Experiments and experiments in biology

Why are experiments needed

Experience is one of the complex and time-consuming teaching methods that allows you to identify the essence of a particular phenomenon, to establish cause-and-effect relationships. The application of this method in practice allows the teacher to simultaneously solve several problems.

Firstly, experimental activity in the classroom in creative associations of children allows the teacher to use the rich possibilities of experiment for teaching, developing and educating students. It is the most important means for deepening and expanding knowledge, contributes to the development of logical thinking, the development of useful skills. The role of the experiment in the formation and development of biological concepts, cognitive abilities of children is known. Klimenty Arkadyevich Timiryazev also noted: "People who have learned observations and experiments acquire the ability to pose questions themselves and receive actual answers to them, finding themselves at a higher mental and moral level in comparison with those who have not attended such a school."

When setting up and using the results of the experience, students:

• get new knowledge and acquire skills;
• convinced of the natural nature of biological phenomena and their material conditioning;
• check in practice the accuracy of theoretical knowledge;
• learn to analyze, compare the observed, draw conclusions from experience.

In addition, there is no other more effective method of fostering curiosity, a scientific style of thinking in students, a creative attitude to work than involving them in conducting experiments. Experiential work is also an effective means of labor, aesthetic and environmental education of students, a way to get acquainted with the laws of nature. Experiencing fosters a creative, constructive attitude to nature, initiative, precision and accuracy in work.

Of course, not all educational and educational tasks are fully achieved as a result of experimental work, but a lot can be achieved, and especially in educational terms.

Secondly, experimental work is a means of enhancing the cognitive and creative activity of students in class. Children become active participants in the educational process.

Thirdly, experimental work contributes to the emergence and maintenance of the research interest of students, and allows in the future to gradually include children in research activities.

But experimental work is useful only when it is carried out methodically correctly, and children see the results of their labor.

These guidelines are addressed to teachers working with children of primary and secondary school age. A distinctive feature of these guidelines is their practice-oriented nature. The collection contains recommendations on the organization of experimental activities in various departments: plant growing, biological, department of ecology and nature protection.

The expected results from the use of the presented recommendations will be:

• interest of teachers in organizing experimental activities in the classroom in children's creative associations of ecological and biological orientation;
• creating conditions for the development of cognitive activity and interest in research activities among students in the classroom in children's creative associations of ecological and biological orientation.

Requirements for conducting experiments

The following requirements are imposed on biological experiments:

• availability;
• visibility;
• cognitive value.

Students should be familiarized with the purpose of the experiment, armed with knowledge of the technique of its implementation, the ability to observe an object or process, record the results, and formulate conclusions. It should also be borne in mind that many experiments are lengthy, do not fit into one lesson, require the help of a teacher in their implementation, understanding the results, and formulating conclusions.

The setting of the experiment must be organized so that there is complete clarity of the results and no subjective interpretations can arise.

In the first lessons, when the students do not have the necessary stock of knowledge and skills to set up experiments, the setting up of the experiments is done in advance by the teacher. At the same time, the cognitive activity of students is of a reproductive-search nature and is aimed at identifying the essence of experience, formulating conclusions by answering questions. As students master the technique of laying out experience, the proportion of search increases, and the degree of their independence increases.

Preliminary work is of great importance for students' understanding of the experience: defining the purpose and technique of laying the experience, posing questions that help to identify the essence of the experience and formulate a conclusion. It is important that learners see the inputs and outputs of the experience. Demonstration experiments, which are used to illustrate the teacher's story, play an important role in teaching. Demonstration of the experience is most effective when combined with conversation that makes sense of the results of the experience.

Experiments in which students take an active part are especially of great cognitive and educational value. In the process of studying this or that question, it becomes necessary to get an answer to the problem with the help of experience, and students on this basis themselves formulate its goal, determine the laying technique, put forward a hypothesis about what the result will be. In this case, the experiment is of a research nature. When performing these studies, students independently learn to acquire knowledge, observe experiments, record the results, draw conclusions from the data obtained.

The results of the experiments are recorded in the observation diary. The entries in the diary can be arranged in the form of a table:

Also in the observation diary, students make drawings that reflect the essence of the experience.

Experiences for classes in the crop production department

Useful tips for a young naturalist when conducting experiments with plants

1. When starting experiments with plants, remember that working with them requires attention and accuracy from you.
2. Before the experiment, prepare everything you need for it: seeds, plants, materials, devices. There should be nothing superfluous on the table.
3. Work slowly: haste, haste in work, as a rule, lead to poor results.
4. When growing plants, take good care of them - weed on time, loosen the soil, fertilize. With poor care, don't expect a good result.
5. In experiments, it is always necessary to have experimental and control plants, which must be grown under the same conditions.
6. Experiments will be more valuable if you record their results in an observation diary.
7. In addition to notes, make drawings of the experiments in the observation diary.
8. Draw and write a conclusion.

Experiments for lessons on the topic "Leaf"

purpose: identify the plant's need for air, respiration; understand how the respiration process occurs in plants.
Equipment: houseplant, cocktail tubes, petroleum jelly, magnifying glass.
Experience progress: The teacher asks if plants breathe, how to prove that they breathe. Students determine, based on knowledge about the process of breathing in humans, that when breathing, air must enter the plant and leave it. Inhale and exhale through the tube. Then the hole of the tube is covered with petroleum jelly. Children try to breathe through the tube and conclude that the petroleum jelly does not allow air to pass through. It is hypothesized that plants have very small holes in the leaves through which they breathe. To check this, smear one or both sides of the leaf with petroleum jelly, observe the leaves daily for a week. A week later, they conclude: the leaves "breathe" with their underside, because those leaves that were smeared with Vaseline on the underside died.

How do plants breathe?

purpose: determine that all parts of the plant are involved in respiration.
Equipment: transparent container with water, leaf on a long stem or stem, cocktail tube, magnifying glass
Experience progress: The teacher asks to find out if air passes through the leaves into the plant. Suggestions are made on how to detect air: children examine the cut of the stem through a magnifying glass (there are holes), immerse the stem in water (observe the release of bubbles from the stem). The teacher with children conducts the "Through the Sheet" experiment in the following sequence:

1. pour water into a bottle, leaving it empty for 2-3 cm;
2. insert the leaf into the bottle so that the tip of the stem is immersed in water; tightly cover the opening of the bottle with plasticine, like a cork;
3. here they make a hole for the straw and insert it so that the tip does not reach the water, fix the straw with plasticine;
4. standing in front of the mirror, suck the air out of the bottle.

Air bubbles begin to emerge from the end of the stem submerged in water. Children conclude that air passes through the leaf into the stem, as the release of air bubbles into the water is visible.
purpose: to establish that the plant produces oxygen during photosynthesis.
Equipment: a large glass container with a sealed lid, a stalk of a plant in water or a small pot with a plant, a speck, matches.
Experience progress: The teacher invites children to find out why it is so easy to breathe in the forest. The students assume that plants release oxygen, which is necessary for human respiration. The assumption is proved by experience: a pot with a plant (or a stalk) is placed inside a high transparent container with a sealed lid. They are placed in a warm, bright place (if the plant provides oxygen, there should be more of it in the jar). After 1-2 days, the teacher will ask the children the question of how to find out if oxygen has accumulated in the jar (oxygen is burning). Observe the bright flash of the flame of the splinter introduced into the container immediately after removing the lid. Draw a conclusion using the model of dependence of animals and humans on plants (animals and humans need plants for respiration).

Is photosynthesis taking place in all leaves?

purpose: prove that photosynthesis occurs in all leaves.
Equipment: boiling water, begonia leaf (the back is burgundy), white container.
Experience progress: The teacher asks to find out if photosynthesis occurs in leaves that are not green (in begonia, the back of the leaf is colored burgundy). The students assume that photosynthesis does not occur in this leaf. The teacher invites the children to place the sheet in boiling water, examine it after 5-7 minutes, and sketch the result. The leaf turns green and the water changes color. It is concluded that photosynthesis occurs in the leaf.

Maze

purpose: detect the presence of phototropism in plants
Equipment: cardboard box with a lid and partitions inside in the form of a labyrinth: in one corner there is a potato tuber, in the opposite - a hole.
Experience progress: Put the tuber in the box, close it, put it in a warm, but not hot place, with the hole towards the light source. Open the box after the potato sprouts emerge from the hole. Consider, noting their direction, color (shoots are pale, white, curved in search of light in one direction). Leaving the box open, they continue to observe the color change and direction of the sprouts for a week (the sprouts now stretch in different directions, they have turned green). Students explain the result.
purpose: set how the plant moves towards the light source.
Equipment: two identical plants (balsam, coleus).
Experience progress: The teacher draws the attention of children to the fact that the leaves of the plants are turned in one direction. Set the plant to the window, marking the side of the pot with a symbol. Pay attention to the direction of the leaf surface (in all directions). After three days, notice that all the leaves are drawn towards the light. Turn the plant 180 degrees. Mark the direction of the leaves. They continue the observation for another three days, note the change in the direction of the leaves (they again turned towards the light). The results are sketched.

Does photosynthesis take place in the dark?

purpose: to prove that photosynthesis in plants occurs only in the light.
Equipment: indoor plants with hard leaves (ficus, sansevier), adhesive plaster.
Experience progress: The teacher offers the children a riddle letter: what will happen if no light falls on part of the sheet (part of the sheet will be lighter). The assumptions of children are tested by experience: part of the sheet is sealed with a plaster, the plant is placed to a light source for a week. After a week, the patch is removed. Children conclude: without light, photosynthesis in plants does not occur.
purpose: determine that the plant can provide nutrition for itself.
Equipment: plant pot inside a wide-mouth glass jar, sealed lid.
Experience progress: Inside a transparent large container, children put a plant cut in water or a small pot with a plant. The soil is watered. The container is hermetically closed with a lid, placed in a warm, bright place. The plant is monitored for a month. Find out why it did not die (the plant continues to grow: drops of water periodically appear on the walls of the jar, then disappear (the plant feeds itself).

Evaporation of moisture from plant leaves

purpose: check where the water disappears from the leaves.
Equipment: plant, cellophane bag, thread.
Experience progress: Students examine the plant, specify how water moves from the soil to the leaves (from the roots to the stems, then to the leaves); where does it then disappear, why does the plant need to be watered (water evaporates from the leaves). The assumption is checked by putting a cellophane bag on the piece of paper and securing it. The plant is placed in a warm, bright place. Notice that the inside of the bag "fogged up". A few hours later, after removing the bag, water is found in it. Find out where it came from (evaporated from the surface of the leaf), why water is not visible on the remaining leaves (the water evaporated into the surrounding air).
purpose: set the dependence of the amount of evaporated water on the size of the leaves.
Equipment
Experience progress: Cut the cuttings for further planting, place them in flasks. The same amount of water is poured. After one or two days, the children check the water level in each flask. Find out why it is not the same (a plant with large leaves absorbs and evaporates more water).
purpose: to establish the relationship between the structure of the surface of the leaves (density, pubescence) and their need for water.
Equipment: ficus, sansevier, dieffenbachia, violet, balsam, cellophane bags, magnifying glass.
Experience progress: The teacher suggests finding out why ficus, violets and some other plants do not require a lot of water. An experiment is carried out: they put cellophane bags on the leaves of different plants, fix them tightly, observe the appearance of moisture in them, compare the amount of moisture when evaporated from the leaves of different plants (dieffenbachia and ficus, violet and balsam).
Complication: each child chooses a plant for himself, conducts an experiment, discusses the results (it is often not necessary to water a violet: pubescent leaves do not give, retain moisture; dense ficus leaves also evaporate less moisture than leaves of the same size, but loose).

