Natural geographic location. The natural and geographical position of the Yegoryevsky district. Fuel and energy complex: composition, importance in the economy, development problems. Fuel and energy complex and environmental problems

Natural geographic location. The natural and geographical position of the Yegoryevsky district. Fuel and energy complex: composition, importance in the economy, development problems. Fuel and energy complex and environmental problems

10.02.2021 Design and interior

Geographical position

Turkey is located in the eastern hemisphere, between 25o 40 / and 44o 48 / east. 35о 51 / and 42о 06 / s.sh. Its area (including internal water reservoirs) is 779452 sq. Km. The main part of the territory of Turkey - 97% - is located in Asia and only 3% - in Europe. The geographical feature of Turkey is its location at the crossroads of important routes, since antiquity connecting Europe with Asia, the Black Sea countries and peoples with the Mediterranean. Nowadays, highways and railways run through the territory of Turkey, connecting Europe with many Asian countries. The maximum length of the Turkish territory from west to east is 1600 km, from north to south is 600 km. Those. on three sides, washed by the seas: in the north by the Black Sea, in the west by the Aegean, in the south by the Mediterranean. The European and Asian parts of Turkey are separated from each other by a water system that forms a sea passage from the Black Sea to the Aegean and includes the Sea of \u200b\u200bMarmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles. In the southern part of the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn of the Sea of \u200b\u200bMarmara, is one of the most beautiful cities in the world and the largest city in Turkey - Istanbul.

Natural and ecological conditions of the territory

Turkey is a mountainous country. The average height of its territory above sea level is 1132 m. Almost the entire territory of Asian Turkey is occupied by the Asia Minor Highlands, which includes high mountain ranges dissected by specific and crowned with powerful peaks, extensive dry highlands and plateaus. There are few low-lying plains in the country; they are located on separate sections of the sea coasts, as a rule, at river mouths.

MINERALS

There are more than 100 types of minerals on the territory of Turkey. The country has many types of ore, mining and chemical, fuel and energy raw materials. First of all, we should mention - chrome, tungsten, copper ores, borates, marble, coal, etc. Turkey accounts for 25% of the world's mercury reserves. Turkey has huge fuel and energy resources - oil, uranium, brown coal, coal. On the territory of Turkey there are such rocks as: asbestos, marble, borates, sulfur.

The territory of Turkey is located within the Mediterranean subtropical climatic zone. However, the mountainous, highly dissected relief, very difficult conditions for air circulation, the presence of climatic zonation - all this determined a wide variety of climatic regions. In the interior highlands, the climate is continental. Precipitation prevails in the steppe up to 500 mm per year.

RIVER SYSTEM AND LAKES

The territory of Turkey, with the exception of the Kanian Plain, is covered with a dense river network. But all rivers are mountainous, abound with waterfalls, rapids and therefore unnavigable. The high speed of the current makes them almost non-freezing, even in high-mountainous regions. Main rivers: Euphrates (2800 km), Tigris (1900 km), Kyzyl-Irmak (1355 km), Sakarya (824 km).

About 9.2 thousand sq. km. The areas of Turkey are occupied by lakes: Crater, karst, lagoon, tectonic, dam-volcanic. The largest Van (3713 sq. Km.) - salty, wasteless, Tuz (1500 sq. Km.) - salty.

VEGETATION AND ANIMAL WORLD

The flora of Turkey, which includes about 6,700 plant species, is rich and varied. Two large vegetation zones can be distinguished - the coastal zone and the inner zone. The coastal part of the coastal zone is mainly a cultural zone, i.e. arable land, orchards, orchards. Behind it is an area of \u200b\u200bforests and shrubs.

The fauna of Turkey is characterized by an abundance of desert-steppe and mountain species. In the mountain forests there are red deer, fallow deer, roe deer, wild boar, leopard, bear, badger. The treeless mountains are characterized by bezoar goat and mouflon. The steppe lynx and jackals live on the plateaus. Such widespread species of animals as wolf, fox, hare, in Asia Minor have local subspecies. There are many steppe rodents and reptiles.

The typical world is very diverse. Large birds of prey include eagles, vultures, sarash, kites, hawks. There are white aleta. Thrushes, woodpeckers, cuckoos, larks, tits, salt swallows. Cranes, herons, geese, ducks, lapwings, seagulls.

Ichthyofauna is represented by a wide variety of fish species found in the sea basins of Turkey. These are mainly mullet, mackerel, herring, sturgeon, etc.

