In this lesson, we will learn that the main members are distinguished in the sentence - the subject and the predicate. Subject and predicate form the grammatical basis of the sentence. We will learn to find the subject and predicate in a sentence and emphasize them.

Remember: subject names who or what is said in the sentence, and answers the questions "who?", "what?". When parsing a sentence, it is underlined with one line.

For instance: Schoolchildren read books... Who does the sentence refer to? About schoolchildren... Who - pupils- subject, underline with one line. What are the schoolchildren doing? Read... This is the second main member of the sentence - the predicate. It is underlined by two lines. Schoolchildren are reading books.

Remember: predicate- the main member of the proposal. Names what is said about the subject, answers questions what to do? what to do? When parsing a sentence, it is underlined by two lines.

We learned that the main members are distinguished in the sentence - the subject and the predicate. Subject and predicate form the grammatical basis of the sentence.

Rice. 4. The grammatical basis of the sentence ()

And now we will complete tasks that will help us consolidate the knowledge we have acquired.

Let's write out the grammatical basis of the sentences and emphasize the subject and predicate.

Spring has come. Ringing streams ran along the ground. Birds sang on the branches. The first blades of grass appeared on the thawed patches.

Let's check the correctness of this task.

Spring has come. The predicate has come, the subject is spring.

Brooks ran. Streams are the subject, and they ran - the predicate.

The birds began to sing. They sang - the predicate, the birds - the subject.

Blades of grass appeared. Appeared - predicate, blade of grass - subject.

Let's insert a subject that is suitable for the meaning.

The cold northern __________ is blowing. White _________ falls to the ground. In the forest, a fluffy ________ is jumping from branch to branch.

Insert words: squirrel, wind, snowflakes.

Let's check:

A cold north wind is blowing. White snowflakes fall to the ground. A fluffy squirrel is jumping from branch to branch in the forest.

We will make sentences from these words. We will find a grammatical basis in each sentence and emphasize it.

Crow, on, sitting, on a branch, black.

Gray, gnaws, carrot, hare, delicious.

Apples, on, ripe, apple tree, red.

Coat, hanging, hanger, on, baby.

One of the answer options:

A black crow sits on a branch.

Basis of the proposal: Crow sits .

The gray hare is gnawing a delicious carrot.

Basis of the proposal: Hare gnaws .

The red apples are ripe on the apple tree.

Basis of the proposal: The apples are ripe .

The baby's coat is hanging on a hanger.

Basis of the proposal: Coat hanging .

In the next lesson, we will learn which members of a sentence are called secondary, learn how to find them in a sentence, highlight them with an underline. Let's talk about common and uncommon proposals.

1. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M .: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M .: Balass.
3. Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M .: Bustard.

Member proposal- the syntactic function of words and phrases in sentences.

The main members of the proposal:

The subject- this is the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the bearer of the attribute (action, state, property) called the predicate. The subject can be expressed by the nominative case of the name, pronoun, infinitive. Answers the question who? what?:

Factory working. I AM doing. Friend sings. Seven one is not expected. To smoke harmful.

Predicate- This is the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting a sign (action, state, property) related to the carrier, which is expressed by the subject. The predicate is expressed by the conjugated form of the verb, infinitive, noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, phrase. Answers the questions what does (did, will do)? which?:

He is reading... Live - means to fight... Sister engineer... A son tall... Weather hot... She warmer, than yesterday. This book my... This lesson second... To study interesting... Studies plays a big role.

Minor members of the proposal:

Definition is a minor member of the proposal answering questions which? whose? which the? Definitions are divided into:

agreed definitions... They agree with the designated member in the form (case, number and gender in the singular), expressed by adjectives, participles, ordinal numbers, pronouns:

Large trees grow near paternal house. V our no class lagging behind students. He decides this task second hour.

inconsistent definitions... Does not match the designated member in the form. They are expressed by nouns in indirect cases, the comparative degree of adjectives, adverbs, infinitives:

The leaves rustled birch... He liked the evenings at grandma's house... Choose fabric with a picture more fun... Eggs were given for breakfast soft-boiled... Desire united them see.

Appendix- this is a definition (usually agreed), expressed by a noun (one or with dependent words): town- hero, students- uzbeks; We met Arkhip- blacksmith... The doctor has appeared, short man. Does not agree in the form with the defined word applications, expressed by nicknames, conventional names, placed in quotes or appended using words by name, by last name:

In the newspaper "Arguments and Facts" interesting reportage. He reads about Richard Lion Heart... I went hunting with a husky named Bonya.