What do you feel?

purpose: find out what happens to the plant when water evaporates from the leaves.
Equipment: a sponge dampened with water.
Experience progress: The teacher invites the children to jump. Finds out how they feel when jumping (hot); when it's hot, what happens (sweat comes out, then it disappears, evaporates). He suggests to imagine that the hand is a leaf from which water evaporates; moisten a sponge in water and run it along the inner surface of the forearm. Children transmit their feelings until the moisture disappears completely (they feel cool). Find out what happens to the leaves when water evaporates from them (they cool).

What changed?

purpose: prove that when the water evaporates from the leaves, they cool.
Equipment: thermometers, two pieces of cloth, water.
Experience progress: Children examine the thermometer, note the readings. Wrap the thermometer in a wet cloth and put it in a warm place. What is supposed to happen to the readings. After 5-10 minutes, they check, explain why the temperature dropped (when water evaporates from the fabric, cooling occurs).
purpose: to reveal the dependence of the amount of evaporated liquid on the size of the leaves.
Equipment: three plants: one - with large leaves, the second - with ordinary leaves, the third - a cactus; cellophane bags, threads.
Experience progress: The teacher suggests finding out why plants with large leaves need to be watered more often than with small ones. Children choose three plants with leaves of different sizes, conduct an experiment using an unfinished model of the dependence of the size of leaves and the amount of water released (there is no symbol image - a lot, little water). Children perform the following actions: put bags on the leaves, fix them, observe changes during the day; compare the amount of evaporated liquid. They make a conclusion (the larger the leaves, the more they evaporate moisture and the more often they need to be watered).

Experiments for classes on the topic "Root"

purpose: identify the reason for the plant's need for loosening; prove that the plant breathes with all organs.
Equipment: a container with water, the soil is compacted and loose, two transparent containers with bean sprouts, a spray bottle, vegetable oil, two identical plants in pots.
Experience progress: Students find out why one plant grows better than another. Consider, determine that in one pot the soil is dense, in the other - loose. Why is dense soil worse? They prove it by immersing the same lumps in water (water passes worse, there is little air, since less air bubbles are released from dense earth). Clarify whether the roots need air: for this, three identical bean sprouts are placed in transparent containers with water. In one container, using a spray bottle, air is pumped to the roots, the second is left unchanged, in the third, a thin layer of vegetable oil is poured onto the surface of the water, which prevents the passage of air to the roots. They observe the change in seedlings (it grows well in the first container, worse in the second, in the third - the plant dies), draw conclusions about the need for air for the roots, sketch the result. Plants need loose soil to grow, so that the roots have access to air.
purpose: find out where the root growth is directed when germinating the seed.
Equipment: glass, filter paper, pea seeds.
Experience progress: Take a glass, a strip of filter paper and roll a cylinder out of it. Insert the cylinder into the glass so that it rests against the walls of the glass. Using a needle, place several swollen peas between the glass wall and the paper cylinder at the same height. Then pour some water on the bottom of the glass and put it in a warm place. On the next lesson, observe the appearance of roots. The teacher asks questions. Where are the root tips directed? Why is this happening?

Which part of the root perceives the action of gravity

purpose: find out the patterns of root growth.
Equipment: bar, needles, scissors, glass jar, pea seeds

Experience progress: Attach a few sprouted peas to the bar. Cut off the ends of the roots of two seedlings with scissors and cover the saucer with a glass jar. On the next day, the students will notice that only those roots that have tips left have bent and began to grow down. The removed rootlets are not bent. The teacher asks questions. How do you explain this phenomenon? What does this mean for plants?

Buried root

purpose: prove that roots always grow downward.
Equipment: flower pot, sand or sawdust, sunflower achenes.
Experience progress: Put a few sunflower seeds soaked for 24 hours in a flower pot on wet sand or sawdust. Cover them with a piece of gauze or filter paper. Students observe the appearance of roots and their growth. Draw conclusions.

Why does the root change direction?

purpose: show that the root can change the direction of growth.
Equipment: tin can, cheesecloth, pea seeds
Experience progress: Put a dozen swollen peas into a small sieve or a low canning jar from which the bottom is removed and tightened with gauze, cover them with a layer of two or three centimeters of wet sawdust or earth on top and place over a bowl of water. As soon as the roots penetrate through the holes of the gauze, place the sieve at an angle to the wall. After a few hours, learners will see the root tips bent towards the gauze. On the second or third day, all the roots will grow, pressing against the gauze. The teacher asks students questions. How do you explain this? (The root tip is very sensitive to moisture, so when in dry air, it bends towards the gauze, where the wet sawdust is).

What are roots for?

purpose: prove that the roots of the plant absorb water; clarify the function of plant roots; establish the relationship between the structure and function of the roots.
Equipment: a stalk of geranium or balsam with roots, a container of water, closed with a lid with a slot for the stalk.
Experience progress: Students examine cuttings of balsam or geranium with roots, find out why the roots are needed by the plant (the roots fix the plant in the ground), whether they absorb water. An experiment is carried out: the plant is placed in a transparent container, the water level is noted, the container is tightly closed with a lid with a slot for the cutting. Determine what happened to the water a few days later (there is little water). The assumption of children is checked after 7-8 days (there is less water) and the process of water absorption by the roots is explained. Children sketch the result.

How can you see the movement of water through the roots?

purpose: to prove that the roots of a plant absorb water, to clarify the function of the roots of plants, to establish the relationship between the structure and function of the roots.
Equipment: balsam stalk with roots, water with food coloring.
Experience progress: Students examine cuttings of geranium or balsam with roots, clarify the functions of the roots (they strengthen the plant in the soil, take moisture from it). What else can roots take from the earth? The children's assumptions are discussed. Consider food dry dye - "food", add it to water, stir. Find out what should happen if the roots can take away not only water (the roots should be painted in a different color). After a few days, the children sketch the results of the experiment in an observation diary. Clarify what will happen to the plant if substances harmful to it are in the ground (the plant will die, taking harmful substances along with the water).

Plant pump

purpose: prove that the root of the plant absorbs water and the stem conducts it; explain the experience using the knowledge gained.
Equipment: a curved glass tube inserted into a 3 cm long rubber tube; adult plant, transparent container, tube holder.
Experience progress: Children are encouraged to use an adult balsam plant on cuttings, put them in water. Put the end of the rubber tube on the stump remaining from the stem. The tube is fixed, the free end is lowered into a transparent container. Water the soil, observing what is happening (after a while, water appears in the glass tube and begins to drain into the container). Find out why (water from the soil through the roots reaches the stem and goes on). Children explain using knowledge about the functions of stems roots. The result is sketched.

Live piece

purpose: Establish that root crops have a supply of nutrients for the plant.
Equipment: flat container, root vegetables: carrots, radishes, beets, activity algorithm
Experience progress: Students are given the task: to check whether the root crops have a supply of nutrients. Children determine the name of the root crop. Then they place the root crop in a warm, bright place, observe the appearance of greenery, sketch (the root crop provides food for the leaves that appear). Cut the root crop to half the height, place it in a flat container with water, put it in a warm, bright place. Children observe the growth of greenery, sketch the result of observation. The observation is continued until the greens begin to wither. Children consider the root crop (it has become soft, lethargic, tasteless, there is little liquid in it).

Where do the roots go?

purpose: to establish a connection between the modifications of plant parts with their functions and environmental factors.
Equipment: two plants in pots with a pallet
Experience progress: The teacher suggests to water two plants in different ways: cyperus - in a tray, geranium - under the root. After a while, the children notice that cyperus roots have appeared in the pallet. Then they examine the geranium and find out why the roots of the geranium did not appear in the pallet (the roots did not appear, since they are attracted by water; the geranium has moisture in the pot, not in the pallet).

Unusual roots

purpose: to reveal the relationship of increased air humidity with the appearance of aerial roots in plants.
Equipment: Scindapsus, transparent container with a tight lid with water at the bottom, grate.
Experience progress: The teacher invites children to find out why there are plants with aerial roots in the jungle. Children examine the scindapsus plant, find buds - future aerial roots, place the stalk on a lattice in a container with water, close it tightly with a lid. Watch for the appearance of "fog" for a month, and then drops on the lid inside the container (like in the jungle). The aerial roots that have appeared are considered, compared with other plants.

Experiments for classes on the topic "Stem"

In which direction does the stem grow?

purpose: find out the characteristics of the growth of stems.
Equipment: bar, needles, glass jar, pea seeds
Experience progress: Attach 2-3 pea seedlings with a stem and two first leaves to a wooden block. After a few hours, the children will see the stalk bent upward. It is concluded that the stem, like the root, has directional growth.

The movement of the growing organs of the plant

purpose: find out the dependence of plant growth on light.
Equipment: 2 flower pots, grains of oats, rye, wheat, 2 cardboard boxes.
Experience progress: Sow two dozen seeds in two small flower pots filled with wet sawdust. Cover one pot with a cardboard box, close the other pot with the same box with a round hole on one of the walls. In the next lesson, remove the boxes from the pots. Children will notice that oat seedlings that have been covered with a cardboard box with a hole will tilt towards the hole; in the other pot, the seedlings will not bend over. The teacher asks the students to draw a conclusion.

Is it possible to grow a plant with two stems from one seed?

purpose: to introduce students to the artificial production of a two-stem plant.
Equipment: flower pot, pea seeds.
Experience progress: Take a few peas and sow them in a soil box or small flower pot. When the seedlings appear, cut off the stems at the very surface of the soil with a sharp razor or scissors. After a few days, two new stalks will appear, from which two stalks of peas will develop. New shoots emerge from the axils of the cotyledons. This can be verified by carefully removing the seedlings from the soil. Artificial production of two-stem plants is also of practical importance. For example, when growing makhorka, the top of the seedling stems is often cut off, as a result of which two stems appear, on which there are significantly more leaves than one. In the same way, you can get two-headed cabbage, which will give a higher yield than one-headed cabbage.

How does the stem grow?

purpose: observing the growth of the stem.
Equipment: brush, ink, pea or bean sprout
Experience progress: Stem growth is possible using labels. Using a brush or a needle, mark the sprouted peas or beans with marks at the same distance from each other. The trainees should trace after what time, on which part of the stem the marks will move apart. Record and sketch all the changes that occur.

On what part of the stem does the water move from roots to leaves?

purpose: Prove that the water in the stem moves through the wood.
Equipment: stem cut, red ink.
Experience progress: Take a piece of stem 10 cm long. Dip one end of it in red ink, and suck a little through the other. Then wipe the piece with paper and cut it lengthwise with a sharp knife. On the cut, students will see that the wood of the stem is colored. This experiment can be carried out differently. Put a twig of a houseplant fuchsia or tradescantia in a jar of water, lightly tint the water with red ink or ordinary blue.After a few days, children will see that the veins of the leaves turn pink or blue. Then cut a piece of the twig along and see which part of it is colored. The teacher asks questions. What conclusion will you draw from this experience?

