Question: Help please! 1. Formulate the geographical consequences of the Earth's rotation: ??) around its axis; b) around the sun. 2. Why does the Sun illuminate the Earth differently throughout the year? 3. Do you think that day is always equal to night at the equator? Does this happen at the poles? 4. Where on Earth is day always equal to night, and the Sun is at its zenith twice a year? 5. The highest position of the Sun on the horizon is called: a) the zenith; b) the equator; c) the tropic. 6. Complete the sentence:<<Угол падения солнечных лучей и высота Солнца на горизонтом уменьшаются,если...>>

Help me please! 1. Formulate the geographical consequences of the Earth's rotation: ??) around its axis; b) around the sun. 2. Why does the Sun illuminate the Earth differently throughout the year? 3. Do you think that day is always equal to night at the equator? Does this happen at the poles? 4. Where on Earth is day always equal to night, and the Sun is at its zenith twice a year? 5. The highest position of the Sun on the horizon is called: a) the zenith; b) the equator; c) the tropic. 6. Complete the sentence:<<Угол падения солнечных лучей и высота Солнца на горизонтом уменьшаются,если...>> 7. Which statement is true? 1) The change of day and night is a consequence of the inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of the orbit. 2) In the polar circles, the Sun is below the horizon for six months. 3) At the moment of the summer solstice, the rays of the Sun at noon fall vertically on the Northern Tropic. 4) Only twice a year the North and South poles of the Earth are illuminated by the Sun in the same way.

Answers:

1. A. 2. Because the Earth rotates around its axis and the rays of the sun do not feed evenly. 3. Yes, always. Yes, sometimes. 4. I don’t know. 5. A. 6. I don’t know. 7.4.

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Question 1. In what movements does the Earth participate?

The earth participates in several types of movements:

1) Movement with the solar system around the center of the Galaxy. One revolution is a galactic year (230 or 280 million years).

2) Movement around the Sun in an elliptical orbit close to a circle with a radius of about 149.6 million km. The circulation period is a year. The orbital plane is called the ecliptic plane.

3) The rotation of the Earth around its axis is one revolution per day.

Question 2. What are the consequences of the Earth's movements?

The rotation of the Earth around its axis has several consequences: the change of day and night, the flattening of the Earth at the poles, a more uniform heating of the planet's surface.

Question 3. What is a globe?

Globe - a three-dimensional model of the Earth or another planet, as well as a model of the celestial sphere (celestial globe). Unlike maps, the globe has no distortions or breaks, so the globe is convenient for getting a general idea of ​​the location of continents and oceans.

Question 4. What are the seasons?

There are 4 seasons: Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn.

Question 5. What is the reason for the presence of seasons on Earth?

The consequence of the movement of the Earth around the Sun, the inclination of the Earth's axis of rotation to the plane of the orbit and the constancy of this inclination is the regular change of the seasons on the Earth.

Question 6. What is the angle formed by the earth's axis with the plane of the Earth's orbital motion?

The angle formed by the earth's axis with the plane of the Earth's orbital motion is 66.5 degrees.

Question 7. What are the dates of the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes, summer and winter solstices.

The vernal equinox is March 21, the autumn equinox is September 23. The summer solstice is June 22, the winter solstice is December 22.

Question 8. Why does the Sun illuminate the Earth in different ways throughout the year?

The axis of rotation of the Earth is slightly tilted to the plane of the Earth's orbit. To be precise, the angle formed by the earth's axis and the plane of the orbit is 66.5. The axis of rotation of the Earth has a definite and constant tilt. With the annual motion of our planet around the Sun, the Earth turns to the Sun with either the Northern or Southern hemispheres.

Question 9. Why does the seasons change?

With the annual movement of our planet around the Sun, the Earth turns to the Sun with either the Northern or Southern hemispheres. In the summer months (June-August), the Northern Hemisphere is turned to the Sun more strongly than the Southern. These months are summer in the Northern Hemisphere and winter in the Southern Hemisphere. Because during these months the Southern Hemisphere seems to have turned away from the Sun and receives much less light and heat.

Question 10. In what month is the New Year in Australia?

Question 11. When is day equal to night in the Northern Hemisphere? In the South?