Natural and economic region Central Russia is called so not for location, but for historical reasons. Here the Russian centralized state was born and the capital of Russia - Moscow is located.

Typical area characteristics plan

The composition of the region.
Physical and economic-geographical location of the region.
Features of nature and natural resources of the region.
The history of the development of the territory and the formation of the economic complex.
Population and labor resources.
Household.
Territorial structure of settlement and economy.
Main problems and prospects.

The area of \u200b\u200bCentral Russia is more than 900 thousand km² or 5% of the territory of Russia.

The region includes three large subdistricts: Central, Central Chernozem, Volgo-Vyatsky.
These are 19 regions (Bryansk, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl, as well as Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod, Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov), 3 republics (Mari El , Mordovia and the Chuvash Republic) and the city of Moscow.

Economic and geographical location- this is the position of an object in relation to other objects of economic importance.

1. First of all, consider the position of the region on the territory of the state. To do this, we will use the administrative map of Russia. The map shows that Central Russia is located in the west of the country and occupies a border position. Its western borders run along the state border of Russia.

2. The economic environment of the region consists of: Ukraine and the Republic of Belarus, with which Central Russia borders in the west. In the north-west, north-east and south, other economic regions are the neighbors of Central Russia. In the north and north-west, the Northern and North-Western natural and economic regions, in the east the Volga and Ural regions, in the south the North Caucasus region.

3. Central Russia is also well located in relation to the country's large fuel and energy and raw material bases. On the territory of the Northern region there are large reserves of coal, oil, gas, iron ores, non-ferrous metal ores and apatite. In the Volga region there are large reserves of oil, in the Urals ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, salts, natural gas, the North Caucasus region has reserves of tungsten-molybdenum and lead-zinc ores. In the sedimentary rocks of the Ciscaucasian trough, there are oil and gas deposits.

4. Central Russia also has a convenient transport and geographical position, that is, a position on the transport routes connecting the territory with the main sources of raw materials, energy, food, and sales markets. The region is located at the intersection of major transport routes. These are oil pipelines, gas pipelines, railways and highways. The main waterway of Russia runs from north to south along the Volga River (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Single waterway

The only drawback is the lack of access to the sea.

5. The EGP of the territory changes over time. This is mainly due to the economic changes that are taking place in the neighboring territories. Over time, EGP can improve or worsen.

Having considered the EGP of Central Russia, we draw a conclusion. The EGP of the region is beneficial and contributes to the economic development of the region, since the region occupies a central position, the capital of Russia is located on its territory, it has good transport facilities, the territories adjacent to the region have large reserves of natural resources.

Central Russia is located in the center of the East European Plain, therefore flat relief prevails here. Lowlands alternate with highlands.

The climate is temperate, temperate continental with relatively mild winters and warm summers. The amount of precipitation is from 400 to 600 mm, the average temperatures in January are -10 °… -12 °, in July - + 17 °… + 18 °.

Very cold winters are typical only for the Volgo-Vyatka region (Fig. 2), in the southeast of the region there are frequent droughts, and the northeastern part of the region is waterlogged and swampy.

Fig. 2. Winter

The richest soils, chernozem soils (Fig. 3), are located in the Central Chernozem region, but sod-podzolic soils prevail in most of the region, and gray forest soils are often found. These types of soils have a fairly high fertility and, in combination with the climate, create conditions for the development of agriculture.

Fig. 3. Chernozem soils

Most of the region is located in the mixed forest zone, in the south there are broad-leaved forests and forest-steppe, and in the northeast lies the taiga.

But the availability of forest resources, especially per capita, is low.

Central Russia is not rich in minerals. The northeastern part is part of the Volga-Ural oil and gas basin, but production volumes here are insignificant. The main resources of the region are concentrated in the Central Black Earth Region: iron ore reserves of the KMA (60% of the iron ore raw materials in Russia) and very large deposits of limestone and raw materials for the production of cement. On the territory of the region there are deposits of brown coal, peat, phosphorites, mineral construction raw materials. But most of the raw materials needed for the region are imported from other states and regions of the country.

The recreational resources of the region are varied, but not yet fully developed.

The main types of recreational activities in the region include:

Excursions and tourism
Spa treatment
Organization of recreation sites for the population

In Central Russia there are 12 state nature reserves, 2 biosphere reserves (Central Chernozem and Voronezh), 9 national parks. Conditions are created here for the preservation of natural landscapes (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Voronezh reserve: desman

The long history of the Russian state is captured in numerous cultural and historical monuments. A number of cultural and historical sites are included in the list of world natural and cultural heritage sites: Red Square and the Moscow Kremlin, monuments of the Vladimir-Suzdal land (Fig. 5). Many cities combine historical, cultural and natural landscape attractions.