Up to the leaves

purpose: prove that the stem conducts water to the leaves.
Equipment: balsam stalk, dye water; birch or aspen bars (unpainted), flat container with water, experiment algorithm.
Experience progress: Students examine a balsam stalk with roots, paying attention to the structure (root, stem, leaves) and discussing how the water from the roots gets to the leaves. The teacher suggests checking, using colored water, whether water passes through the stem. Children compose an algorithm of experience with or without an intended outcome. A hypothesis is put forward for future changes (if colored water flows through the plant, it should change color). After 1-2 weeks, the result of the experiment is compared with the expected one, a conclusion is made about the function of the stems (water is drawn to the leaves). Children examine unpainted wooden blocks through a magnifying glass, determine that there are holes in them. Find out that the bars are part of the tree trunk. The teacher offers to find out if water passes through them to the leaves, lowers the blocks with a cross section into the water. Finds out with the children what should happen to the bar if the barrels can conduct water (the bars should get wet). Children watch the bars get wet, the level of water rise up the bars.

Like the stems

purpose: Show the flow of water through the stems.
Equipment: cocktail tubes, mineral (or boiled) water, water container.
Experience progress: Children examine the straw. Find out if there is air inside by immersing it in water. It is assumed that the tubule can conduct water, since it has holes in it, like in the stems. Having immersed one end of the tube in water, they try to easily draw air from the other end of the tube; observe the movement of water upward.

Spare stems

purpose: to reveal how the stems (trunks) can accumulate moisture and retain it for a long time.
Equipment: sponges, unpainted wooden blocks, magnifying glass, low containers with water, deep container with water
Experience progress: Students examine pieces of wood of different types through a magnifying glass, talk about their varying degrees of absorption (in some plants, the stem can absorb water just like a sponge). The same amount of water is poured into different containers. Bars are lowered into the first, sponges are lowered into the second, left for five minutes. They argue how much more water will be absorbed (in a sponge - there is more room for water in it). Observe the release of bubbles. Check the bars and sponges in the container. Clarify why there is no water in the second container (everything has been absorbed into the sponge). Raise the sponge, water drips from it. Explain where the water will last longer (in the sponge, since there is more water in it). Assumptions are checked before the bar dries (1-2 hours).

Experiments for classes on the topic "Seeds"

Do seeds absorb a lot of water?

purpose: find out how much moisture the germinating seeds absorb.
Equipment: Graduated cylinder or glass, pea seeds, cheesecloth
Experience progress: Pour 200 ml of water into a 250 ml measuring cylinder, then put the pea seeds in a gauze bag, tie it with a thread so that its end is 15-20 cm long, and carefully lower the bag into a cylinder with water. To prevent water from evaporating from the cylinder, it is necessary to tie it on top with oiled paper .. The next day it is necessary to remove the paper and by the end of the thread remove the bag with the swollen peas from the cylinder. Let the water drain from the bag into the cylinder. The teacher asks students questions. How much water is left in the cylinder? How much water did the seeds absorb?

Is the pressure force of the swelling seeds great?

purpose
Equipment: cloth bag, flask, pea seeds.
Experience progress: Put pea seeds in a small bag, tie it tightly and put it in a glass or jar of water. The next day it will be found that the bag could not withstand the pressure of the seeds - it burst. The teacher asks the students why this happened. You can also put swelling seeds in a glass flask. In a few days, the force of the seeds will tear her apart These experiments indicate that the strength of the swelling seeds is great.

How heavy can the swelling seeds lift?

purpose: find out the strength of the swelling seeds.
Equipment: tin can, weight, peas.
Experience progress: Pour one third of the pea seeds into a tall, perforated tin can; put it in a pot of water, so that the seeds are in the water. Put a circle of tin on the seeds and put a weight or any other load on top. Observe how heavy the swelling pea seeds can lift. The students record the results in the observation diary.

Do germinating seeds breathe?

purpose: Prove that germinating seeds emit carbon dioxide.
Equipment: glass jar or bottle, pea seeds, torch, matches.
Experience progress: Pour pea seeds into a tall bottle with a narrow neck and close tightly with a cork. In the next lesson, listen to the assumptions of the children about what kind of gas the seeds could have released and how to prove it. Open the bottle and prove the presence of carbon dioxide in it with the help of a burning torch (the torch will go out, since carbon dioxide suppresses combustion).

Is there warmth when seeds breathe?

purpose: Prove that seeds generate heat when they breathe.
Equipment: half-liter bottle with cork, pea seeds, thermometer.
Experience progress: Take a half-liter bottle, fill it with slightly "pecked" seeds of rye, wheat or peas and plug it with a cork, insert a chemical thermometer through the hole in the cork to measure the temperature of the water. Then wrap the bottle tightly with newsprint and place in a small box to avoid heat loss. After a while, the trainees will observe the temperature rise inside the bottle by several degrees. The teacher asks the students to explain the reason for the increase in the temperature of the seeds. Record the results of the experiment in the observation diary.

Tops-roots

purpose: find out which organ first emerges from the seed.
Equipment: beans (peas, beans), wet cloth (paper napkins), transparent containers, sketch using plant structure symbols, activity algorithm.
Experience progress: Children choose any of the offered seeds, create conditions for germination (warm place). A damp paper towel is placed tightly against the walls in a transparent container. Soaked beans (peas, beans) are placed between the napkin and the walls; the napkin is constantly moistened. The changes occurring are observed daily for 10-12 days: the root will first appear from the bean, then the stalks; the roots will grow, the upper shoot will grow.

Experiments for classes on the topic "Reproduction of plants"

Such different flowers

purpose: to establish the features of pollination of plants with the help of the wind, to detect pollen on flowers.
Equipment: catkins of flowering birch, aspen, flowers of coltsfoot, dandelion; magnifying glass, cotton ball.
Experience progress: Students examine flowers, describe them. Find out where the flower may have pollen, and find it with a cotton ball. They examine flowering birch catkins through a magnifying glass, find similarities with meadow flowers (there is pollen). The teacher invites children to come up with symbols to represent the flowers of birch, willow, aspen (earrings are also flowers). Clarifies why bees come to flowers, whether plants need it (bees fly for nectar and pollinate the plant).

How do bees carry pollen?

purpose: to identify how the process of pollination occurs in plants.
Equipment: cotton balls, two-color dye powder, flower mock-ups, insect collection, magnifier
Experience progress: Children examine the structure of the limbs and bodies of insects through a magnifying glass (shaggy, covered, as it were, with hairs). The cotton balls are thought to be insects. Simulating the movement of insects, balls touch the flowers. After touching them, "pollen" remains on them. Determine how insects can help plants in pollination (pollen adheres to the limbs and bodies of insects).

Pollination with the help of the wind

purpose: to establish the features of the process of pollination of plants with the help of the wind.
Equipment: two linen bags of flour, a paper fan or fan, birch earrings.
Experience progress: Students find out what flowers are in birch, willow, why insects do not fly to them (they are very small, not attractive for insects; when they bloom, there are few insects). The experiment is performed: they shake the bags filled with flour - "pollen". Find out what it takes to get pollen from one plant to another (the plants must grow close or someone must transfer the pollen to them). Use a fan or fan to "pollinate". Children come up with symbols for flowers that are pollinated by the wind.

Why do fruits need wings?

purpose
Equipment: lionfish fruits, berries; fan or fan.
Experience progress: Children examine fruits, berries and lionfish. Find out what helps the lionfish seeds to disperse. Observe the "flight" of lionfish. The teacher offers to remove their "wings". Repeat the experiment using a fan or fan. Determine why maple seeds grow far from their native tree (the wind helps the "wings" to carry seeds over long distances).

Why does a dandelion need "parachutes"?

purpose: to identify the relationship between the structure of fruits and the way they are distributed.
Equipment: dandelion seeds, magnifying glass, fan or fan.
Experience progress: Children find out why there are so many dandelions. They examine a plant with ripe seeds, compare dandelion seeds with others by weight, observe the flight, the seeds fall without "parachutes", make a conclusion (the seeds are very small, the wind helps the "parachutes" fly far away).

Why does a burdock need hooks?

purpose: to identify the relationship between the structure of fruits and the way they are distributed.
Equipment: burdock fruits, pieces of fur, fabric, magnifying glass, fruit plates.
Experience progress: Children find out who will help the burdock to scatter its seeds. Break the fruits, find seeds, examine them through a magnifying glass. Children ask if the wind can help them (the fruits are heavy, there are no wings and "parachutes", so the wind will not carry them away). Determine whether animals want to eat them (the fruits are tough, prickly, tasteless, the box is hard). They call what these fruits have (tenacious hook spines). Using pieces of fur and fabric, the teacher, together with the children, demonstrates how this happens (fruits cling to fur and fabric with thorns).

Experiments for classes on the topic "Plants and the environment"

With and without water

purpose: to highlight the environmental factors necessary for the growth and development of plants (water, light, heat).
Equipment: two identical plants (balsam), water.
Experience progress: The teacher offers to find out why plants cannot live without water (the plant will wither, the leaves will dry out, there is water in the leaves); what will happen if one plant is watered, and the other is not (without watering, the plant dries up, turns yellow, leaves and stems lose their elasticity, etc.). The results of monitoring the condition of the plants, depending on the watering, are sketched within one week. Make up a model of plant dependence on water. Children conclude that plants cannot live without water.

In the light and in the dark

purpose: to determine the environmental factors necessary for the growth and development of plants.
Equipment: bow, box made of sturdy cardboard, two containers with earth.
Experience progress: The teacher offers to find out with the help of growing onions, whether light is needed for plant life. Cover part of the onion with a cap made of thick dark cardboard. Sketch the result of the experiment after 7-10 days (the onion under the hood became light). Remove the cap. After 7-10 days, the result is again sketched (the onion turned green in the light - it means that photosynthesis (nutrition) takes place in it).

Warm and cold

purpose: to highlight favorable conditions for the growth and development of plants.
Equipment: winter or spring branches of trees, rhizome of coltsfoot with a part of the soil, flowers from a flower bed with a part of the soil (in autumn); a model of plant dependence on heat.
Experience progress: The teacher asks why there are no leaves on the branches outside (it's cold outside, the trees are "sleeping"). Suggests to bring branches into the room. The students observe the change in the buds (the buds increase in size, burst), the appearance of leaves, their growth, compare with the branches on the street (branches without leaves), sketch, build a model of the dependence of plants on heat (plants need heat for life and growth). The teacher suggests finding out how to see the first spring flowers as soon as possible (bring them into the room so that they feel warm). Children dig up the rhizome of the mother-and-stepmother with a part of the soil, transfer it to the room, observe the time of the appearance of flowers indoors and outside (indoors, flowers appear after 4-5 days, outdoors - after one to two weeks). The observation results are presented in the form of a model of the dependence of plants on heat (cold - plants grow slowly, warm - grow quickly). The teacher suggests determining how to extend the summer for flowers (bring flowering plants from the flower bed into the room, digging the roots of plants with a large clod of earth, so as not to damage them). Students observe the change in colors in the room and in the flower bed (in the flower bed, the flowers have withered, frozen, died; indoors, they continue to bloom). The results of observations are presented in the form of a model of the dependence of plants on heat.

