The RIA Novosti correspondent met with the philological maidens, who are most worried about Russian grammar and punctuation, asked how they are better than the "grammar-nazi" and even fulfilled their task.

Grammar Nazi and Orthodoxy

It is difficult to talk to Polina Ivanova, a third-year student at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University and one of the founders of the Secret Spelling Police. While we are talking in a cafe, she turns her head, finds two typos in the ad at once and takes a picture of it (this is an ad about the prohibition of "photography and video shooting"). "I'll send it to the administration. Coffee houses and restaurants fix mistakes quickly," says Polina.

Correcting, not just collecting errors is the main goal of "spelling cops". In this they see their difference from the "grammar-nazi". This is a trend in social networks, to which many communities refer themselves, where users post photos and scans with errors. Comments addressed to the authors of errors, however, are far from the norms of language etiquette. It seems that people are more asserting themselves.

On the page of one of the "Grammar-Nazi" communities, their mission is formulated as follows: innate literacy and a heightened sense of beauty. It gets annoyed when someone makes a grammatical or spelling mistake, and instantly rushes into the attack, brandishing dictionaries and links to Gramotu.ru. "

International day native language International Mother Language Day was proclaimed by the General Conference of UNESCO in November 1999 and has been celebrated annually since 2000 on February 21 to promote linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism.

The Grammar Nazis, however, are actively fighting for the "purity of the language" outside of communities. Here is one of the typical dialogues - Grammar Nazi copied it and published it in the community, receiving the burning approval of friends. One girl shares her impressions of the changes in the design of Vkontakte: "But I like it. All the same, for everyone who is in contact, they have done it, they just need to treat it from the best side." The young man cannot resist: "Girl, leave the Internet, please. So that I, like other literate people, do not cry blood when looking at such messages." The girl reacts with obscenities. By the way, also with errors.

The Grammar Nazis have already become the target of numerous jokes. For example, Smixer, a fictional news site, recently reported that "Grammar Nazis beat a Russian nationalist in Moscow for violating spelling and punctuation rules in the phrase" Russia is for Russians. "

The authors of mistakes do not like to correct them.

“We do not aim to laugh at illiterate people,” says Polina Ivanova from the Secret Spelling Police. “In addition, we only correct mistakes made in public space... In private correspondence, a person, roughly speaking, has the right to be illiterate. "

Members of the Secret Spelling Police also post reports on their small spelling victories in their Vkontakte community.

However, not all authors of mistakes answer the "policemen". "The Moscow government is reacting promptly," says Polina. Ortho-policemen noticed streamers on the streets with calls to complain to a special site if "the elevator is not working properly." The mayor's office redesigned the banners and thanked the activists.

The Moscow Mayor's Office responds to complaints from "police" rather quickly

© Site "Secret Spelling Police"

Manufacturers of all kinds of products react quickly and make mistakes in packaging. They promise to re-release packaging and often do.

But a beauty salon from Samara refused to correct "during" in its gift certificate, saying that "the beauty of the whole proposal will suffer." Although much more often the authors of mistakes simply ignore the letters of the "police".

"How do you sign your petitions? So do you write - the Secret Spelling Police?" - asks the correspondent of RIA Novosti. “We usually explain that we are a community of caring volunteers,” Polina replies.

The tongue got lost

The movement of "policemen", whose community already includes more than 2 thousand people from the CIS countries, appeared in the fall of 2013. It was created by several students of philological and historical faculties, and one of the founders of the "police" is a schoolboy.

"We walked around Poklonnaya Hill, noticed a mistake on the monument: "To the missing soldiers without graves." At first they giggled, then thought about how to fix it. To fix it manually - to spoil the monument. They wrote to the mayor's office, and then it turned out that it is not entirely clear who is responsible for which monument and to whom it "belongs", "says Polina.

Philologists did not calm down until they got an answer: an assistant to one of the State Duma deputies, to whom the "secret police" turned, assured the guys that there was no mistake, and that "lacking" was an adverb. “With references to dictionaries, we proved that, despite the stability of the expression,“ without a trace ”is not an adverb, but a noun with a preposition,” recalls Polina. The Department of Cultural Heritage of the Moscow City Hall delighted the "police" by announcing that the replacement of the plaque "is included in the work plan for 2015".

In general, there is a problem with monuments, says Polina Ivanova, - sometimes it seems that they do not have literary editors, and alteration of bronze tablets is expensive. In St. Petersburg there is a monument where the inscription "To military doctors who fell in wars" is made without a comma. And last year, the blogosphere laughed at the restored Romanov stele in the Alexander Garden - the word "memory" was written with y instead of b.

It is even harder for sculptors to make an inscription if it is not in Russian. At VDNKh, the "police" found a globe with constellations signed in Latin. The constellations of the Hare and the Wolf are signed identically, "lupus". Although lupus is a wolf and a hare is a lepus.