Addition- this is a minor member of the sentence that answers questions of indirect cases ( whom? what? to whom? what? what? by whom? how? about whom? about what?). It is expressed by nouns, pronouns in indirect cases or noun phrases:

Father developed he has an interest in sports... Mother sent brother and sister for milk.

Circumstance- this is a minor member of the sentence, expressing the characteristics of the action, state, properties and answering questions as? how? where? where? where? why? why? etc. It is expressed by adverbs, nouns in indirect cases, gerunds, infinitives, phraseological units:

Far away loud the woodpecker pounded. The song sounds quieter... She said smiling... He rode out from Moscow to Kiev.

Homogeneous Sentence Members- these are the main or secondary members of the sentence that perform the same syntactic function (that is, they are the same members of the sentence: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances), answering the same question and pronounced with the enumeration intonation:

All the way neither he nor me did not speak. We sang and danced. Cheerful, joyful, happy laughter filled the room. She long, confused, but joyful shook his hand. Homogeneous definitions must be distinguished from heterogeneous ones that characterize the subject from different sides: in this case, there is no intonation of the enumeration and it is impossible to insert compositional conjunctions: Dug into the ground round hewn oak pillar.

Introductory words and sentences- words and sentences, equivalent to a word, which take an independent position in the sentence, express different aspects of the speaker's attitude to the subject of speech:

certainly, probably, apparently, of course, or rather, more precisely, roughly speaking, in one word, for example, by the way, imagine, I think, as they say, it would seem, if I'm not mistaken, you can imagine etc.

Plug-in structures- words, phrases and sentences containing additional remarks, clarifications, amendments and clarifications; unlike introductory words and sentences, they do not contain an indication of the source of the message and the attitude of the speaker towards it. In a sentence, they are usually highlighted with brackets or a dash:

On a hot summer morning (it was at the beginning of July) we went for berries. Soldiers - there were three of them - ate without paying attention to me. I did not understand (now I understand) how cruel I was with her.

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The main members of the proposal- subject and predicate.

The subject

The subject is an object (a person, a being, a phenomenon referred to in the sentence, that is, the subject is the main character of the sentence.) The subject is usually underlined with one line.

Examples:

• I AM sat at the table. (In this case, "I" is the subject, the main character)
• He sheltered from the snow with a piece of slate. ("He" is the subject)

If there is "-" between the subject and the predicate, then the first part will be the subject.

Examples:

• Four- even number. ("Four" is the subject)
• Even number- four. (In this case, "Even number" is the subject)

Predicate

The predicate is the basic information about the subject. Usually the predicate tells about what the subject does, what it is. It is underlined by two dashes.

Examples:

• I was sitting at the table. (In this case, "sat" - the predicate, talks about what the subject "I" does)
• He sheltered himself from the snow with a piece of slate. ("hid" is a predicate)

Minor members of the proposal

The secondary members of the proposal include definitions, circumstances, additions.

Definition answers the questions (what? whose?)

Circumstance answers the questions of adverbs and participles (where, from where, where, how much, why, why, how, etc.)

Addition answers the questions of indirect cases (by whom?, by what?)

Definition

The definition denotes a feature of an object, that is, we make a question for the definition from a noun.

Examples:

• Horse Princess(Whose? "Princess" - definition.)
• Table made of wood(Which one? "From a tree" - definition)
• Coffee in mexican(What? "In Mexican" - definition)

Addition

Addition - an object associated with an action (to which the action is directed, with the help of which the action is performed). The question of the complement is asked from the verb il adverb.

Examples:

• Take away harvester("Combine" is an addition.)
• Supervise warehouse("warehouse" - addition)

How to distinguish addition from definition?

For comparison, the addition most often gets the question from the verb, and the definition from the noun. That is, if you can ask a question of both definitions and additions to a word, then you need to look at the word from which the question is asked. If this word is a noun, then we have a definition. If the question is asked from a verb, then this is an addition.

Circumstance

The circumstance answers the questions of adverbs and.

How to distinguish a circumstance from an addition?

It should be remembered that an addition is an object, while a circumstance is not objective.