Who is better?

purpose
Equipment: two identical cuttings, a container with water, a pot of soil, plant care items.
Experience progress: The teacher offers to determine whether plants can live long without soil (they cannot); where they grow better - in water or in soil. Children put geranium cuttings in different containers - with water, earth. Observe them until the first new leaf appears; The results of the experiment are formalized in the observation diary and in the form of a model of plant dependence on soil (for a plant in the soil, the first leaf appears faster, the plant gains strength better; in water, the plant is weaker)

How fast?

purpose: to identify favorable conditions for the growth and development of plants, to substantiate the dependence of plants on the soil.
Equipment: twigs of birch or poplar (in spring), water with and without mineral fertilizers.
Experience progress: The teacher invites students to determine whether the plants need fertilization and choose different care for the plants: one is to water with plain water, the other is water with fertilizers. Children mark containers with different symbols. Observe until the first leaves appear, monitor growth (in fertilized soil, the plant is stronger, grows faster). The results are presented in the form of a model of the dependence of plants on the richness of the soil (in a rich, fertilized soil, the plant is stronger, grows better).

Where is the best place to grow?

purpose
Equipment: cuttings of tradescantia, black soil, clay with sand
Experience progress: The teacher chooses the soil for planting plants (black soil, a mixture of sand and clay). Children plant two identical tradescantia cuttings in different soil. Observe the growth of cuttings with the same care for 2-3 weeks (the plant does not grow in clay, in black soil - the plant is good). A stalk is transplanted from a sandy-clay mixture into black soil. After two weeks, the result of the experiment is noted (the plants show good growth), they are recorded in a diary and the model of the dependence of plant growth on the composition of the soil.

Green figurines

purpose: to establish the need for soil for plant life, the effect of soil quality on the growth and development of plants, to identify soils that are different in composition.
Equipment: watercress seeds, wet paper towels, soil, activity algorithm
Experience progress: The educator offers a riddle letter using an unfinished algorithm of experience with unknown seeds and asks to find out what will grow. An experiment is carried out according to the algorithm: several paper napkins, laid on top of each other, are soaked in water; put them in cookie cutters; seeds are poured there, distributing them over the entire surface; the wipes are moisturized every day. Part of the seeds is placed in a pot with soil and sprinkled with soil. Watch the growth of watercress. Plants are compared and a solution is drawn up in the form of a model of the plant's dependence on environmental factors: light, water, heat + soil. They conclude: in the soil, plants are stronger, live longer.

Why do flowers wither in autumn?

purpose: to establish the dependence of plant growth on temperature, amount of moisture.
Equipment: a pot with an adult plant; a curved glass tube inserted into a 3 cm long rubber tube corresponding to the diameter of the plant stem; transparent container.
Experience progress: The teacher offers students to measure the temperature of the water (warm water) before watering, to pour the stump remaining from the stem, on which a rubber tube is preliminarily put on with a glass tube inserted and fixed into it. Children watch the flow of water from a glass tube. They cool the water with the help of snow, measure the temperature (it got colder), water it, but water does not flow into the tube. Find out why the flowers wither in the fall, although there is a lot of water (the roots do not absorb cold water).

What then?

purpose: to systematize knowledge about the developmental cycles of all plants.
Equipment: seeds of herbs, vegetables, flowers, plant care items.
Experience progress: The teacher offers a riddle letter with seeds, finds out what the seeds turn into. During the summer, plants are grown, recording all changes as they develop. After collecting the fruits, they compare their sketches, draw up a general scheme for all plants using symbols, reflecting the main stages of plant development: seed - sprout - adult plant - flower - fruit.

What is in the soil?

purpose: to establish the dependence of the factors of inanimate nature on the living (soil fertility from rotting plants).
Equipment: a lump of earth, a metal (from a thin plate) plate, an alcohol lamp, the remains of dry leaves, a magnifying glass, tweezers.
Experience progress: Children are encouraged to view forest soil and soil from the site. Children use a magnifying glass to determine where the soil is (there is a lot of humus in the forest). They find out on which soil the plants grow better, why (there are more plants in the forest, in the soil there is more nutrition for them). The teacher, together with the children, burns the forest soil in a metal plate, pays attention to the smell during combustion. Tries to burn a dry leaf. Children determine what makes the soil rich (there is a lot of decayed foliage in the soil of the forest). Discuss the composition of the soil of the city. Clarify how to find out if she is rich. They examine it with a magnifying glass, burn it on a plate. Children come up with symbols for different soil: rich and poor.

What's under our feet?

purpose: To lead children to understand that the soil has a different composition.
Equipment: soil, magnifying glass, spirit lamp, metal plate, glass, transparent container (glass), spoon or stick for stirring.
Experience progress: Children examine the soil, find plant remains in it. The teacher heats the soil in a metal plate over an alcohol lamp, holding a glass over the soil. Together with the children, she finds out why the glass has fogged up (there is water in the soil). The teacher continues to heat the soil, suggests determining by the smell of smoke what is in the soil (nutrients: leaves, parts of insects). Then the soil is heated until the smoke disappears. Find out what color it is (light), what has disappeared from it (moisture, organic matter). Children pour the soil into a glass of water, mix. After the soil particles have settled in the water, the sediment (sand, clay) is considered. They find out why nothing grows in the forest on the site of the fires (all nutrients burn out, the soil becomes poor).

Where is longer?

purpose: find out the reason for the persistence of moisture in the soil.
Equipment: plant pots.
Experience progress: The teacher suggests watering the soil in two pots of the same size with an equal amount of water, placing one pot in the sun, the other in the shade. The children explain why the soil is dry in one pot and moist in the other (the water evaporated in the sun, but not in the shade). The teacher invites the children to solve the problem: it rained over the meadow and forest; where the ground will stay wet longer and why (in the forest, the ground will stay wet longer than in the meadow, since there is more shade, less sun.

Is there enough light?

purpose: identify the reason for the fact that there are few plants in the water.
Equipment: flashlight, transparent container with water.
Experience progress: The teacher draws the attention of children to indoor plants located near the window. Finds out where plants grow better - near or far from a window, why (those plants that are closer to the window - they get more light). Children examine plants in an aquarium (pond), determine whether plants will grow at great depths of water bodies (no, light does not pass through the water well). To prove it, they shine through the water with a flashlight, specify where the plants are better (closer to the water surface).

Where will plants get water faster?

purpose: to reveal the ability of different soils to pass water.
Equipment: funnels, glass rods, transparent container, water, cotton wool, soil from the forest and from the path.
Experience progress: Children examine the soil: determine where is forest and where is urban. They consider the algorithm of the experiment, discuss the sequence of work: put cotton wool on the bottom of the funnel, then the soil under study, put the funnel on the container. The same amount of water is measured for both soil. Water is slowly poured over a glass rod into the center of the funnel until water appears in the container. Compare the amount of liquid. Water passes through the forest soil faster and is better absorbed.
Output: Plants will get drunk faster in the forest than in the city.

Is water good or bad?

purpose: select algae from the variety of plants.
Equipment: aquarium, elodea, duckweed, houseplant leaf.
Experience progress: Students consider algae, highlighting their characteristics and varieties (grow completely in water, on the surface of the water, in the water column and on land). Children try to change the habitat of the plant: the begonia leaf is lowered into the water, the elodea is raised to the surface, the duckweed is lowered into the water. They observe what is happening (elodea dries, begonia rots, duckweed folds a leaf). Explain the features of plants of different growing environments.
purpose: Find plants that can grow in the desert, savannah.
Equipment: Plants: ficus, sansevier, violet, dieffenbachia, magnifying glass, plastic bags.
Experience progress: The teacher invites children to prove that there are plants that can live in the desert or savannah. Children independently choose plants that, in their opinion, should evaporate little water, have long roots, and accumulate moisture. Then the experiment is carried out: they put a cellophane bag on the sheet, observe the appearance of moisture inside it, compare the behavior of the plants. They prove that the leaves of these plants evaporate little moisture.
purpose: Establish the dependence of the amount of evaporated moisture on the size of the leaves.
Equipment: glass flasks, cuttings of dieffenbachia and coleus.
Experience progress: The teacher invites children to find out which of the plants can live in the jungle, forest zone, savannah. Children assume that plants with large leaves can live in the jungle, taking a lot of water; in the forest - ordinary plants; in the savannah - plants that accumulate moisture. Children, according to the algorithm, perform the experiment: they pour the same amount of water into flasks, place plants there, mark the water level; after one or two days, a change in the water level is noted. Children conclude: plants with large leaves absorb more water and evaporate more moisture - they can grow in the jungle, where there is a lot of water in the soil, high humidity and hot.

What are the roots of tundra plants?

purpose: to understand the relationship of the structure of roots with the characteristics of the soil in the tundra.
Equipment: sprouted beans, damp cloth, thermometer, cotton wool in a high transparent container.
Experience progress: Children name the peculiarities of the soil in the tundra (permafrost). The teacher suggests finding out what the roots should be so that plants can live in permafrost. Children conduct an experiment: they place the sprouted beans on a thick layer of damp cotton wool, cover them with a damp cloth, put them on a cold windowsill, and observe the growth of roots and their direction for a week. The conclusion is that in the tundra, the roots grow to the sides, parallel to the surface of the earth.

Experiments for classes in the biological department

Do fish breathe?

purpose: to establish the ability of fish to breathe in water, to confirm the knowledge that air is everywhere.
Equipment: transparent container with water, aquarium, magnifier, stick, cocktail tube.
Experience progress: Children observe the fish and determine whether they are breathing or not (watch the movement of the gills, air bubbles in the aquarium). Then they exhale air through a tube into the water, observe the appearance of bubbles. Find out if there is air in the water. The algae in the aquarium is moved with a stick, bubbles appear. Observe how the fish swim to the surface of the water (or to the compressor), capture air bubbles (breathe). The teacher leads children to understand that breathing of fish in water is possible.

Who has what beaks?

purpose: to establish the relationship between the nature of the diet and some features of the appearance of animals.
Equipment: a dense lump of earth or clay, dummies of beaks made of different materials, a container with water, small light stones, tree bark, grains, crumbs.
Experience progress: Children-“birds” choose what they want to eat, select the beak that is necessary in size, shape, strength (made of paper, cardboard, wood, metal, plastic), “get” their food with the help of the beak. They tell why they chose just such a beak (for example, a stork needs a long beak to get food out of the water; a strong hooked beak is needed by birds of prey to tear and split prey; thin and short - to insectivorous birds).

How easy is it to swim?

purpose
Equipment: models of legs of waterfowl and ordinary birds, a container with water, mechanical floating toys (penguin, duck), a leg made of wire.
Experience progress: The teacher offers to find out what the limbs of those who swim should be. To do this, children choose layouts of legs that are suitable for water birds; prove their choice by imitating paddling. Consider mechanical floating toys, pay attention to the structure of the rotating parts. For some toys, instead of blades, they insert contour paws made of wire (without membranes), launch both types of toys, determine who will swim faster, why (paws with membranes rake off more water - it is easier, faster to swim).