There is also a more complex example: a monument to the saints Equal-to-the-Apostles first teachers Cyril and Methodius in Moscow. The inscriptions are made in Church Slavonic, but it is not very clear to which era this version of his spelling belongs. For example, says Ivanova, the inscriptions contain the letters "yus large" and "yus small", which really were in the most ancient version of the orthography of the Church Slavonic language, the same one developed by Cyril and Methodius. But then it turns out that the letters b and b are used incorrectly - for example, according to the norms of that time, it should be "equal" and "first", but on the monument "equal" and "first". "Most of all, this version of Church Slavonic is similar to the one that was in the 15th-16th centuries," says Polina. Why it was chosen for the monument to the saints who lived in the 9th century is unknown.

With a marker - to protect the language

Searching for bugs in the urban environment has turned into an exciting hunt, to which more and more volunteers are constantly connected. At the community forum, schoolgirl Dasha Panteleeva asks: "Can I become a member of the secret police? I am 13 years old, I am in the 7th grade. I confirm my status as an excellent student. But there is a problem: I live in a microscopic town. Do we need such a police?"

“There are mistakes in every city,” her senior comrades reassure her. “We want all members of our community to write not to our headquarters, but to look for the owners of the“ erroneous ”announcements and plates themselves,” says Polina.

© Site "Secret Spelling Police"

Sometimes the "secret police" even have to clash with the authors of the errors. Employees of one of the embassies, on the fence of which the guys were correcting a mistake in the official announcement, threatened to call the police. And the mayor's office of the city of Vladimir sent a notice that self-correction of errors on memorial plaques and posters is an administrative offense.

First task

Finally, Polina gives the RIA Novosti correspondent stickers and an assignment: in the underground passage of the city near Moscow, where the journalist lives, a mistake was made in the ad. The address of the sports bar says "Lermontovo street". This error can be corrected by myself, with a marker: the plate hangs low.

I find the second error myself. A clothing store in the heart of the city is adorned with a pretentious slogan that lacks a comma: "The versatility of the world." Here you can't fix the mistake yourself, you have to go to the store. The administrator looks at the guest in a strange way and, having called the owner, promises to fix the error, honestly warning that this will not happen too quickly.

Yes, next time, I think I'd better find an email address and write a letter. With the cryptic signature "Secret Spelling Police".

Jargon is a word or expression that belongs to a jargon. So in modern life you can often see a girl walking with a cigarette and speaking obscenely on the phone. I don’t know about you, but I am disgusted with it. Now everything has changed, and from gentle, vulnerable creatures, girls have turned into rough and tough creatures. It is a pity that many have stopped paying attention to this, do not understand why it all starts. But to monitor your behavior and your speech is very hard work, which seems to the majority of today's youth to be ineffectual. And in vain.

Poor upbringing and education primarily provokes obscene speech. From early childhood, a child imitates his parents, and if in his upbringing, profanity is used (even if not specific to him), then when a person becomes an adult, he does not abandon this habit laid in him by his parents. Education fosters responsibility in a person, the ability to set goals, literacy, and hence the culture of speech, therefore, the purity of speech also depends on education.

The inability to behave respectfully towards others also leaves an imprint on a person's speech. When a young man does not see any difference in age, status or position among other people, he will talk to everyone, as with his friends, acquaintances and peers, using the same jargon and other words that clog speech. This means that his speech will become very far from the correct speech. A well-bred young man will always respectfully treat his peers and older people, using competent speech.

Language is not only a method of communication, it is also one of the signs of the life of the people who use it; This is a book that reflects the entire history of the development of the people, its entire historical path, from ancient times to the present day. Each phrase traces the historical past, relentlessly accompanying people; traces the present, and, possibly, the future of all those who with mother's milk absorbed Russian words, filled with love of people close and dear to their hearts.

Protect the purity of the language, like a shrine! Russian language is so rich and flexible that we have nothing take from those who are poorer than us. I.S. Turgenev

The language is confession of the people, you can hear in it his nature, his soul and home life ... P. Vyazemsky

Language is like a living being. He lives. Develops.

But it may die. And all this depends only on us. From how carefully we treat it. Although many believe that language is developing in the right direction even without human intervention, and this is progress, not regression. But it happens the other way around ...

And how often we pronounce words without thinking about their meaning, we often copy what we have ever heard on TV or radio, we use foreign words, having Russian counterparts.

Why, instead of the word "hotel", I more and more often hear "hotel", instead of "diner" - "bar"? People rarely say exactly what they really think about (although we have freedom of speech). Yes, and in fact, we say one thing, think about another, and mean the third ... There are a huge number of examples of this.

Each of us, whether he wants it or not, enters into a dialogue, but often due to a lack of vocabulary, the repetition of the same words and sentences, the use of many unnecessary words, the opponent becomes uninteresting to us. In the end, we lose the thread of the conversation and hardly remember where our dialogue started and what we discussed. Science has proven that when pronouncing words, each sound uses certain parts of the brain, influencing the consciousness and subconsciousness. All this does not depend on the person himself and on what meaning he puts into what has been said. Therefore, when we use words correctly, we evoke positive reactions in ourselves and those around us.