Fig. 5. Suzdal

List of references

The main

E.A. Customs Geography of Russia: economy and regions: grade 9, textbook for students of educational institutions. - M .: Ventana-Graf, 2011.
Fromberg A.E. Economic and social geography. - 2011, 416 p.
Atlas of Economic Geography, Grade 9. - Bustard, 2012.
Geography. The entire course of the school curriculum in diagrams and tables. - 2007, 127 p.
Geography. Pupil's reference book. Compiled by Mayorova T.A. - 1996, 576 p.
Cheat sheet on economic geography. For schoolchildren, applicants. - 2003, 96 p.

Additional

Gladkiy Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic Geography of Russia: Textbook - M .: Gardariki, 2000 - 752 pp., Ill.
Rodionova I.A., Textbook on geography. Economic geography of Russia. - M .: Moscow Lyceum, 2001 .-- 189 p.
Smetanin S. I., Konotopov M. V. History of ferrous metallurgy of Russia. - M .: "Paleotype", 2002.
Economic and Social Geography of Russia: Textbook for Universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M .: Bustard, 2001 .-- 672 p .: ill., Maps .: color. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

Geography of Russia. Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin. - M .: Bol. Grew up. ents., 1998. - 800 p .: ill., maps.
Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Statistical collection / Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2002 .-- 690 p.
Russia in numbers. 2011: Brief statistics collection / Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2003 .-- 398 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam

GIA-2013. Geography: typical examination options: 10 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: "National Education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI - school)
GIA-2013. Geography: thematic and typical examination options: 25 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: "National Education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI - school)
GIA-2013. Exam in a new form. Geography. Grade 9 / FIPI authors-compilers: E.M. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M .: Astrel, 2012.
Excellent student of the exam. Geography. Solving complex problems / FIPI authors-compilers: Ambartsumova E.M., Dyukova S.E., Pyatunin V.B. - M .: Intellect-Center, 2012.

Electronic educational resources

Educational multimedia guide 1 С Educational collection Geography of Russia. Economy and regions grade 9
Educational multimedia manual “Geography lessons by Cyril and Methodius. Grades 8 and 9 "

Russian Geographical Society ().
Wildlife of Russia. Caucasus ().
Wildlife of Russia. Ural ().
Wildlife of Russia. Primordial valleys ().

I. Epishin In the upper Volga (N4 / 2012)
E. Chervyakova In the Volga delta (N3 / 2011)

Introduction ……………… .. ………………………………………………… .... 3-4

Chapter 1. Socio-economic situation in Megino-Kangalassky region

1.1. Natural and geographical position and population of the region ... ... ... .. ... ..5-8

1.2. Cultural and historical features of the area ………………………… 8-10

Chapter 2. Economic characteristics and current trends in tourism development in Megino-Kangalassky region …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2.1. Zoning and SWOT analysis of the Megino-Kangalassky district of the region ……………………………………………………………………… 11-16

Conclusion ……………………………………………………… ... ………… 20-21

Bibliography …………………………………………………… ... ………… 21-23

Introduction

In the modern world, tourism is one of the most interesting forms of leisure that plays an important role in expanding and enriching the spiritual culture and erudition of a person. In addition, this type of recreation is an important highly profitable sector of the world economy, which for many countries is a priority source of income.

In the context of growing globalization, tourism development is of priority interest and great prospects for Yakutia. At present, systematic work on the development of rural tourism is not being carried out.

Purpose of the study - tourist zoning of the Megino-Kangalassky region to develop recommendations for optimizing the functioning of the main types of tourist activities.

To achieve this goal, the following are put forward tasks:

1. Consider the scientific and theoretical foundations of tourism;

2. Describe the Megino-Kangalassky ulus;

3. To study the socio-economic situation of the Megino-Kangalassky region;

4. Conduct zoning and SWOT-analysis of Megino-Kangalassky region;

Object of study: Tourism in Megino-Kangalassky area.

Subject of study: Development of tourism in the Megino-Kangalassky region.

In order to study the recreational potential of the Megino-Kangalassky region, in this study, the following methods were applied:

Quantitative and qualitative methods of collecting material

Zoning

SWOT analysis

At the end of the work done, we will offer recommendations for the development of tourism in the Megino-Kangalassky region.