Why do they say "like water off a duck's back"?

purpose: to establish a connection between the structure and the way of life of birds in the ecosystem.
Equipment: chicken and goose feathers, containers with water, fat, pipette, vegetable oil, "loose" paper, brush.
Experience progress: Students examine goose feathers and downy chicken feathers, moisten them with water, find out why water does not linger on goose feathers. They put vegetable oil on the paper, moisten the sheet with water, see what happened (the water rolled down, the paper remained dry). They find out that waterfowl have a special fatty gland, with the fat of which geese and ducks lubricate their feathers with their beaks.

How do bird feathers work?

purpose: to establish a connection between the structure and the way of life of birds in the ecosystem.
Equipment: chicken feathers, goose feathers, magnifying glass, zipper lock, candle, hair, tweezers.
Experience progress: Children examine the feather of a bird, paying attention to the rod and the fan attached to it. Find out why it falls slowly, whirling smoothly (the feather is light, since there is a void inside the rod). The teacher offers to wave the feather, to observe what happens to it when the bird flaps its wings (the feather resiliently springs, without disengaging the hairs, preserving the surface). The fan is examined through a strong magnifying glass or microscope (there are projections and hooks on the grooves of the feather that can be firmly and easily aligned with each other, as if fastening the surface of the feather). They examine the down feather of a bird, find out how it differs from the flight feather (the down feather is soft, the hairs are not interlocked, the stem is thin, the feather is much smaller in size). Children discuss why birds have such feathers (they serve to preserve body heat). A bird's hair and feather are set on fire over a burning candle. The odor is the same. Children conclude that human hair and bird feathers have the same composition.

Why do water birds have such a beak?

purpose: to determine the relationship between the structure and the way of life of birds in the ecosystem.
Equipment: Grain, duck beak mockup, water container, bread crumbs, bird illustrations.
Experience progress: The teacher in the illustrations of birds covers the images of their limbs. Children choose waterfowl from all birds and explain their choice (they must have beaks that will help them get food in the water; stork, crane, heron have long beaks; geese, ducks, swans have flat, wide beaks). Children find out why birds have different beaks (stork, crane, heron need to get frogs from the bottom; geese, swans, ducks - to catch food by filtering the water). Each child chooses a beak layout. The teacher suggests using the selected beak to collect food from the ground and from the water. The result is explained.

Who Eats Algae?

purpose: to identify interdependencies in the wildlife of the ecosystem "pond".
Equipment: two transparent containers with water, algae, shellfish (without fish) and fish, magnifying glass.
Experience progress: Students examine the algae in the aquarium, find separate parts, pieces of algae. Find out who eats them. The teacher divides the inhabitants of the aquarium: in the first jar he places fish and algae, in the second - algae and molluscs. During the month, children observe changes. In the second jar, the algae are damaged, and shellfish eggs have appeared on them.

Who is cleaning the aquarium?

purpose: to reveal the relationship in the wildlife of the ecosystem "pond".
Equipment: aquarium with "old" water, shellfish, magnifying glass, a piece of white cloth.
Experience progress: Children examine the walls of the aquarium with "old" water, find out who leaves traces (stripes) on the walls of the aquarium. To this end, they run a white cloth along the inside of the aquarium, observe the behavior of the mollusks (they move only where plaque remains). Children explain if shellfish interfere with the fish (no, they purify the water from mud).

Wet breath

purpose
Equipment: mirror.
Experience progress: Children find out which way the air passes when inhaling and exhaling (when inhaling, air enters the lungs through the respiratory tract, when exhaling, it leaves). Children breathe out onto a mirror surface, note that the mirror has fogged up, moisture has appeared on it. The teacher asks the children to answer where the moisture came from (along with the exhaled air, moisture is removed from the body), what will happen if animals living in the desert lose moisture when breathing (they will die), which animals survive in the desert (camels). The teacher talks about the structure of the camel's respiratory system, which helps to preserve moisture (the camel's nasal passages are long and sinuous, moisture settles in them during exhalation).

Why are animals lighter in color in the desert than in the forest?

purpose: to understand and explain the dependence of the appearance of an animal on factors of inanimate nature (natural and climatic zones).
Equipment: fabric of light and dark tones, mittens made of black and light drape, a model of the relationship between living and inanimate nature.
Experience progress: Children find out the temperature characteristics in the desert in comparison with the forest zone, comparing their position relative to the equator. The teacher invites children in sunny but cold weather to put on mittens of the same density (preferably draped): on one hand - from light fabric, on the other - from dark; substitute your hands for the sun, after 3-5 minutes compare the sensations (in a dark mitten, your hand is warmer). The teacher asks the children about what colors should be in the clothes in the cold and hot seasons in humans, the skin in animals. Children, based on the actions performed, conclude: in hot weather it is better to have clothes in light colors (it repels the sun's rays); in cool weather it is warmer in dark (it attracts the sun's rays).

Growing babies

purpose: to identify that the food contains the smallest living organisms.
Equipment: containers with a lid, milk.
Experience progress: Children assume that the smallest organisms are in many foods. In the warmth, they grow and spoil the food. According to the beginning of the experiment algorithm, children choose places (cold and warm) in which they put milk in closed containers. Observe for 2-3 days; sketch (in warmth, these organisms develop rapidly). Children tell what people use to store food (refrigerators, cellars) and why (cold prevents organisms from multiplying and food does not spoil).

Moldy bread

purpose: to establish that certain conditions are necessary for the growth of the smallest living organisms (fungi).
Equipment: plastic bag, slices of bread, pipette, magnifier.
Experience progress: Children know that bread can go bad - tiny organisms (molds) begin to grow on it. They compose an algorithm of the experiment, place the bread in different conditions: a) in a warm dark place, in a plastic bag; b) in a cold place; c) in a warm, dry place, without a plastic bag. Observations are carried out for several days, the results are examined through a magnifying glass, and they are sketched (in humid warm conditions - the first option - mold has appeared; in dry or cold conditions, mold does not form). Children tell how people learned to preserve bread products at home (they keep them in the refrigerator, dry rusks from bread).

Suction cups

purpose: to reveal the peculiarities of the way of life of the simplest marine organisms (anemones).
Equipment: a stone, a suction cup for fixing a soap dish on a tile, illustrations of mollusks, anemones.
Experience progress: Children look at illustrations of living marine organisms and find out what kind of life they lead, how they move (they cannot move themselves, they move with the flow of water). Children find out why some marine organisms can remain on rocks. The teacher demonstrates the action of the suction cup. Children try to attach a dry suction cup (not attach), then moisten it (attach). Children conclude that the bodies of marine animals are moist, which allows them to attach well to objects with the help of suction cups.

Do worms have respiratory organs?

purpose: show that a living organism adapts to environmental conditions
Equipment: earthworms, paper napkins, cotton ball, odorous liquid (ammonia), magnifying glass.
Experience progress: Children examine the worm through a magnifying glass, find out the features of its structure (flexible articulated body, shell, processes with which it moves); determine if he has a sense of smell. To do this, cotton wool is moistened with an odorous liquid, brought to different parts of the body and the conclusion is drawn: the worm smells the whole body.

Why did shell fish disappear?

purpose: to identify the reason for the emergence of new fish species.
Equipment: model of shell fish, shark made of flexible material, large container with water, aquarium, fish, symbol.
Experience progress: Children examine the fish in the aquarium (movement of the body, tail, fins), and then the model of the shell fish. An adult invites children to think about why the shellfish disappeared (the shell did not allow the fish to breathe freely: like a hand in a cast). The teacher invites children to come up with a shell fish symbol and depict it.

Why didn't the first birds fly?

purpose: to identify the structural features of birds that help them stay in the air.
Equipment: wing models, weights of different weights, bird feather, magnifying glass, paper, cardboard, thin paper.
Experience progress: Children look at illustrations of the first birds (very large bodies and small wings). Select materials for the experiment: paper, weights ("bodies"). Wings are made of cardboard, tissue paper, wings with weights; check how different "wings" are planned, and conclude: it was hard for large birds to fly with small wings

Why were dinosaurs so big?

purpose: to clarify the mechanism of adaptation to the life of cold-blooded animals.
Equipment: small and large containers with hot water.
Experience progress: Children examine a living frog, find out its way of life (offspring hatches in water, finds food on land, cannot live far from a reservoir - the skin must be wet); touch, finding out the body temperature. The teacher says that scientists assume that dinosaurs were as cold as frogs. During this period, the temperature on the planet was not constant. The teacher finds out from the children what the frogs do in winter (hibernate), how they escape from the cold (burrow into the silt). The teacher invites children to find out why dinosaurs were big. To do this, one must imagine that the containers are dinosaurs that have heated up from high temperatures. Together with the children, the teacher pours hot water into the containers, touches them, pours out the water. After a while, the children again check the temperature of the containers by touch and conclude that the large jar is hotter - it needs more time to cool down. The teacher finds out from the children what size dinosaurs were easier to fight with the cold (large dinosaurs kept their temperature for a long time, so they did not freeze in cold periods when the sun did not heat them).

Experiences for classes in the department of ecology and nature protection

When is summer in the Arctic?

purpose: to identify the features of the manifestation of seasons in the Arctic.
Equipment: globe, model "Sun - Earth", thermometer, measuring ruler, candle.
Experience progress: The teacher introduces children to the annual movement of the Earth: it goes through one revolution around the Sun (this acquaintance is best done in winter in the evening). Children remember how on Earth day is replaced by night (the change of day and night occurs due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis). They find the Arctic on the globe, mark it on the layout with a white outline, light a candle in a darkened room that imitates the Sun. Children, under the guidance of a teacher, demonstrate the action of the model: they put the Earth in the "summer at the South Pole" position, note that the degree of illumination of the pole depends on the distance between the Earth and the Sun. Determine what time of year it is in the Arctic (winter), in Antarctica (summer). Slowly rotating the Earth around the Sun, one notes the change in the illumination of its parts with distance from the candle, which imitates the Sun.

Why doesn't the sun go down in the Arctic in summer?

purpose: to reveal the features of the manifestation of the summer season in the Arctic.
Equipment: layout "Sun - Earth".
Experience progress: Children under the guidance of a teacher demonstrate on the model "Sun - Earth" the annual rotation of the Earth around the Sun, paying attention to the fact that part of the annual rotation of the Earth is turned towards the Sun so that the North Pole is constantly illuminated. Find out where at this time on the planet will be a long night (the South Pole will remain unlit).

Where is the hottest summer?

purpose: determine where the hottest summer on the planet is.
Equipment: layout "Sun - Earth".
Experience progress: Children, under the guidance of a teacher, demonstrate on a model the annual rotation of the Earth around the Sun, determine at different moments of rotation the hottest place on the planet, put conventional icons. Prove that it is the hottest place in the equator region.

Like in the jungle

purpose: identify the causes of high humidity in the jungle.
Equipment: Layout "Earth - Sun", a map of climatic zones, a globe, a baking sheet, a sponge, a pipette, a transparent container, a device for observing changes in humidity.
Experience progress: Children discuss the temperature characteristics of the jungle, using the model of the annual rotation of the Earth around the Sun. They are trying to find out the reason for the frequent rains by looking at the globe and the map of climatic zones (the abundance of seas and oceans). An experiment on saturating the air with moisture is performed: water is dripped from a pipette onto a sponge (water remains in the sponge); put the sponge in water, turning it over in the water several times; raise a sponge, watch the water flow down. Children, using the actions performed, find out why it can rain in the jungle without clouds (the air, like a sponge, is saturated with moisture and can no longer hold it). Children check the appearance of rain without clouds: water is poured into a transparent container, closed with a lid, placed in a hot place, observed for one or two days the appearance of "fog", spreading of drops on the lid (water evaporates, moisture accumulates in the air when it becomes too a lot, it rains).