Examples: In these sentences, fireworks, wedges are not objects, but a way of action.

• The sawdust flew like fireworks. (How? How? "Fireworks" - Circumstance)
• Geese flew like a wedge (How? How? "Like a wedge" - Circumstance)

Examples: In this case, the nouns knife and hands denote objects associated with an action.

• I covered it with my hands. (How? With what? "Hands" - addition)
• Cleaned with a knife (How? With what? "Wedge" - addition)

All words are sorted by parts of speech. For example, etc. It is quite easy to understand which word belongs to which group - you just need to ask the appropriate question, and everything immediately becomes clear. In addition, words also work in groups. They build sentences. Every word plays a role. It acts as a specific member of the proposal. In this case, words perform their grammatical function and do it in accordance with certain rules and laws. The main thing is information about who is performing the action, what, with whom, where and when it happens. The main and secondary members of the proposal are responsible for all this. Let's consider them in more detail.

The main members of the proposal

These include the subject and the predicate. To understand which is which, it is enough to ask a question. The subject is "Who?", "What?" Predictable - "What is it doing?" To be a subject, a word must be in its initial form, the infinitive. Otherwise, it becomes a minor member of the proposal. This grammatical topic is first revealed to children in grade 3. The main members of the sentence are simple enough to understand and learn from numerous examples. It is good if they are supplemented with illustrations or tables.

The subject

Question "Who / What?" immediately shows which member of the sentence is the subject. The word that answers it is the main member of the sentence, and it is with him that everything happens in the story. Most often, the subject is a noun. can also be arranged in a different order. The subject is most often in front. It is underlined in a sentence with one straight line.

Anna is watering flowers.

The book is on the shelf.

The phone rings loudly.

Sometimes the subject can also be an adjective. However, only if there is no suitable noun.

Green is on.

Black slims.

Predicate

The question "What is it doing?" immediately allows you to define the predicate in the sentence. It always paired with the subject and describes what is happening to him. It is difficult to confuse the main and secondary members of the sentence with each other, if you immediately select the main pair. The predicate in a sentence is expressed by a verb. It can also characterize the state of the subject. In a sentence, the predicate is underlined by two straight parallel lines.

The house seemed huge against the backdrop of small garages and buildings.

Lena watches TV shows every day.

Mom sat down at the house, waiting for the children from school.

Features of the minor members of the proposal

They make the meaning of the main part of the sentence more precise, detailed, and add details. From them we can learn about the place, time, mode of action of what is happening with someone or something. They can be identified by specific questions. Secondary members of the sentence (grade 3, Russian language textbook by O.D. Ushakova) are a circumstance (place, time, mode of action), a definition (whose / what?) And an addition (who / what? Etc.). They are not included in the grammatical basis of sentences.

Definition

It can be expressed in several parts of speech. Nouns, adjectives, and even pronouns replacing nouns serve this purpose. The definition gives a description of the subject. Typical questions for isolation: "What?", "Whose?". For underline use

The full moon came out from behind the clouds.

A large box blocked the road.

Addition

If a noun word does not answer the Who / What question, then it can definitely be argued that this is an addition. It is expressed not only by nouns, but also by pronouns. In sentences for underlining, cases are used very accurately to help isolate the main and minor members of the sentence.

Neighbors bought a new car.

The grandmother took her granddaughter out of the kindergarten immediately after lunch.

The flowers were cut with a sharp knife.

Circumstance

It indicates the place, time, reason, purpose, mode of action, clarifying, explaining and adding details to the description of what is happening. In each case, the circumstance answers the corresponding questions. For instance:

Location: Where is it going / Where is it going / Where is it coming from?

Procedure: How did it happen / How did it happen?

Reason: Why did this happen / Why is this happening?

Time: When did it start / When did it start / How long will it last / How long to wait?

Purpose: Why is it / What is it for?

The role of a circumstance in a sentence can be played by a noun, adverb, and pronoun. A dash-dotted line consisting of dots and dashes is used for underlining.

A bunch of bananas lay on the table in the kitchen.

Friends canceled a trip to the beach due to bad weather.

He reads a lot of books all the time to appear smart.

Table "Major and minor members of the proposal"

To memorize the rules and learn to distinguish between the main and secondary members of the sentence, it is recommended to perform a number of special exercises in practice. They will give the necessary result in consolidating the skill.