Chapter 1. Socio-economic situation in Megino-Kangalassky region

Natural and geographical location and population of the area

Megino-Kangalassky ulus is located in Central Yakutia. The main part of the territory is occupied by the Central Yakutsk Plain, in the south the Prilenskoe Plateau. The relief is flat. The modern valley of the Lena River within the ulus is represented by a narrow strip dividing the territory into two terraces and a floodplain. Most of the ulus is occupied by the Alass subdistrict. Typical taiga-alas landscapes are characteristic here.

The area is 11.7 thousand km². It borders in the north with Ust-Aldansky ulus, in the northeast - with Churapchinsky, in the southeast - with Amginsky, in the southwest - with Khangalassky, in the west - with the urban district of Yakutsk. This is the smallest ulus in the Republic of Sakha. Its area is more than 27 times smaller than the largest ulus in the republic - Olenek ulus, but at the same time the area of \u200b\u200bthe ulus is comparable to the area of \u200b\u200bIsrael.

Megino-Kangalassky ulus, being one of the smallest districts of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in terms of territory (11.7 thousand km2), nevertheless, in terms of population it is a relatively large ulus and occupies the 5th place in the republic out of 34 districts (see Appendix 1). It accounts for 3.3% of the population of Yakutia. The average age of the population is 30.1 years.

Ulus is located in the Central Yakutsk lowland; the southern part is on the Prilenskoye plateau. The western border of the ulus runs along the branches of the Lena River. There are 3 plains on the territory of the ulus: Mayinskaya, Nyoryuktyay, Tyungyulyunskaya. There are many lakes on the territory of the ulus - Tyungulu, Balyktakh. Also Abalakh, a lake with medicinal mud. The main waterway of great economic importance is the Lena River, which washes the northwestern and western borders. From east to west, the territory of the ulus is crossed by the Lena tributaries: Suola, Myla, Tamm. Ulus lakes are also of great economic importance, being almost the only source of drinking water.

Administrative center - the village of Nizhny Bestyakh

Natural conditions. The taiga type predominates with the domination of light coniferous forests from the Cajander larch, in places pine. Middle taiga forests are characterized by greater density and high productivity (timber reserves are 4-5 times higher). Larch forests prevail. On dry soils, larch forests - lingonberry forb, forb limnas, lingonberry green moss, grow, and on moist soils - lingonberry-blueberry-ledum green moss and sphagnum. Pine forests grow on drier soils of light texture with a predominance of taloknyankovy, lichen, and shrub green moss types. On richer and more humid soils, strips of lingonberry-green moss spruce forests grow.

From herbaceous plants, Kuvaeva's dandelion, smoothed iris, spring adonis, large-flowered larkspur, Veronica daurskaya, spotted slipper, Fuchs palm-root, single-tuberous leaf, Yakut thermopsis, in some places - Pennsylvanian lily, water lily tetrahedral, in some places grows everywhere.

From berry plants grow everywhere - lingonberry, red and black currant, strawberry, blueberry, bearberry, in some places - raspberry, blackberry.

The fauna on the territory of Megino-Kangalassky ulus is quite diverse. The teriofauna of the Megino-Kangalassky ulus includes 32 species of mammals; the avifauna includes 149 species of birds, of which 116 nest (including 23 sedentary) and 33 are found on migration. Among the birds listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), there are the American goose, Lesser White-fronted Goose, Bean Goose, Whooper Swan, Lesser Swan and Kloktun.

Specially protected natural areas. The creation and operation of specially protected natural areas (PAs) in Russia is regulated by the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Areas” (1995). According to the law, "specially protected natural areas are areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health-improving significance, which are completely removed by decisions of state authorities. partly from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established. Specially protected natural areas belong to the objects of the national heritage. "

At present, 6 natural parks and 78 resource reserves of republican significance have been created in Yakutia.

Of these, in Megino-Kangalassky ulus, specially protected natural areas of republican significance (Ytyk kere sirder) include:

1.Resource reserve (Ereyi Sirder) "Tamm"

2. Protected landscapes (Uluu tyelbeler) "Abalakh"

3. unique lake "Abalakh"

4. unique lake "Tyungulu"

5. Natural monument (Aiyl5a meңelere) "Eryuyu"

6. Natural monument (Aiyl5a meңelere) "Muostakh taryn"

7. Natural monument (Aiyl5a meңelere) "Sullar"

Thus, on the territory of the Megino-Kangalassky region, there is a huge number of specially protected natural areas, beautiful landscapes, which in the future may become the basis for the development of new tourist routes.