Forest - protector and healer

purpose: to identify the protective role of forests in the forest-steppe climatic zone.
Equipment: model "Sun - Earth", map of natural and climatic zones, indoor plants, fan or fan, small pieces of paper, two small trays and one large, water containers, soil, leaves, twigs, grass, watering can, tray with soil.
Experience progress: Children find out the features of the forest-steppe zone, using a map of natural and climatic zones and a globe: large open spaces, warm climate, proximity to deserts. The teacher tells the children about the winds that occur in open spaces and imitates the wind with the help of a fan; offers to pacify the wind. Children make assumptions (it is necessary to fill the space with plants, objects, create a barrier out of them) and check them: they put an obstacle made of indoor plants in the path of the wind, place pieces of paper in front of the forest and behind it. Children demonstrate the process of soil erosion during rains: they water a tray with soil (the tray is inclined) from a watering can from a height of 10-15 cm and observe the formation of "ravines". The teacher invites children to help nature preserve the surface, prevent water from washing out the soil. Children perform actions: soil is poured onto a pallet, leaves, grass, branches are scattered over the soil; water is poured onto the soil from a height of 15 cm. It is checked whether the soil has eroded under the greenery, and the conclusion is drawn: the vegetative cover holds the soil.

Why is it always damp in the tundra?

purpose
Equipment
Experience progress: Children find out the temperature features of the tundra, using the model of the annual rotation of the Earth around the Sun (when the Earth rotates around the Sun for some time, the Sun's rays do not hit the tundra at all, the temperature is low). The teacher clarifies with children what happens to the water when it hits the surface of the earth (usually part goes into the soil, part evaporates). Asks to determine whether water absorption by the soil depends on the characteristics of the soil layer (for example, whether water will easily pass into the frozen soil layer of the tundra). Children perform actions: they bring a transparent container with frozen ground into the room, give it the opportunity to thaw a little, pour water, it remains on the surface (permafrost does not allow water to pass through).

Where is faster?

purpose: to explain some of the features of the natural and climatic zones of the Earth.
Equipment: containers with water, model of the tundra soil layer, thermometer, model "Sun - Earth".
Experience progress: The teacher asks the children to find out how long it will take for water to evaporate from the soil surface in the tundra. For this purpose, long-term observation is organized. According to the algorithm of activity, children perform the following actions: the same amount of water is poured into two containers; mark its level; containers are placed in places of different temperatures (warm and cold); after a day, changes are noted (in a warm place, there is less water, in a cold place - the amount has hardly changed). The teacher proposes to solve the problem: it rained over the tundra and over our city, where the puddles will last longer and why (in the tundra, since in a cold climate, water evaporation will take place more slowly than in the middle lane, where it is warmer, the soil thaws and there is where the water can go ).

Why is there dew in the desert?

purpose: to explain some of the features of the natural and climatic zones of the Earth.
Equipment: Container with water, lid with snow (ice), spirit lamp, sand, clay, glass.
Experience progress: Children find out the temperature features of the desert, using the model of the annual rotation of the Earth around the Sun (the Sun's rays are closer to this part of the Earth's surface - the desert; the surface heats up to 70 degrees; the air temperature in the shade is more than 40 degrees; the night is cool). The teacher asks the children to answer where the dew comes from. Children conduct an experiment: they heat the soil, hold glass cooled by snow over it, observe the appearance of moisture on the glass - dew falls (there is water in the soil, the soil heats up during the day, cools at night, and dew falls in the morning).

Why is there little water in the desert?

purpose: to explain some of the features of the natural and climatic zones of the Earth.
Equipment: model "Sun - Earth", two funnels, transparent containers, measuring containers, sand, clay.
Experience progress: The teacher asks the children to answer what kind of soil exists in the desert (sandy and clayey). Children explore the landscapes of sandy and clayey desert soils. They find out what happens to the moisture in the desert (it quickly goes down through the sand; on clay soils, without having time to penetrate inside, it evaporates). They prove it by experience, choosing the appropriate algorithm of actions: fill the funnels with sand and wet clay, compact, pour water, place in a warm place. Make a conclusion.

How did the seas and oceans appear?

purpose: to explain the changes occurring in nature, using the previously obtained knowledge about condensation.
Equipment: a container with hot water or heated plasticine, covered with a lid, snow or ice.
Experience progress: Children tell that the planet Earth was once a hot body, around it there is a cold space. They discuss what should happen to it when it cools, comparing it with the cooling process of a hot object (when the object cools down, warm air from the cooling object rises up and, falling on a cold surface, turns into a liquid - condenses). Children observe the cooling and condensation of hot air upon contact with a cold surface. They are discussing what will happen if a very large body, a whole planet, cools down (when the Earth cools down, a multi-year rainy season has begun on the planet).

Living lumps

purpose: Determine how the first living cells were formed.
Equipment: container with water, dropper, vegetable oil.
Experience progress: The teacher discusses with the children whether all living organisms that live now could appear on Earth at once. Children explain that neither a plant nor an animal can immediately appear out of nothing, they suggest what the first living organisms could be, observing single specks of oil in the water. Children rotate, shake the container, consider what happens to the spots (they combine). They conclude: perhaps this is how living cells unite.

How did the islands and continents appear?

purpose: explain the changes taking place on the planet using the knowledge gained.
Equipment: a container with soil, pebbles, filled with water.
Experience progress: The teacher invites children to find out how islands, continents (land) could appear on a planet completely filled with water. Children find it out by experience. They create a model: water is carefully poured into a container filled with soil and pebbles, it is heated with the help of a teacher, they observe that the water evaporates (with the warming of the Earth's climate, the water in the seas began to evaporate, the rivers dried up, and dry land appeared). Children sketch observations.

We will devote this scientific day to the study of very important and vital aspects of our life - biology and ecology. What kind of science is it, how important is it to get this knowledge in childhood and to form a respectful attitude to nature from a very early age? What interesting research and entertaining experiments in biology and ecology can be done by studying and researching these sciences? We will talk about this.

Biology and ecology are difficult to study while sitting in a room at a table. We go out into the street - into the forest, to the river, to the dacha. We will stock up on material for laboratory research, conduct a couple of experiments and prepare for study at home. For all this we need naturalist kits:

		The set contains everything that will be useful to us: - compass to navigate the terrain and not get lost - binoculars to look out in the distance for what we may need for research - flashlight to illuminate dark places under driftwood and bridges - a magnifying glass to preliminarily examine the find on the spot.
		Set for the young insect researcher. Thanks to him, the child will learn how to distinguish an insect from other animals, which species are useful and which are harmful, and will be able to observe their life using the items included in the set: a container for carrying insects, a transparent jar with a magnifying glass, tweezers. Can make a tool that reproduces the chirping of a cricket, or a device that resembles the "eye of a fly", which will help to understand how she sees our world.
		Such a box with tweezers, a carabiner, a magnifying glass and a sturdy but breathable cover is a must for a young explorer. The box is small, it is convenient to fasten it on a backpack or even on a belt so that it is always at hand.

Don't forget about plants. Walking around the neighborhood, it is not at all difficult to collect a small collection of beautiful or completely nondescript flowers, leaves and plants. It is not easy to create a real botanical herbarium following strict rules and requirements. But we do all this for ourselves, for beauty and benefit. Therefore, we collect what we like.

As soon as the material is collected and we are already "at the base", then for a more detailed study we will need more serious equipment. You can consider any material found - cone scales and dandelion root, ant and mosquito, sand and water from a puddle.

Microscope will reveal to the young biologist all the secrets of the mysterious microcosm of plants, insects, animals and the human body.
Micropreparations - a necessary addition to the microscope. The slides can be ready-made, with objects of research already fixed on them, or you can purchase slides and cover slips and put your findings for further research.
Reference books and encyclopedias - the main assistants of the young researcher and a source of information.

So, we are armed to the teeth and ready to explore. First, let's start some lengthy processes. Let's try to grow a plant.

The sets are completely different, you can just grow a plant in a pot, you can watch how the plant reaches for the light, overcoming any obstacles, you can follow the root system and how and what the plant eats - water, air and sun. And how soon it will grow and how strong or frail it will be depends on the researcher who will look after it.

For example, in one children's family camp, they decided to arrange an experiment. They put wet paper towels in disposable plastic plates, put watercress seeds on them (you can buy them at any garden or hardware store, they are the most unpretentious and germinate the fastest), covered them with a damp paper towel and began to observe.

All plants hatched, but in the end they all grew different - some had green, strong shoots, and some had stunted yellowish shoots. In this example, the children saw that it is important to water the plants in a timely manner and put them in the sun.
There are many options for observing plants, all of them are very visual and interesting.

The magic will begin to happen right in front of your eyes. And the fact that you used food coloring will make a rainbow salad and eat it!

Growing beans or avocados is not a day's worth of research. While they are growing and we are recording changes, let's find out how much we need plants, even if they are not edible. To do this, we will conduct a small experiment with contaminated water.

Is it possible to carry out an experiment on filtration and purification of water at home with improvised means? Let's try it!

This experience in ecology clearly shows us, adults and the younger generation, how important green spaces are. They not only enrich the air with oxygen, but also very effectively purify water, making it drinkable.

It would be wrong to study the flora and fauna without examining the influence of natural phenomena and weather conditions. After all, a palm tree cannot grow in Arkhangelsk, and a cranberry cannot ripen in the Sahara Desert. We will not immediately begin to aim at the problems of global warming. Let's watch the weather outside our window. For this, the Weather Station will come in handy.

And to make the water cycle in nature more visual and understandable even for preschoolers, conduct the experiment on the window.

In the end, I will offer you a delicious game about genetics for dessert. Children are such "why". How to explain to them that his mother's ears, his father's eyes, and his great-grandfather's nose? He's not a puzzle. There is a great opportunity to show children how gene mixing occurs and that we always borrow something from our relatives and carry information for our descendants.

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We have a lot of things in our kitchen, with which you can make interesting experiments for children. Well, for myself, to be honest, to make a couple of discoveries from the category of "as I did not notice it before."

website chose 9 experiments that will delight children and raise many new questions from them.

1. Lava lamp

Needed: Salt, water, a glass of vegetable oil, some food coloring, a large clear glass or glass jar.

Experience: Fill a glass 2/3 with water, pour vegetable oil into the water. The oil will float on the surface. Add food coloring to water and oil. Then slowly add 1 teaspoon of salt.

Explanation: Oil is lighter than water, so it floats on the surface, but salt is heavier than oil, so when you add salt to a glass, the oil begins to sink to the bottom along with the salt. When the salt breaks down, it releases the oil particles and they rise to the surface. The food coloring will help make the experience more visual and spectacular.

2. Personal rainbow

Needed: A container filled with water (bath, basin), flashlight, mirror, sheet of white paper.