Days when the Sun illuminates both hemispheres in exactly the same way, when the length of day and night is the same in both hemispheres, are called equinox days: September 23 is the autumn equinox day, and March 21 is the vernal equinox day.

Question 12. When is spring in Russia, what time of year will it be in southern Africa?

It will be autumn in southern Africa.

Question 13. When we have summer, what time of year will it be in Canada?

In Canada, as well as we will have summer.

Question 14. What determines the angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the earth's surface?

The angle of incidence of sunlight on the earth's surface depends on the geographical latitude, on the terrain and on the season.

Question 15. Why do the sun's rays falling on the earth's surface at different angles bring different amounts of light and heat?

The lower the Sun is above the horizon, the smaller the angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the Earth's surface. The smaller the angle of incidence of the rays, the less solar energy - light and heat - per unit area of ​​the Earth's surface.

Question 16. The Patriotic War of 1812 began on June 24, and the Great Patriotic War on June 22. Why do you think these two wars began on almost the same day?

Because those days were the beginning of summer, and the longest daylight hours in the Northern Hemisphere fall on June 22nd. These circumstances are conducive to the conduct of hostilities.

On a hot summer day, when the weather is clear outside and we are exhausted from the high temperature, we often hear the phrase "the sun is at its zenith." In our understanding, we are talking about the fact that the heavenly body is at the highest point and warms the maximum, one might even say, scorches the earth. Let's try to plunge a little into astronomy and understand in more detail this expression and how true our understanding of this statement is.

Earth parallels

Even from the school curriculum, we know that on our planet there are so-called parallels, which are invisible (imaginary) lines. Their existence is due to the elementary laws of geometry and physics, and knowledge of where these parallels came from is necessary in order to understand the entire course of geography. It is customary to highlight the three most important lines - the equator, the polar circle and the tropics.

Equator

It is customary to call the equator an invisible (conditional) line dividing our Earth into two identical hemispheres - the Southern and Northern. It has long been known that the Earth does not stand on three whales, as was believed in ancient times, but has a spherical shape and, in addition to moving around the Sun, rotates around its axis. So it turns out that on Earth, which has a length of about 40 thousand km, is the equator. In principle, from a mathematical point of view, everything is clear here, but does it matter for geography? And here, upon closer examination, it turns out that the part of the planet located between the tropics receives the most solar heat and light. This is due to the fact that this area of ​​the Earth is always turned towards the Sun, so the rays fall here almost vertically. From this it follows that the highest air temperature is observed in the equatorial parts of the planet, and the air masses saturated with moisture create strong evaporation. The sun is at its zenith at the equator twice a year, that is, it shines absolutely vertically downward. For example, such a phenomenon never occurs in Russia.

Tropics

There are Southern and Northern tropics on the globe. It is noteworthy that the sun at its zenith is here only once a year - on the day of the solstice. When the so-called winter solstice occurs - December 22, the Southern Hemisphere turns out to be maximally turned towards the Sun, and on June 22 - vice versa.

Sometimes the Southern one is named after the zodiacal constellation that is on the path of the Sun these days. So, for example, the South is conventionally called the Tropic of Capricorn, and the North is called Cancer (December and June, respectively).

Polar circles

The polar circle is considered to be a parallel, above which such a phenomenon as polar night or day is observed. The location of the latitude at which the polar circles are located also has a completely mathematical explanation, it is 90 ° minus the tilt of the planet's axis. For the Earth, this value of the polar circles is 66.5 °. Unfortunately, inhabitants of temperate latitudes cannot observe these phenomena. But the sun is at its zenith on the parallel corresponding to the polar circle, the event is absolutely natural.

Well-known facts

The Earth does not stand still and, in addition to moving around the Sun, rotates around its axis every day. Throughout the year, we observe how the length of the day changes, the air temperature outside the window, and the most attentive can note the change in the position of the stars in the sky. In 364, it travels a full path around the Sun.

Day and night

When it is dark in our country, that is, it indicates that the Sun illuminates the other hemisphere at a given time. A completely logical question arises as to why the day is not equal to the length of the night. The point is that the plane of the trajectory is not at right angles to the earth's axis. Indeed, in this case, we would not have seasons in which the ratio of the length of day and night changes.