Natural-geographical (physical-geographical) position - this position is relative to natural objects: continents, oceans and seas, large mountain systems, borders.

Russia is the largest state in the world, washed by the waters of three oceans: the Arctic - in the north, the Atlantic - in the west. Quiet - in the east and has the longest coastline among the states of the world, and also has access to 12 seas and 1 sea-lake Caspian.

The territory of Russia covers an area of \u200b\u200babout 17.1 million square kilometers. Russia is located on the continent of Eurasia. It occupies both the eastern and western parts of the continent. Mostly the territory of our country is located in the northern and northeastern regions of the mainland. About 30% of the territory of the Russian Federation is located in Europe, and about 70% in Asia.

Our country is located in the Northern Hemisphere, in two parts of the world, in the east of Europe and the north of Asia, i.e. occupies the northeastern part of the Eurasia continent.

The border between Europe and Asia runs along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains, then to the Caspian Sea along the Ural (Emba) River, from the Caspian Sea to the Azov Sea along the Kuma - the Manych depression and the Kerch Strait.

It should be emphasized that the peculiarities of the natural and geographical position of Russia significantly adversely affect the life and activities of its population.

In the north, the maritime borders of the Russian Federation are located along the seas belonging to the Arctic Ocean. In total, there are five seas in the north: the Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi seas.

The movement of ships across the expanses of these seas is difficult due to the drifting ice that is present in the Arctic seas all year round. The territory located from the northern coast of our country to the North Pole is our sector of the Arctic. Within this space, all islands (with the exception of a few islands in the Spitsbergen archipelago) belong to the Russian Federation.

In the eastern part of Russia, the borders are located along the waters of the Pacific Ocean and the seas of the Pacific basin. Japan and the United States are two states located very close to the maritime Far Eastern border of Russia. Russia is separated from the territories of Japan by the La Perouse Strait. It is located in the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan between Sakhalin Island and Hokkaido Island. In the west, the sea border is located in the waters of the Baltic Sea.

Through these expanses of water, Russia is connected with a number of European countries: Sweden, Poland, Germany and the Baltic states. The fact that sea transport in the Baltic Sea is well developed contributes to the establishment of strong economic relations. The southwestern maritime border of Russia is located in the waters of the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas. These water boundaries separate Russia from Ukraine, Georgia, Bulgaria, Turkey and Romania.

Thanks to the Black Sea, Russia has access to the Mediterranean Sea. Along with its long sea borders, Russia has a fairly large land border. The land border separates Russia from 14 countries and stretches for 1605 km. 990 km of the border falls on the Baltic countries, and 615 km on Azerbaijan and Georgia. Russia has land borders with China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Finland, Norway and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Outposts and customs are located along the border line. After the collapse of the USSR, the length of the border with Poland decreased. Currently, only the Kaliningrad region is associated with this Western European country. There have been changes in the border with China, it has decreased by half.

Any of the elements of the physical and geographical position (position in relation to the initial meridian, equator, sea, height above sea level, position in the composition of climatic, soil-vegetation and other zones, etc.) remains almost forever unchanged, and therefore their role in a possible change in the physical and geographical position of any area, it is absolutely passive.

Mathematical and geographical position of Russia

Mathematical and geographical position allows you to estimate the position of an object in the coordinate system and reference points of the planet, that is, in relation to the elements of the degree grid (to the equator and Greenwich meridian), to the poles of the Earth, to extreme geographic points.

Relative to the equator, Russia is located in the northern hemisphere, relatively to the prime meridian, most of it is in the eastern hemisphere, and only the extreme island eastern point has western coordinates.

In the north, the extreme mainland point of the country is Cape Chelyuskin, located on the Taimyr Peninsula. The extreme island point is Cape Fligeli, located on Rudolf Island in the Franz Josef Archipelago. The southern border of the mainland is a point located on the crest of the main Caucasian ridge. This site is the border of Dagestan and Azerbaijan.

In the west, the boundary point is the Sandy Spit of the Gulf of Gdansk, located in the waters of the Baltic Sea, not far from Kaliningrad. In the east, the extreme point related to the mainland is Cape Dezhnev. This cape is located in Chukotka. The most extreme point referring to the islands is located on the Ratmanov Island. This island is located in the Bering Sea, near the border with America.