Experience: Pour water into the container and put a mirror on the bottom. We direct the light of the flashlight to the mirror. The reflected light needs to be caught on paper, on which a rainbow should appear.

Explanation: A light beam consists of several colors; when it passes through the water, it decomposes into its component parts - in the form of a rainbow.

3. Volcano

Needed: Tray, sand, plastic bottle, food coloring, soda, vinegar.

Experience: A small volcano should be molded around a small plastic bottle made of clay or sand - for an entourage. To cause an eruption, pour two tablespoons of baking soda into the bottle, pour in a quarter cup of warm water, add a little food coloring, and at the end pour in a quarter cup of vinegar.

Explanation: When baking soda and vinegar come into contact, a violent reaction begins, releasing water, salt and carbon dioxide. Gas bubbles and push the contents out.

4. Grow crystals

Needed: Salt, water, wire.

Experience: To get crystals, you need to prepare a supersaturated salt solution - one in which the salt does not dissolve when a new portion is added. In this case, you need to keep the solution warm. For the process to go better, it is desirable that the water is distilled. When the solution is ready, it must be poured into a new container to get rid of the debris that is always in the salt. Next, a wire with a small loop at the end can be lowered into the solution. Place the jar in a warm place to cool the liquid more slowly. In a few days, beautiful salt crystals will grow on the wire. If you get the hang of it, you can grow fairly large crystals or patterned crafts on twisted wire.

Explanation: As the water cools, the solubility of the salt decreases, and it begins to precipitate and settle on the walls of the vessel and on your wire.

5. Dancing coin

Needed: A bottle, a coin that can be used to cover the neck of a bottle, water.

Experience: An empty, unclosed bottle should be placed in the freezer for a few minutes. Moisten a coin with water and cover the bottle you removed from the freezer with it. After a few seconds, the coin will begin to jump and, hitting the neck of the bottle, make sounds like clicks.

Explanation: The coin is lifted by air, which in the freezer has shrunk and took up a smaller volume, and now has warmed up and began to expand.

6. Colored milk

Needed: Whole milk, food coloring, liquid detergent, cotton swabs, plate.

Experience: Pour milk into a plate, add a few drops of color. Then you need to take a cotton swab, dip it in the detergent and touch the stick to the very center of the plate with milk. The milk will begin to move and the colors will mix.

Explanation: The detergent reacts with the fat molecules in the milk and makes them move. This is why skim milk is not suitable for the experience.

7. Fireproof bill

Needed: Ten-ruble bill, tongs, matches or lighter, salt, 50% alcohol solution (1/2 part alcohol to 1/2 part water).

Experience: Add a pinch of salt to the alcohol solution, immerse the bill in the solution so that it is completely saturated. Remove the bill from the solution with tongs and let the excess liquid drain. Set fire to the bill and watch it burn without burning.

Explanation: The combustion of ethyl alcohol produces water, carbon dioxide and heat (energy). When you light a bill, alcohol burns. The temperature at which it burns is not enough to evaporate the water that is soaked in the paper bill. As a result, all the alcohol burns out, the flame goes out, and a slightly damp dozen remains intact.

Multicolored celery

You will need:

Long stalk of celery with leaves.

Red and blue food paints.

Three small cups.

Scissors or scalpel.

Plants extract water and nutrients from the soil using tubular vessels that run along the stem from the roots to the leaves. The structure of this system is similar in all plants - from huge trees to humble celery. This project will help you track plant nutrition.

Scheme of work

1. Pour 50-100 ml of water into each of three small glasses. Add blue paint to the first glass, red to the second, and both blue and red to the third (you get purple paint).

2. Ask an adult to carefully cut the celery stalk lengthwise into three strips with scissors or a scalpel. Place the celery in three cups as shown.

3. Don't touch the celery. In one or two days you will see the result.

Result... Celery leaves absorb red, blue, and purple dye. Different leaves are colored differently.

Explanation

Plants have two types of vessels. The tubular vessels, which are xylem, transfer water and nutrients from the bottom up - from the roots to the leaves. The nutrients formed in the leaves during photosynthesis go from top to bottom to the roots through other vessels - the phloem. The xylem is along the edge of the stem, and the phloem is at the center. This system is a bit like the circulatory system of animals.

The most effective result is obtained in one or two days, so it is necessary to accurately calculate the start of work in order to show the most beautiful celery at the exhibition. You can make several colorful plants - one per day. Then, if the plant withers during the exhibition, you can replace it.

Do you know?

Vascular damage can kill the plant. That is why it is impossible to spoil the bark of trees, since the vessels are close to it.

How do fruits and vegetables ripen?

You will need:

2 very ripe bananas.

3 green bananas.

2 green tomatoes.

3 paper bags.

• Self-adhesive labels.

You may have heard that one rotten apple can ruin an entire bag. But a ripe banana can also be said to ripen other fruits. The same applies to vegetables such as tomatoes. This project will help you track the ripening of fruits.

Scheme of work

1. Place one green banana on the table, the second green banana in the bag, and the third green banana in the bag along with the ripe banana. Sign the packages and tie them up.

2. Place one green tomato on the table and the other in a bag along with the remaining ripe banana. Tie and sign the package.

3. Put the bags in a dark place and do not touch them for five days. Then take out all the bananas and tomatoes from these bags and compare them with those on the table.

Result... The green banana and green tomato on the table have ripened a little - they have softened and changed color. The green banana in the bag has ripened more, but the banana that was in the bag along with the ripe banana ripened even better. Both bananas turned almost black. The green tomato, which was in the bag with the banana, also ripened better.

Explanation

Fruits and vegetables ripen faster without light and in sealed paper bags. In addition, ripening fruits and vegetables secrete a substance that accelerates the ripening of other vegetables and fruits. This substance, which is an ethylene gas, is used to accelerate the ripening of a wide variety of fruits and vegetables.

In addition, in the process of ripening in a confined space, a vegetable or fruit, left to itself, begins to absorb its own ethylene, thereby accelerating its ripening.

In addition to the release of ethylene, or "ripening hormone", as scientists call it, in the process of ripening, fruits absorb oxygen and emit carbon dioxide. Paper bags, unlike plastic bags, allow sufficient oxygen to pass through for the maturation process to continue.

Take good photos of all stages of the work. Be sure to photograph all the fruits at the end of the experiment. Show the signed packages at the exhibition.

Do you know?

When growing fruits and vegetables in greenhouses in winter, ethylene is usually used to accelerate ripening. But with accelerated ripening, the transformation of substances that occurs inside the fruit will be incomplete. Therefore, the greenhouse tomatoes and cucumbers that we eat in winter will never match the taste of vegetables grown in the garden.

The southern fruits sold in our stores do not ripen on trees, but in boxes on the way to the store. Collect them green.

Gum vaccination

You will need:

A bush of tomatoes in a pot about 30 cm tall.

A potato bush in a pot of the same height.

Razor blade.

Soft tape.

In this project, you will combine potatoes and tomatoes into one amazing plant - "karmidor". Of course, this will not be a new plant species, because ordinary tomatoes will grow from its seeds. Vaccination projects are time consuming. You will need at least eight weeks for the plant to bloom, bear fruit and form tubers after grafting.

Scheme of work

1. Pull the main stems of the two bushes together and tie them loosely with the braid.

2. Ask an adult to help you carefully cut the inside of the stems with a razor blade.

Chewing gum grafting connecting tomato and potato stalks (stages 1-5)

3. Connect the stems with the cut sections and tape more tightly.

4. Chew the gum until completely soft.

5. Stick the softened gum around the connected stems.

6. After about a week, check to see if the vaccine was successful. If both plants look healthy, you can cut off the top of the potato stem and the bottom of the tomato, then the two plants will make one - a "karmidor".

Result... When tomatoes appear on the plant, carefully dig out the ground - you will see small potato tubers.

Explanation

Vaccinations are often used by gardeners who grow rare, especially valuable varieties of fruit trees. When growing apple trees, one cannot do without vaccinations at all - everyone knows that an apple tree grows from the seeds of any most delicious apple, bringing ordinary small, wild apples. Delicate plants are grafted onto strong wild trees, for example, one or even several varieties of different apple trees can be grafted onto a wild apple tree. With the help of grafts, hybrid fruit trees are also propagated - grapefruit (a hybrid of a lemon with an orange) and nectarines (a hybrid of a peach and a plum).

Take photos of your work and the connected plants. Show the resulting plant with tomatoes and potato tubers.

Do you know?

Now scientists are attracted by a new direction of work with plants - genetic engineering. Artificial introduction of new genes allows improving the quality of agricultural plants, for example, increasing the content of vitamins in them. With the help of genetic engineering, plants are also obtained that are not afraid of insect pests.

By the way, do you know how fruits differ from vegetables? The fact that almost all fruits grow on trees, and almost all vegetables - on the ground or in the ground.

Mushroom drawings

You will need:

Fresh lamellar mushrooms. (Do not take unfamiliar and poisonous forest mushrooms. Spongy and wormy mushrooms are also not good - it is better to buy mushrooms in the store.)

A sheet of white paper.

Have you ever seen mushroom seeds? No matter how much you look, you cannot find real seeds, like flowers, in mushrooms. Mushrooms reproduce by spores.

In disputes, there are no nutrients, unlike the seeds of flowering plants, these are only the embryos of the fungus. The spores are very small, and there are many of them - several million in the plates on the underside of one mushroom. Disputes can only be viewed under a microscope. But in this project you will be able to see the controversy over the drawings they form.

Scheme of work

1. Carefully separate a few mushroom caps from the legs.

2. Place the hats, plates down, on a piece of paper.

3. Don't touch the mushrooms for several days.

4. Remove the mushrooms from the paper.

Result... The mushrooms will leave a beautiful brown pattern on the paper.

Explanation

If you do not touch the mushroom caps, they "ripen", and spores will pour out of them on the paper. The spores stick to the paper, repeating the pattern of the mushroom plates. The longer the mushroom cap lies on the paper, the brighter the drawing will be, but a faint imprint of the cap will appear in an hour.

Show the resulting drawings at the exhibition. Try to get on one sheet a drawing of mushrooms that have been lying on paper for different times - from several hours to several days. You will see a wide variety of patterns - both the color and the lines formed by disputes will differ.

Do you know?

Disputes can remain unchanged for a long time - until conditions are favorable for their growth. Typically, spores require warmth and high humidity to germinate.

Big green solar machine

You will need:

A tree with large leaves (you must reach the lower branches of this tree).

A sheet of white paper.

• Pencil.

  Calculator.

Plants feed using the energy of sunlight. Solar energy helps synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide in the air and water that the plant gets from the soil. This process is called photosynthesis.

The leaves of a tree can be thought of as part of a large solar cell. The larger the total leaf area, the more solar energy the tree uses. In this project you will be able to calculate the area of \u200b\u200ball the leaves of a tree.

Scheme of work

1. Using a pencil and a ruler, draw a grid of squares with a side of 1 cm on a sheet of white paper. (You can take a squared paper - the side of one square on such paper is 0.5 cm.) Make more of these grids.

2. Pick one medium-sized leaf from a tree or lift off the ground - neither large nor small.

3. Place the sheet on the grid, trace its outline with a pencil and remove the sheet.

4. Place a check mark in all cells of the grid that were completely or more than half covered by the sheet.

5. Count the number of checkmarked cells - this will be the approximate surface area of \u200b\u200bthe leaf in square centimeters. Write down this number.