A vivid proof of this is the frequent use of spells and prayers by our ancestors. Today, those who try to repeat the same rituals argue that the conspiracies allegedly "do not work." I dare to assume that we simply mispronounce them or do not put in the original meaning.

It turns out that not only the internal, mental health of a person, but also physical health depends on the literacy of our speech. That is, in order to preserve and improve people, it is necessary to realize, feel and use words in their original meaning.

Today they acquire a completely different meaning, sometimes even the opposite. All this leads to the fact that the speech modern people clogged.

Dangerous value of the return particle "Xia"

Recently, I discovered with interest the meaning of the reflexive particle "sya", which is now written together with verbs. She originally meant "herself." (It is no coincidence that the recurrent particles "me" and "cha", meaning "me" and "you", have been preserved in the Church Slavonic language, meaning "me" and "you." etc. Pay attention to your speech, and you will find many more similar examples.

"Not" and "Ni"

Rules for the use of words containing negative particles "not" and "neither" in Lately became so free that it is often possible only by the intonation of the speaker to understand what he wanted to say. We often ignore the real meaning. Is this right ?!

Today people often allow themselves such liberties.

Let's look at some simple examples.

Pronouns with particles

The pronoun "who" has many particles: someone, someone, someone, etc. In modern speech, they usually have the same meaning. Then the question arises: why did our ancestors need them in such quantities? It means that not everything is so simple. In my opinion, the explanation is that their meaning is still different, but it is either lost by us or greatly changed.

"Anyway"

Have you ever thought about the meaning of the particle "something" (that is, do not exist in the future). I think it should be handled with care. Use with the pronouns "what" and "who" only when something or someone is unworthy of further existence.

"Nothing" from "nothingness" ?!

The history of the pronouns "nothing" and "nobody" is interesting. These words are cognate with the words "insignificance", "insignificant", etc. In ancient sources they have the meanings of the enemy of the human race, etc. Even in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova, one of the meanings of the word nobody is “this is about an insignificant person who does not have any merit", and nothing is “about who (what) does not represent anything special, does not matter to anyone. The same as insignificance. " Now remember our frequent words: “no one will help,” “no one understands me,” etc. Yes, it would be strange if the enemy of the human race took the side of people. This is absurd. ... The monstrousness of the phrase written in the burial places of the fallen Russian soldiers is manifested: "Nobody is forgotten, nothing is forgotten." Why such difficulties? Why not write simply: "Eternal memory to heroes" or, say, "Your feat is not forgotten." Why this ambiguity? Or, for example, consider the person exclaiming, "Wow!" At the moment of admiration, people wish for themselves "nothing", although they do not think of losing what they have. All this is heavily reflected on their subconscious and conscious level.

And the answer to the trivial question: "How are you?" "Nothing" - we say out of habit. Thus, rejecting himself as a person, denying his activity, recognizes himself unworthy of existence.

“Simplification of the language, reduction of the number of letters is a natural process, according to many philologists, it is just that a person stops using separate“ extra ”letters." Although it is usually silent about the fact that these are violent reforms coming from the authorities, and not from the people and the common man.

From were.

Glagolitic initially had 49 letters-images. Under Peter the Great, the alphabet was cut down to 37 letters (figurativeness was removed, only sounds remained). In 1917, the Minister of "Education" Lunacharskythe alphabet was reduced by another 4 letters, to 33 (Lunacharsky was a supporter of the translation of the Russian language intolatin... V The People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR formed a commission to develop the question of romanizationRussian alphabet... From the minutes of the meeting of this commission from14 january1930 year:

It was decided to start romanization with the languages ​​of national minorities.), despite the resistance of the general population. After two or three generations, they have come to terms with the norms. And the new, "circumcised" alphabet, was established in the writing and speech of people. Already in our time, after leaving the post of President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, "language reformers" tried to propose a law on a gradual transition from the modern 33-letter alphabet to 24-letter Latin alphabet, ostensibly to approximate Western European culture. It's good that due to the interference of Russian lovers of literature, this did not happen. Innovations could lead to the death of the Russian language as such, and without the native language, I believe, there would be no you and me.

Even now, notice how cunningly they are trying to deprive us of such letters as Ё, Ъ. In typography and the media, E is replaced with E, and b with an apostrophe. Thus, paving the way for them to be canceled at the first opportunity, as if due to their uselessness. With this simplification

our reading is only getting more complicated, people's misunderstanding of the text is growing. And how to explain to a child why the same letter is read differently if there are no visual differences.

Initially, the language was natural, its words were multi-layered. It gave rise to many images, associations in the mind of a person, and now the language has been replaced by an artificial one, in which there is no longer either verbosity or imagery ...

The gap between the image and the word is an artificial mutation that destroys speech and the whole world.

Today, a person learns nine out of ten new words from the media.