The territory of Russia has a great length from west to east. As a consequence, there is a large time difference. There are 9 time zones in Russia. Division into time zones occurs in different ways depending on the size of the settlement. The boundaries of the time zones of the seas and areas with a low population density are determined by the meridians.

In areas with a high population density, these boundaries are determined by the administrative subjects of the federation. The borders of the Russian Federation stretch for 58 thousand km, of which 40 thousand belong to the sea borders. The water border is located at a distance of 22.7 km from the land.

The sea economic zone of Russia is located in the sea waters, stretching 370 km from the coast. The presence of courts of all states is allowed here, but only our country has the right to extract various natural resources. The Russian Federation belongs to a number of world maritime powers. The sea borders of our country run along the water basins of three oceans.

The Yegoryevsky District is located in the middle part of the Meshcherskaya Lowland, in a triangle between the large rivers - Moscow, Oka and Klyazma. The regional center - the city of Yegoryevsk - lies at 55 25 ′ north latitude and 39 east longitude, 110 km southeast of Moscow, on the way from the capital to Kasimov.
The city is connected by an electrified railway with Moscow through the station. Voskresensk and Kurovskaya, as well as bus communication with Moscow, Kolomna, Voskresensky, Shatura, Orekhovo-Zuev and settlements of their own and neighboring districts.
The population of the city is 76.2 thousand people, and together with the district - 108 thousand people. The territory of the district is 1740 sq. km.
The district borders in the west with Orekhovo-Zuevsky, in the north and east with Shatursky, in the southeast with Kolomensky and in the south with Voskresensky districts. The length of the territory from west to east is 65-70 km, and from north to south - 40 km.