6. Look closely at the tree (you can take binoculars). Count how many leaves are on a small branch, how many small branches are on one large branch, and how many large branches extend from the trunk of the tree. Write down all the numbers.

7. Multiply all the numbers you have written down: leaf area, number of leaves on a small branch, number of small branches on a large branch, and number of large branches on a tree. This will give you the total area of \u200b\u200ball the leaves of the tree (in square centimeters). Write this result in square meters (1 m 2 \u003d 10,000 cm 2).

Result... You got that a leaf completely or more than half covers 15 cells, on a small branch of a tree there are 12 leaves, on a large branch there are 8 small branches, on a tree there are 10 large branches. Multiply these numbers: 15 x 12 x 8 x 10 \u003d 14,400. The total area of \u200b\u200ball the leaves of the tree is 14,400 cm 2, or 1.44 m 2.

Sheet and grid with check marks to calculate sheet surface area

Compare the results obtained for different trees. For the exhibition, cut out a piece of paper or old cloth equal in area to all the leaves of the tree.

Do you know?

Solar cells are human-made devices that use solar energy and convert it into other forms of energy. But so far artificial solar panels work much less efficiently than natural ones.

* Fragments from the book Do it yourself! 100 most interesting independent research projects. - M .: "AST Publishing House", LLC "Astrel Publishing House", 2004.

EXPERIENCE CARD FOR SENIOR PRESCHOOL WITH PLANTS

Experiments in kindergarten with plants

Experience (observation) No. 1

"Plant growth in different conditions"

Purpose: to identify which of the samples will develop better.

Equipment: two identical plants (gel filler, earth, two glass containers.

The content of the experiment: one plant was planted in soil (sample No. 1, and the other in a helium filler, enriched with the necessary substances for plant growth (sample No. 2).

Experiment date: 02/06/2016

After 7 days, the plant (sample No. 1) has solid leaves, and the plant (sample No. 2, the leaves have withered, and after 10 days (sample No. 2 died)

Conclusion: the plant grows better in the ground than in the helium filler, since there are more nutrients in the ground, and they ran out in the helium filler after a week.

Experience (observation) No. 2

"WITH WATER AND WITHOUT WATER"

OBJECTIVE: To identify the environmental factors necessary for growth and development

plants (water, light, heat)

MATERIAL: Two identical plants (balsam, water

PROCESS: The teacher offers to find out why plants cannot live without water (the plant will wither, the leaves will dry out, there is water in the leaves); what will happen if one plant is watered, and the other is not (without watering, the plant dries up, turns yellow, the leaves and stems lose their elasticity). Observe the condition of the plants for five days.

At the beginning of the experiment (observation)

After 5 days, the leaves and stems of the flower that were watered are elastic, and the plant without water: the leaves and stem lost their elasticity, turned yellow.

Conclusion: a plant cannot live without water.

Experience (observation) No. 3

"IN THE LIGHT AND IN THE DARK"

PURPOSE: To determine the environmental factors necessary for the growth and development of plants.

MATERIAL: cutting of a houseplant in a pot, a cardboard cap.

STROKE: The teacher offers to find out whether light is needed for plant life. Close the pot with the plant cuttings with a cardboard cap. Remove the cap after seven days.

After seven days, the leaves of the plant turned white.

Conclusion: a plant cannot live without light.

Experience (observation) No. 4

“CAN A PLANT BREATHE? "

PURPOSE: To reveal the plant's need for air, respiration. Understand how the respiration process occurs in a plant.

MATERIAL: Indoor plant, cocktail tubes, petroleum jelly.

STROKE: The teacher asks if plants breathe, how to prove that they breathe. Children determine, based on knowledge about the process of breathing in humans, that when breathing, air must enter the plant and leave it. Inhale and exhale through the tube. Then the hole of the tube is covered with petroleum jelly. Children try to breathe through the tube and conclude that petroleum jelly does not allow air to pass through. It is hypothesized that plants have very small holes in the leaves through which they breathe. To check this, smear one or both sides of the leaf with petroleum jelly, observe the leaves daily for a week.

After seven days, the leaf turned yellow.

Conclusion: plants need air, respiration.

EVAPORATION OF WATER BY PLANTS.

PURPOSE: To acquaint children with how a plant loses moisture through evaporation.

MATERIALS: Potted plant, plastic bag, duct tape.

PROCESS:

Place the bag over a part of the plant and attach it securely to the stem with adhesive tape.

Put the plant in the sun for 3-4 hours.

See how the bag has become from the inside.

RESULTS: Water droplets are visible on the inner surface of the bag and it seems as if the bag is filled with fog.

WHY? The plant absorbs water from the soil through the roots. Water flows along the stems, from where it evaporates through the stomata. Some trees evaporate up to 7 tons of water per day. When there are many of them, plants have a great influence on the temperature and humidity of the air. The loss of moisture by a plant through the stomata is called transpiration.

THE PLANT NEEDS LIGHT

PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: Lead children to the conclusion about the need for light for plants. Find out why green plants growing in the ocean don't live deeper than 100 meters.

MATERIALS: Two small, identical green plants in pots, dark cabinet.

PROCESS: Place one plant in the sun and hide the other in a cupboard.

Leave the plants for a week.

Then compare their color.

Swap plants.

Leave the plants for a week as well.

Compare the plants again.

RESULTS: The plant in the closet has become paler in color and wilted, and the plant in the sun is green as before. When the plants were reversed, the yellowed plant began to turn green, and the first plant became pale and withered.

WHY? In order for the plant to turn green, it needs a green substance, chlorophyll, which is necessary for photosynthesis. For photosynthesis to take place in a plant, they need light. When there is no sun, the supply of chlorophyll molecules is depleted and not replenished. Because of this, the plant turns pale and sooner or later dies. Green algae live at depths of up to one hundred meters. The closer to the surface, where there is more sunlight, the more abundant they are. At a depth below one hundred meters, light does not pass, so green algae do not grow there.

WHAT ARE THE ROOTS OF TUNDRA PLANTS?

PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: To learn to understand the relationship between the structure of roots and the characteristics of the soil in the tundra.

MATERIALS: Sprouted beans, damp cloth, thermometer, cotton wool, transparent high capacity.

PROCESS:

Name the features of the soil in the tundra (permafrost).

Find out what the roots should be so that plants can live in permafrost.

Place damp cotton wool in a transparent high container.

Place the sprouted beans on a thick, damp cotton ball.

Cover with a damp cloth and place on a cold windowsill.

Observe the growth of the roots, their direction during the week.

RESULTS: The roots began to grow to the sides, parallel to the bottom of the container.

WHY? The earth in the tundra thaws only at the surface, and then it is frozen and solid. Therefore, the roots grow only in thawed and warm ground above the permafrost, and there is nothing living in the permafrost.

AIR ROOTS.

PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: To reveal the relationship between high air humidity and the appearance of aerial roots in plants.

MATERIALS: Scindapsus, transparent container, with a tight lid and water at the bottom, wire rack.

PROCESS:

Find out why there are plants with aerial roots in the jungle (in the jungle there is little water in the soil, the roots can take it from the air).

Consider with children the aerial roots of the monstera.

Consider the plant scindapsus, find buds - future roots

Place the plant in a container of water on a wire rack.

Close the lid tightly.

Observe for a month the appearance of "fog", and then drops on the lid inside the container (like in the jungle).

The aerial roots that have appeared are examined and compared with the monster and other plants.

RESULTS: This suggests that the plant is adapted to take water from the air, although we did not water it. And then you need to put this plant in the room like other plants. The plant lives as before, but the roots on the plant have dried up.

WHY? In the jungle, there is very little moisture in the soil, but there is a lot of it in the air. Plants have adapted to take it out of the air with the help of aerial roots. Where the air is dry, they take moisture from the ground.

THE PLANT WANTS TO DRINK

THE PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: To highlight the environmental factors necessary for the growth and development of plants. Lead children to the conclusion that plants need water.

MATERIALS: Two balsam flowers, watering can.

PROCESS:

Find out from children if plants need water.

Put two balsams in the sun

Water one plant, but not the other.

Observe the plants and draw a conclusion.

Water this plant and observe for another week.

RESULTS: The watered flower stands with leaves, green and resilient. The plant, which was not watered, wilted, the leaves turned yellow, lost their elasticity, sank to the bottom.

WHY? The plant cannot live without water and may die.

Experience (observation) No. 5

“Then what? ".

Purpose. To systematize knowledge about the developmental cycles of all plants.

Materials. Seeds of street flowers (marigolds, plant care items.

Process. The teacher offers a riddle letter with seeds, finds out what the seeds turn into. A plant is grown for a month, recording all changes as they develop. They compare their sketches, draw up a general scheme for all plants using symbols, reflecting the main stages of plant development.

Outcome: Seeds - sprout - adult plant - flower.

WHAT IS THE PLANT ISSUING

PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: To establish that the plant produces oxygen. Understand the need for respiration for plants.

MATERIALS: Large glass container with a sealed lid, a stalk in water or a small pot with a plant, a speck, a match.

PROCESS:

Find out why it is so easy to breathe in the forest (the assumption that plants release oxygen for human breathing).

Place a pot with a plant (or a stalk) in a container.

They put it in a warm place (if the plant gives oxygen in the jar, it will become more).

After 1-2 days, check with the children if oxygen has accumulated in the jar

Check with a lighted torch.

RESULTS: Observe a bright flash of a torch in the container immediately after removing the lid.

WHY? Plants release oxygen, which burns well. We can say that plants are needed by humans and animals for respiration.

UP OR DOWN

THE PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: To reveal how the force of gravity affects the growth of plants.

MATERIALS: Indoor plant, stand.

PROCESS:

Put a flower with a pot on its side on a stand

Observe the position of the stem and leaves for a week

RESULTS: Stems and leaves turn towards the top.

WHY? The plant contains a growth substance, auxin, which stimulates plant growth. Due to the force of gravity, auxin is concentrated in the lower part of the stem. This part grows faster, the stem extends upward.

WHERE IS BETTER TO GROW?

THE PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: To establish the need for soil for plant life, the effect of soil quality on the growth and development of plants, to isolate soils that are different in composition.

MATERIALS:

Cuttings of tradescantia, black soil, clay, sand.

PROCESS:

Together with the children, choose the soil for planting plants.

Children plant cuttings of Tradescantia in different soil.

Observe the growth of cuttings with the same care for them for two weeks.

Make a conclusion.

Cuttings are transplanted from clay into black soil and monitored for two weeks

RESULTS: The plant does not grow in clay, but the plant does well in black soil. When transplanted into black soil, the plant shows good growth. In the sand, the plant grows well at first, then lags behind in growth.

WHY? In black soil, the plant grows well, because there are many nutrients. The soil conducts moisture and air well, it is loose. In the sand, the plant first grows because there is a lot of moisture in it for the formation of roots. But sand contains few nutrients that are essential for plant growth. Clay is very hard in quality, water passes very poorly into it, there is no air and nutrients in it.

Literature:

1. Janice Van Cleave. Two hundred experiments, biology.-M.: 1995

2. Dybina O.V. Nearby Uncharted: Entertaining Experiences