The language of the media is the voice of the announcer reading out a specific text written by the publicist, corrected by the editor and confirmed by the Board of Directors. As a result, it turns out that the text and words of the announcer carry the meaning that those who control the media put in it, and we ourselves, without noticing it, begin to speak this language, without thinking about common sense.

There is rarely a day when the word "killer" does not sound on the TV screen. Even while working on this essay, the computer program finds an error and issues a certificate: “... Anglicism, refers to the borrowings of the last time; for the most part, such words do not fit organically into the Russian text ... ". My imagination draws a cold-blooded killer. But we have a Russian analogue of this word - "hired killer". When a Russian person hears it, different images appear in his mind, all sorts of associations are drawn, and when the word "killer" is pronounced, he sees only a concretely created image. Replacing the words of the Russian language with foreign ones leads to the loss of imagery of thinking, the ability to fantasize, imagine.

Comparison with musical culture

Today the screen is filled with so-called "pop music". After listening to modern popular songs, I realized that they do not teach anything good. The motive is primitive, the melody is on three chords, and all the songs are only about carnal love, money, oh better life, frequent propaganda of same-sex love, alcohol, etc. But the moral is the same: live for today, do not think about the future. Isn't the line of the song "Sekta" by the "Svobodnye" group indicative: "Drink vodka, for sure, this is the truth ...". Or a line from the composition of the group "Leningrad", in which we see that the lyrical hero: "... I feel sorry for no one, no one: neither you, nor myself, nor him ...". The now well-known group "Band'eros" makes a rather indecent proposal: "Well, where are you, lady, console your uncle ...". I personally don’t want to think about exactly how these “ladies” should comfort their “uncle.” ... The compositions of these groups are among the ten most popular and beloved by today's youth. Unfortunately, there are a lot of such examples, and the ones presented are some of the most harmless ...

Language is one single

The bottom line is that initially our speech was something unified and was not divided into separate words. Therefore, the meaning of one and the same text could be different and depended on which roots the readers identified. This led to the emergence of many semantic shades, which, as our language degraded, began to shrink and forget. In speech, separate, most frequent roots began to be distinguished, which made up modern vocabulary.

Does not matter…

The media zombies us ?! Believe it or not?

Today there is a point of view that we are simply being brainwashed. This does not require sophisticated devices: our televisions are enough for this ... Certain phrases and words found in media texts have a psychological effect on consciousness. It turns out that you and I are being routinely programmed. Believe it or not? Everyone's personal file ...

What to do?

It is very difficult to prevent all this. It's even harder to stop it. But it's time to deal with what is happening. It is foolish to rely on journalists, cultural figures, broadcasters and even anyone else, you should not shift the responsibility onto others' shoulders. Responsibility for our language, first of all, lies with ourselves. And you need to start with yourself. It is enough to come to an agreement with your family or friends to correct each other during communication. In this fun game, retraining will go faster.

After all, this is our language !!! Without the Russian word there will be no Russian people, Russian culture will be forgotten, and without it the past will not be remembered, and without the past there is no and there will be no FUTURE !!!

Natalia KUDREVATYKH

Voropaev Alexey

The modern Russian language is a historically established linguistic community and unites the entire set of linguistic means of the Russian people, including all Russian dialects and dialects, as well as various jargons. The highest form of the national Russian language is the Russian literary language, which has a number of features that distinguish it from other forms of the existence of the language: processing, normalization, breadth of social functioning, universality for all members of the team, a variety of speech styles used in various spheres of communication.

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Voropaev Alexey

"Purity of Russian speech"

MBOU - OOSh s. Lyubimovo

Grade 9

Zhakina Vera Viktorovna

Introduction. 3

I. Purity of speech as an indicator of a person's speech culture. 4 - 5

II. Violations of the purity of speech.

2 Common speech. 6 - 7

3 Barbarisms. eight

4 Slangs. 9 - 11

5 Stationery. 12

6. Research results. thirteen

Conclusion. 14

Bibliography. 15

Appendix. 16 - 25

Introduction.

The modern Russian language is a historically established linguistic community and unites the entire set of linguistic means of the Russian people, including all Russian dialects and dialects, as well as various jargons. The highest form of the national Russian language is the Russian literary language, which has a number of features that distinguish it from other forms of the existence of the language: processing, normalization, breadth of social functioning, universality for all members of the team, a variety of speech styles used in various spheres of communication.

The most important feature modern Russian literary language is its purity, which means that the composition of the dictionary of the literary language is strictly selected from the common treasury of the national language; the meaning and use of words, pronunciation, spelling, and the formation of grammatical forms follow a generally accepted pattern.

The relevance of this topic is obvious. As often in everyday life, from TV screens, on the radio and from the lips of our politicians and public figures, we hear violations of the norms of the literary language.

To achieve these goals, I identified the following stages of work: defining the concept of "speech purity", analyzing the most frequent speech disorders, observing the use of vocabulary in speech outside the Russian literary language, people of different categories: schoolchildren, teachers, villagers.