The surface of the territory is mostly flat, with small hills reaching 140 meters above sea level. Only to the south of Yegoryevsk there are separate hills, rising to 168 and 214 m. These elevations make up a moraine island, formed millions of years ago, when the sea raged here, and the repeated glaciers brought sand and stones.
The lowest part of the territory is located near the river. Tsny and R. Ustan, here it drops to a level of 107 m. The soil in the region is mainly sandy, but in the southeast, significant areas are sod-podzolic with light loams, in the north, mostly swampy-podzolic. In some places there are significant clay inclusions, which makes it possible to use clay and sand for construction purposes. In the northern and eastern parts of the region there are significant deposits of peat - Chadlevskaya, Shaturskaya, Makarievskaya, and in the east Radovitskaya; peat has long been used by the population for heating houses and factories.
Since 1923, industrial production of peat extraction as a fuel for the Shaturskaya power plant has been established. In the southern part of the region there are industrial deposits of phosphorites, the mining of which began in 1925 with the construction of a phosphorite mine, which in 1962 was transferred to the Voskresensky region.
In the lowlands near the marshes, r. In Tsny, Poly and Rudenki, there are swamp ore nodules with an iron content of up to 20%. In the XVI century. near Shaturskaya and Senezhskaya, the Rat volost was formed, where kritsa - bog ore - was mined for the needs of the Moscow state.
The territory of the district is 55% covered with forests and shrubs. Conifers - pine, spruce - grow in the northwestern part of the region, in the southeast mainly birch, linden, aspen, and oak grow. In most of the region, the forests are young, their age does not exceed 60-80 years. Older forests are located only in the northeastern part, near the villages of Bolshoye Gridino, Kovrevo, Frolkovo, Pyrkovo, where the Fishing Route existed since ancient times, that is, the inhabitants were engaged in the fur trade: foxes, martens, squirrels, beavers were hunted. The forest was not cleared here, as it was in the middle part of the county, forests were preserved here, supplying construction timber. There were "islands" with a tall ship forest, suitable for the construction of river vessels, ferries. From here it was floated along the river. Tsne to the shipyard in the village. Dedinov. At this shipyard in 1669, under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the first Russian warship "Eagle" was built. The legend has survived that the first boat of Peter I was built from our forest. In honor of the mighty, high forest, the villages of Vysheles and Tugoles have been named since ancient times.
In the XVII century. by order of the Moscow tsars, oak runners for the royal sleighs were made here. In the area with. Trinity, in the Bastanovo wasteland, preserved several mighty oak trees in three human girths, which are at least 500 years old. The forests are rich in mushrooms, berries, and medicinal plants. In the thickets of the spruce forest there is an abundance of blueberries, in the glades in the copses there are a lot of strawberries, in the swamps there are cranberries; porcini mushrooms, aspen mushrooms grow; Camelina mushrooms are especially beautiful in pine forests, and white milk mushrooms in hazel forests. In many places, the lily of the valley, snowdrop, club-shaped sycamore, and snow-white water lily have been preserved.
The fauna is rich - moose, wild boars, foxes, hares, squirrels, raccoons, martens are found, but beavers, ermines, and desman are less and less common. In recent years, many wolves have appeared in the forests, which cause significant damage to forest inhabitants. Lynx appears occasionally. From birds nesting wood grouses, black grouse, hazel grouses. In remote places, in swamps, there are osprey and white-tailed eagle, listed in the Red Book.
Due to the use of natural gas, which has come to many rural settlements, the need for firewood has decreased. Many areas began to get littered, overgrown with grass, raspberries, bushes, and many fallen trees appeared.
On lakes, swamps, artificial reservoirs, waterfowl are found in abundance - various ducks, waders. For the nesting of gray herons, a reserve has been created on the left bank of the Tsna, near the village of Shalakhovo. Cranes and swans fly into reservoirs. Along the r. There is a spring migration of birds, including geese, which often stop for food in the fields near the villages of Stary Spas, Lelechi, Nikonovo.
The region is rich in numerous rivers, rivulets and springs. There are more than 60 of them, some of them have been known since the XIV-XVI centuries. Moraine island in the center of the region, stretching from south to north from v. Timshino to v. Znamensky at 40 km, formed four slopes from which the main rivers of the region flow down. The Tsna River, 104 km long, begins its course from the Goltina swamp 1 km west of the villages of Drankovo \u200b\u200band Korobyata and flows eastward to the village. Toad, then makes a sharp turn south; the river absorbs on its way more than a dozen small rivers and rivulets: Lyubolova 16 km long, Peshurka - 6 km, Panyushen-ku - 8 km, Black - 12 km, Letovka - 27 km. Get tired - 26 km, entering the Oka basin with them. From the western slope of this island originates, south of the village. Hills, r. Guslitsa 36 km long. On the banks of this river is the city of Yegoryevsk. To the west of Yegoryevsk, Guslitsa flows from the left side Medvedka - 4 km, Terebenka - 6 km, Sosenka - 6 km, Desna - 15 km, and from the right bank of Votazhenka - 8 km long, Shuvoyka - 12 km, Selenka - 15 km. Guslitsa flows into the river. Nerskaya (formerly Merskaya), and that one to the Moscow River.
In the north of the island the river takes its source. Fields 90 km long, flowing into the river. Klyazma. The rivers Medvedka, Berezovka, Semislavka, Mezenka flow from the southern slope, each 12 to 15 km long. They are included in the Moskva River basin. Various fish are found in the rivers - pike, perch, roach, burbot, chub, carp, ide.
The flat character of the terrain is responsible for the slow flow of most rivers and the delayed flow of water after spring floods, during which large tracts of land are flooded, which leads to swamping of lowlands. Large swamps are located near the villages of Chadlevo, Denisikha, Bolshoye Gridino, pos. The leader of the Proletariat and in the east near the village. Radovitsy. Some marshes stretch for several kilometers. Overgrown with moss, they form swamps, moss. In the Radovitsky region, the swampy lakes Chernoe, Udemnoe, Shchuchye, Mikinskoe, Svyatoe have been preserved.
