.