Main part.

I. Purity of speech as an indicator of a person's speech culture.

Purity is the quality of speech that, if not followed, is most noticeable to listeners. It is interesting that even those who do not comply with this requirement notice the "clogging" of speech in others.

Lack of purity of speech often causes irritation, since the use of certain "unclean", "dirty" means causes ethical and aesthetic "disgust" and rejection, and this is reflected in communicative relations - the relationship of partners to each other is violated (does not arise), therefore - communication in general suffers.

II. Violations of the purity of speech.

All these groups of vocabulary are united by the fact that as violators of "purity" they are usually foreign, foreign-style inclusions in speech. In other words, in order for them to be regarded as a kind of "spots", it is necessary that the "main fabric" of the text be "clean", i.e. so that speech is based on the Russian literary language with stylistically neutral vocabulary. Otherwise - if all speech consists mainly of jargon - it will be entirely outside the boundaries of the Russian literary language. To assess the admissibility or inadmissibility of the use of jargon, barbarism, and other already named groups of vocabulary, it is important to determine the purpose for which they are included in speech, and from this point of view, analyze whether each of the named ways of violating the purity of speech is an error or not. The functions of using these groups of vocabulary are so different that linguists sometimes differ significantly in assessing their role in language and speech. Consider the main groups of vocabulary that can clog speech.

2. Common speech.

The main layer of the Russian literary language is common words, interstyle. Against the background of this stylistically neutral vocabulary, the vocabulary with a reduced stylistic coloration stands out sharply - vernacular.

To the Russian vernacular vocabulary belong sharply reduced words that are outside the literary norm. Among them there may be forms containing a positive assessment of the called concepts ("hard worker", "brainy", etc.), but there are many more forms characterized by simplification, rudeness and usually serve to express sharp negative assessments of the speaker to the designated concepts, for example: "to be stunned "(to get tired)," to cheat "(to cheat)," dreary "(unpleasant)," filthy "(dirty)," in the middle of nowhere "," no skin, no face ", etc.

Colloquial grammatical forms of words, for example: "run away", "lecturer", "cake", colloquial pronunciation of common words: "means", "portfolio", "sekletar", etc. are also gross violations of literary norms.

It is possible to assess the use of vernacular reasonably only on the basis of the criterion of functional justification, expediency, which is basic for the culture of speech.

From these positions, vernacular as evidence of insufficient knowledge of the norms of the Russian literary language, probably, should be assessed as evidence of a low culture of speech. In this regard, people use, sometimes not guessing about more "literate" options, such expressions: "I don't care", "I have no idea" instead of "I don't know", "I don't care", "discuss" instead of "discuss" , "back" to mean "again", and so on. Moreover, vernacular can penetrate beyond the spoken and everyday sphere, for example, into the official business: progress, developments, live (at the address). Thus, vernacular is usually used in the speech of the poorly educated strata of the population and gives it an incorrect and rude character.

Colloquial words are arranged on a grading scale with the following basic coordinates: bookish - colloquial - abusive. If swear words stand on the border and often beyond the border of the literary language, then colloquial words do not lose their literary status, but they have no access to the book layer of vocabulary. This is especially clearly manifested in the fact that in common speech there is no such fundamental feature of the literary language as functional differentiation. And therefore, when the bearer of vernacular must communicate not in an ordinary, but, for example, in an official business setting, his low level knowledge of the literary language is especially pronounced.

If a person uses vernaculars as stylistically marked, knowing full well about their decline, being able to replace them with literary synonyms, i.e. as means of expressiveness - in this case, it is not lexical, but communicative norms that act, according to which the justification or unjustification of the use of this or that language means is assessed in terms of compliance with the situation, style, level and speech tastes of the participants in communication. And only on the basis of this (if this means of expression) the success or failure of using this means is evaluated.

However, with the use of vernacular, as well as in general reduced vocabulary, one must be careful, since not every interlocutor will always evaluate such inclusion in speech as appropriate and successful. After all, it can also be regarded as evidence that this reflects the general cultural level of the speaker, who is accustomed to expressing his thoughts in this way and is unable to find a literary equivalent to vernacular; such expressions can be regarded as a signal that the speaker lowers the cultural level of the listener or strives for familiarity in communication. In addition, this expression may not correspond at all to the general style of speech and the communication situation in general.

3 Barbarisms.

If vernaculars are on the border of the Russian literary language due to their perceived inferiority, then barbarisms, at first glance, perform exactly the opposite function - they "shout" about the education of the author of speech and are sometimes used equally often both in oral and written speech. However, barbarisms contaminate speech to no less degree, because they are foreign language inclusions that are unjustifiably used in Russian speech, often under the influence of a peculiar fashion.

Disputes about foreign words have been going on, probably, since the time when the Russian language was recognized as an independent, original language. Summing up the results of these disputes, we can say that the process of borrowing words is a normal phenomenon, and in certain historical periods- even inevitable. But the foreign words themselves can be divided into two groups: some are useful, denoting new concepts and previously unknown objects, others are useless, duplicating the already existing native Russian names, and therefore not enriching, but clogging up speech.