In the 20th of March, it tilts towards the Sun.Then at about noon on the equator line, we can absolutely definitely say that the sun is at its zenith. This is followed by days when a similar phenomenon is observed in more northern points. Already on June 22, the sun is at its zenith on the Tropic of Cancer, on this day it is considered the middle of summer and has a maximum longitude. For us, the most familiar definition is the phenomenon of the solstice.

Interestingly, after this day, everything happens anew, only in the reverse order, and continues until the moment when on the equator line at noon the sun is again at its zenith - this happens on September 23. At this time, the middle of summer comes in the southern hemisphere.

It follows from all this that when the sun is at its zenith at the equator, the duration of the night is 12 hours throughout the entire globe, the same length of time is equal to the day. We used to call this phenomenon the day of the autumn or spring equinox.

Despite the fact that we have figured out the correct explanation of the concept of "the sun at its zenith", we will still be more familiar with the wording, which implies simply finding the sun as high as possible on a given day.

Is the Sun exactly in the South at 12 noon?

At noon, the Sun reaches its highest position in the south. When it is at this point, the true local time is said to be 12 o'clock. At this moment, the shadow from the vertically standing pillar is the shortest. Unfortunately, due to the uneven movement of the Earth in its orbit, the Sun moves across the sky also not quite evenly. Therefore, it does not appear exactly south every 24 hours.

In order for the timing to be independent of the "whims" of the true Sun, astronomers invented the "average Sun" moving uniformly. It exists, of course, only on paper. When the "average sun" reaches its highest position in the south, it is considered 12:00 local average time. The difference between true and local mean time is called the equation of time. It changes throughout the year from -14.3 to +16.3 minutes.

But there is another problem. For example, when the Sun is at its highest point in Hamburg, in Berlin it has already passed it, and in Bremen it has not yet reached this position. Thus, the average local time in the three cities would be different. However, this is very inconvenient for transport and other services. In Central Europe, all people live according to Central European time, which does not correspond to the true position of the Sun in the sky.

But the governments of several countries have agreed that CET will be the mean solar time at 15 degrees East. In the summer, another hour is added to this time to lengthen the morning hours and shorten the evening. This is already the so-called summer time. Therefore, in the summer in areas of Europe, living according to this schedule, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky at about 13 hours. The same is happening on the territory of Russia.

Quite recently I went to buy myself a winter wardrobe, because very soon The sun will stop heating that part of the earth where I live. But why is this happening, every year more than half of humanity experiences serious climatic changes, there comes heat, then cold, then mild weather reigns in their region. For many, the favorite season is spring, because it is not too hot yet, but there are no subzero temperatures either. This state of affairs is due to the fact that planet Earth for 365 days does not stand still, but rotates around its axis and the luminary in a certain orbit.

Because of what the sun shines differently throughout the year

Sunlight hitting Earth will never be the same since the planet in outer space is not exactly, and at a slope in 23 degrees... This is the first reason for this circumstance, because depending on the position of the Earth at a particular moment, photons cannot reach the South and North poles equally, but at the equator, the weather is always warm, but here there is a second very important factor.

It lies in the fact that the orbit of the planet is not round, but oval, therefore, at different periods of passage through it, the Earth is either closer to the luminary, or moves away from it. In addition to all this, our planet revolves around its axis for 24 hours, and therefore, each hemisphere turns away from the rays of the sun and there night falls.

Why does the earth rotate

Despite the fact that the Universe is huge, everything in it is arranged very subtly and harmoniously. All space objects interact with each other through gravitational attraction, which is due to constant rotation of the earth around the sun, since the mass of the star is greater, respectively, the force gravitation is many times stronger.

Nature thought out everything thoroughly, because if photons always warmed only, for example, one side of the planet, or its angle of inclination was higher, there would be no balance... Some celestial bodies suffer from such an imbalance, on one side of them there may be an extraordinary heat, and the other at this moment freezes and becomes covered with ice. So, to summarize, it should be noted three reasons uneven lighting throughout the year, namely:

1. The tilt of the earth's axis.
2. Oval orbit.
3. Daily rotation.

As it turned out, everything is quite simple and straightforward.