In the 1960s-1980s. state farms built dams on some rivers, creating artificial reservoirs, using water for economic needs - irrigation of vegetables, hayfields, pastures. Such reservoirs are created on the river. Lelechke near the village. Knyazheva, on the river. Sukhushka near the village of Dmitrovka, r. Ustan near the village of Ivanovskaya, r. Gvozdenke near the village of Novy Poselok, r. Kablovka near the village of Bereznyaki, r. Ramenke near the village of Karpovskaya, r. Mamaevka near the village of Nikonovo, r. Votazhenka near the village of Isaevskaya.
In the mid-1960s. on the river In Lyubolove, in the middle of the forest, 3 km east of Yegoryevsk, an extensive recreation area for townspeople with a large reservoir has been created. On the river Tsne in 1962 a fish farm "Tsna" was established with several artificial fishing ponds, where mainly carp are bred. In the 1970s-1980s. the fish farm supplied both Egorievsk and Moscow annually up to 2 thousand tons of live fish. Fishing enthusiasts find their true pleasure in fishing in many reservoirs.
The presence of numerous swamps, lakes, rivers, artificial reservoirs creates a mild and humid climate favorable for the cultivation of various agricultural crops and the collection of a good harvest of potatoes, vegetables, and fruits. In the middle of the 19th century, the idea was widespread in literature that "the sandy soil resolutely opposes the growth of gardens." Now Yegor'evsk is buried in the gardens that encircle the city. Numerous horticultural associations and collectives have been created in the region, where rich harvests of apples, plums, currants, gooseberries are grown.
The average annual temperature in the area is + 3.5 °. The number of sunny days is 214, the height of the snow cover in winter reaches 35-40 cm. The snow lies for 140 days, the frost-free period lasts 130 days. Annual precipitation ranges from 600 to 650 mm.
The Yegoryevsky district is cut by numerous highways and railways of republican, regional and district significance. Through the territory of the region from the XII century. was one of the most ancient roads Moscow-Gorodets Meshcherskiy (Kasimov). This path from Moscow to the village. Guslitsy (Ilyinsky Pogost) was called the Moscow, and sometimes Kasimov tract. From s. Guslitsy to the village. Vysokogo - the Guslitskaya road, which passed along the villages of Bezzubovo, Ignatov, Ef-Removskaya and turned into the village of Buzyaty. In with. High it entered from the west along Guslitskaya Street (Engels Street). Outside Vysokoe, to the east, the road went through the Krutinki churchyard, then through the village of Yurtsovo, Dvoyni, s. Vorontsovo went to the village. Knyazhev, after whom she was called Muromskaya. Near the village of Staryi Spas, a ferry across the river. Tsnu passed on rafts, the bridge was built only at the end of the 18th century. After Tsna, she turned to the village. Kupliam and further went along the right bank of the river. Letovka to the village. Nikolsky (Serednikovo). This road from the XII to XIV centuries. was the border between the Vladimir and Ryazan principalities. Since the beginning of the XIV century. land to r. Tsny passed into the jurisdiction of the Moscow principality. Before the construction of the bridge over Tsnu near the village. Zhabki at the end of the 19th century. the ferry across the river was ford, and with the construction of the bridge, the road straightened and the forest went out to the village of Alyoshin (now the Shatursky district), bypassing the village. Purchases and p. Letovka.
The same ancient road was from the village. High in the city of Kolomna, which began at the crossing over the river. Guslitsa along the Zarublenniy bridge and further went to the village of Kukshevo, and then went out into the dense forest to the village of Kukshevo. Sands and the city of Kolomna. Along this road in 1608 from Kolomna secretly passed the equestrian detachment of the Moscow governor Dmitry Pozharsky and defeated standing in the village. High Polish-Lithuanian detachment of interventionists.
Since the end of the 18th century. the most brisk was the road to Ryazan, Zaraysk, Dedinovo. Her path ran through the village. Hills, village Mikhali, Sergievsky pogost, village Kolychev, s. Trinity and along the river. Shchelenki reached the village. Nadeeva and entered the village. Dedinovo, where there was a ferry crossing to the right bank of the river. Oka, and then went out to Zaraisky, and from Lukhovitsy - to the Astrakhan tract.
The village of Vysokoe and the city of Yegoryevsk had old roads to Bronnitsy, Bogorodsk, Vladimir. Today, the busiest roads are the roads to Moscow, Kolomna, Voskresensk, Kurovskaya, Shatura.
Today, however, the growing pollution of most rivers darkens the mood of residents. In the rivers Guslitsa, Pole, Ustan, Shuvoyka there were almost no fish, crayfish disappeared, aquatic animals disappeared, birds do not nest. Pollution comes from many reasons, including the disorderly storage of mineral fertilizers near rivers, the runoff of fecal water from farms located near rivers, from urban and industrial sewage sewage. In terms of the level of pollution of water bodies, the region in the region occupies a solid fourth place out of seven classes, that is, the water in our rivers is recognized as polluted.
Another misfortune is approaching our area - the phosphorite-rich lands in the southern part of the district haunt the heads of the neighboring Voskresensky chemical plant, located 22 km south of Yegoryevsk, who are seeking permission from government organizations to extract phosphorites in our region. In their own, Voskresensky, district, they dug up large areas, brought down many forests, made numerous quarries, potholes, destroyed the top fertile layer of soil, turning out the infertile sand, polluted a significant area around their city with emissions from pipes of poisonous industrial precipitation, demolished several villages and now they are encroaching on ore deposits in our area. The Ecological Committee, created under the Yegoryevsk City Council and the district administration, residents of the district strongly protest against such a barbaric attitude to land, nature and do not give consent to the extraction of phosphorites in our region.