At the same time, replacing a foreign-language word with Russian synonyms is not always equivalent, and sometimes impossible.

At present, the invasion of imported words leads to the fact that, as experts note, the "American-Rostov slang" degrading national dignity is replacing the departed "French-Nizhny Novgorod jargon". At the same time, it is not the very use of foreign words that inspires alarm, but the replacement by Americanisms, for example, of Russian traditional speech etiquette. It is now considered normal to ask a fallen person, “Are you okay? Are you okay? Are you sure?" instead of “Have you hurt yourself? Do you need to help with something? " etc.

From a communicative point of view, the use of a foreign word is a matter of luck. On the one hand, it is important to assess whether it is used correctly, on the other, whether it is clear whether it is accessible to the addressee, whether it will lead to a violation of communicative ethical norms, because the inclusion of an unfamiliar or incomprehensible foreign word in speech can be regarded by the addressee as a means of emphasizing superiority the author of the speech.

4. Jargon.

Jargon is a social type of speech used by a narrow circle of native speakers united by a common interest, occupation, position in society.

The Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary gives the following characteristic to jargon: "Jargon is a type of speech used mainly in oral communication by a separate relatively stable social group that unites people on the basis of profession, position in society, interests, etc." ...

Historically known in Russia are noble, merchant jargons, jargons of various groups of artisans, which are reflected in Russian classical literature.

In modern Russian, youth jargon, or slang, is distinguished (English Slang - words and expressions used by people of certain professions or age groups), professional jargons, and camp jargon is also used in places of imprisonment.

Youth jargon.

The most widespread in our time is the youth jargon, which is popular among students, among students, among adolescents. Jargonisms, as a rule, have equivalents in the common language: "hostel" (hostel), "spurs" (cheat sheets), etc. The emergence of many jargon is associated with the desire of young people to express their attitude to an object or phenomenon more brightly and emotionally. Hence, such evaluative words: "awesome", "awesome", "laugh", "go crazy", buzz ", etc. All of them are common only in oral speech and are often absent in dictionaries (which is associated with discrepancies in the spelling of some jargon).

The reasons for the vitality of the youth jargon are a poorly comprehended desire to feel and preserve their own special world, different from the general, "adult", "official" world, their independence in it; striving for linguistic creativity, for a language game, a critical, mocking, playful mood, which helps to maintain optimism and resist "hostile" phenomena (parental authority, teacher edification, official etiquette, etc.); youthful bravado; imitation, etc.

At the same time, the language developed by the group is assessed by it as unconditionally original in relation to the Russian literary language. Youth jargon, for example, is a means to declare one's generation as new, innovative and, therefore, according to this logic, destroying tradition, creating something of its own in defiance of the generally accepted (variant of nihilism).

At the same time, initially "new" words really bear the imprint of figurativeness and are expressive. The desire for expressiveness is also manifested in the fact that youth jargon is usually used when it is necessary to briefly express emotions and the nature of an action, i.e. in order to express a subjective emotional assessment.

This shows that at a certain stage of development, it is more important for a person to "be like everyone else", while the existence of emotions identical with this group becomes paramount, the shades of which are not named not only due to the poverty of the vocabulary, but in order that, indicated by a common word, they served as an additional means of uniting this group.

Scientists have mixed feelings about jargon. Academician D.S. Likhachev insisted that jargon is not only primitive speech, it also reflects primitive consciousness. Other researchers are more tolerant of jargon. For example, L.P. Krysin notes, first of all, the positive aspects of this type of language: "The linguistic essence of all these varieties is the same: playing with word and word, metaphorizing verbal meanings in order to create expressive, emotionally colored means of linguistic expression."

Jargon is a word game to stand out, not be standard. But it turns out to be a paradox: a departure from the standard leads to the creation of a kind of ersatz language, even more limited in its capabilities. As a result, the jargon that arose on the wave of a creative impulse, due to its success, adopted by this group, consolidated and widespread among others, very quickly lose the imprint of imagery and become regular cliches, ready-made expressions suitable for any situation and thus turn into the complete opposite of expressiveness. Often these jargon supplants general literary words from the active vocabulary of communicating.

If this does not happen and a kind of bilingualism persists, then most jargonisms become obsolete, lose imagery and novelty, which leads to the need to create new jargonisms. The emergence and spread of jargon and argotism is rightly assessed as a negative phenomenon in the development of the national language. Therefore, the language policy is to refuse to use them. However, many writers and publicists also turn to these vocabulary layers in search of realistic colors when describing the corresponding sides of our reality. But at the same time, jargon and argotisms are introduced into artistic speech only in quotations. Thus, jargon is used to:

Say a kind of password - "I am mine", and if this signal is limited to the youth environment, then the use of jargon is quite acceptable;

Change other words regardless of the situation;

Show a deliberately dismissive, familiar attitude towards new and difficult things;

Play with the word in a situation where these words are perceived and appreciated as an appropriate joke.

5. Stationery.

The bureaucratization of all forms of life in our society has led to the fact that in the Russian language, the influence has increased officially - business style... Elements of this style that are unjustifiably used outside of it are called clericalisms. These include characteristic words and expressions (presence, in the absence of, for today, etc.), a lot of verbal nouns (taking, bloating, undercompletion, etc.), abusive prepositions (in business, along the line, at the expense of etc.).

Formulations replete with clericalism and speech cliches helped to avoid direct conversation on sensitive topics, to call things by their proper names. Stationery penetrates not only into the book, but also into colloquial speech, in which sometimes ridiculous combinations of stylistically incompatible words can be noted. The absurdity of saturation of colloquial speech with bureaucrats becomes obvious when their parodic use is encountered. For example, suppose a husband asks his wife at dinner what she did today. In response, he hears: “In the first half of the day, I accelerated the restoration of proper order in the living area, as well as in the utility room for cooking. In the subsequent period, I organized a visit to trade enterprises in order to purchase new goods ... "

6. Research results.

The use of colloquial words is typical for middle-aged and elderly people (73%), mostly these are words containing a positive assessment of the named concepts ("hard worker", "hard worker", "brainy", "strength", etc.), but there are many more forms , characterized by simplicity, rudeness and usually serve to express sharp negative assessments of the speaker ("grabber", "idler", "dunce", "fool"), as well as common grammatical forms of words, for example: "run away", "stockings", " cake ", the vernacular pronunciation of common words:" calls "," chauffeur "," shop "," prettier ", etc.

One of the positive aspects of my research is that there is no unjustified use of foreign words in the speech of the respondents, all foreign words used by the authors of the speech had no Russian counterparts. Some of them are: computer, Internet,immunodeficiency, suicide, testing, disk, logo, password, remote control, resume, ecology, memory bank, database, virtual reality, remote(distant) training, discount card, information blockade, computer graphics, IQ, credit of trust, electronic version and etc.

Full communication among young people is impossible without knowledge of their language - youth slang. This is the most common violation of the purity of Russian speech. Among school students, 100% of the respondents use jargons in their speech, very often replacing common words with them. And I was very surprised that among the adult population of our village very high percent the use of slang words (teachers 37%, villagers 43%).

The words related to the official - business style, I heard only in the speech of teachers, the unjustified use of these words was not noted.

The result of my research was the compilation of a dictionary of words that are outside the literary norm, most often used in speech.

Conclusion

Thus, the purity of speech serves as an indicator not only of a person's speech and general culture, but also of his taste, sense of language, sense of proportion.

Violation of the purity of speech reflects its stereotyped, leads to impoverishment of speech, tongue-tied, clogging with non-literary elements. This feature was noted by the linguist B.N. Golovin. According to him, “the communicative quality of speech - its purity - receives interpretation and can be described on the basis of the ratio of speech with literary language and the moral side of human consciousness. A speech can be called pure if there are no elements alien to the literary language (first of all words and phrases) and there are no elements of the language that are rejected by the norms of morality. "

Bibliography

B.N. Golovin Foundations of the culture of speech. - M., 1988.

Zemskaya E.A. Russian colloquial speech: linguistic analysis and learning problems. - M., 1987.

Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary/ Ch. ed. V.N. Yartseva. - M., 1990.

Petrov O.V. Rhetoric. - M., 2004.

Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. Modern Russian language. - M., 1997.

Russian language and culture of speech / Ed. IN AND. Maximova. - M., 2003.

Ushakova T.N., Pavlova N.D., Zachesova I.A. Human speech in communication. - M., 1989.

A.A. Cheshko Russian language. - M., 1981.

APPENDIX

Dictionary of colloquial and slang words

alcoholic drunkard

ambal - a tall man

bazaar - conversation, discussion of a topic

cormorant - young man

baldezh - pleasure

tower - head

demolishes the tower - go crazy

plump - drink

booze - booze

cut in - understand

cut down - 1) stop understanding; 2) fall asleep from fatigue

gag - to have fun for some reason

brawl - showdown;

skedaddle - 1) go; 2) run away

give (catch, grab, grab) an oak - 1) die; 2) get very cold

move - see drive

tree is a dumb man

mess up - drink

rowdy - see rowdy

make legs - run away

wild - terrible

discach - disco

catch up - guess, understand

get it - get bored

dubak - cold

woodpecker - 1) a person who does everything wrong; 2) not a very smart person

no brainer - very obvious

green trees, fir-trees - an expression of dissatisfaction

fumble - see flick

we live - everything is fine, good;

to live in raspberries - to live richly;

to score - to stop doing something,throw something

fall over - come

download - concern

drive - sell

kicked up - tired

Lay - submit

hostage - a person who spends all the time

zametano - agreed

stir up - start a business

sink - get carried away

to direct - to control

light up - discover, betray oneself

to detect - to find someone at an inconvenient moment

stuck - it is prudent to get something

check it out - evaluate

green - young, inexperienced

edges - see tube

press the pedals - move

frame - funny or strange person

buzz catching - enjoy

turn over - wait, waste time

roll a barrel - show aggression towards someone

kipesh - scandal, noise, vanity

pussy is a very beautiful girl

sour - gpp

cool - great, great

cool - good, great

cool - see cool

glue - flirt, make acquaintance

poking around in the brain - to think

sausage, sausage - a state in which a person has fun, enjoys in full measure

composting brains is boring, moral to influence

discard skates - die

digging - 1) collecting slowly; 2) look for something

throw back hooves - see skates throw back

mow - simulate

cant - anything done wrong

krants - a sad result

cool - cool

roof - protection

crap - not true, nonsense

left - bad, superfluous

goof is a worthless person

gossip - see fly

blurt out - say something not right

maza - thought

raspberries - happiness

mahach - fight

looming - flickering in front of the eyes

cop - policeman

knead - beat someone not alone

throw - throw

Mouzon - music

nadybat - to find

drip on the brain - annoy

run into - to be in a dangerous position

nadybat - to find

hitting - filing a claim, threat, use of violence, infringement of someone's rights

cover up - break down

drip - see lay

roll - write

to prick - to deceive

lather - get together; mean; go off

stress is a difficult situation

at all - to force something to do

run up - stumble

knock - see lay

rage - do something with interest

out of topic - at the wrong time

no luck - no luck

not weak - good, interesting

nishtyak - good

duck - hide

stunned - fool

bummer - I don't want to, laziness

break off - see fly

stub - a young man of unattractive appearance, stupid and awkward

surround - 1) name; 2) hit

to die - to die

swell - get tired, get tired mentally

operatively - quickly

fuck off - leave me alone

drop skates - die

lean back - 1) relax; 2) die

cut off - see cut out

to pick off - see to pick

soak off - do something

come off - have fun

Otpad, go nuts - great

cut off - see cut out

break away - have fun

sucks - whatever, something bad

pull back - good rest

to unhook - to fall behind

parallel - all the same

graze - follow

translate arrows - justify

to move - to go very far

on foot - on foot

sawing - 1) go; 2) see the brain drip (morally influence)

drove - nickname, nickname

show off - demonstrate your superiority

get sick - about worsening health

a pigsty, a pigsty - a littered room

basement - walk up

pin up - mock someone

hurry up - hurry up

poke fun - see pin up

lucky (jarg.) - lucky

joke - 1) an object of curiosity; 2) something or someone worthy of attention

cool - great, great

ppikid - clothes

suck up - suck up

to make - to do something to something

struck for something - pulled for something (to laughter, etc.)

drove - a request to forget this or that phrase

miss - miss the moment

fly - experience a strong feeling of dissatisfaction from unfulfilled expectations

to plant - to spend money

enlighten - inform about something

cross - 1) learn; 2) understand

cannon - see barrel

penny - nose

cheating for money - demanding money

to talk - to tell

smear on the wall - hit very hard

smudge - smash, break

smash - see smudge

to play cards - to play cards

rep - see tower

rap breaks - see the tower is demolishing

to talk to push - to tell something

squeeze - see cackle

to fall - to fight

growl - scare

relatives, ancestors, ancestors - parents

to collapse from an oak - to go crazy

to dump - to leave

hang down - 1) steal; 2) call

to drive away - to run for something

jump - jump from something high

CD player

go crazy - completely get loose

tasty - see cool

sniff - hide

ask - send

to float - see to drive

calmly - calmly

streaky - bad

barrel - pistol

stopood - for sure

play the box - die

wasting money - wasting money is useless

trap - gossip

to talk - to talk

tube - 1) kinescope; 2) cell phone; 3) unfavorable ending

trindet - talk

wheelbarrow - car

topic - something interesting, funny

push - see drive

push - toilet

stomp - go

to drown - 1) to fill up on the exam; 2) go brake - see slow-witted

slow down - slow down

torment - have fun

exactly - exactly

crack - there is

slow-witted - a bad and long-thinking person

hangout - company

burn - see gag

fly away - cool

crap - bewildered

bullshit is nonsense; fenya - something uninteresting

feature - see topic

hawala - eat

freebie - something received for free

https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Research work "Purity of Russian speech" Municipal budgetary educational institution - the main secondary school with. Lyubimovo

RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC The most important feature of the modern Russian literary language is its purity, which means that the composition of the dictionary of the literary language is strictly selected from the common treasury of the national language; the meaning and use of words, pronunciation, spelling, and the formation of grammatical forms follow a generally accepted pattern. The relevance of this topic is obvious. As often in everyday life, from TV screens, on the radio and from the lips of our politicians and public figures, we hear violations of the norms of the literary language.

STAGES OF WORK: definition of the concept of "purity of speech"; analysis of the most common speech disorders; observation of the use in speech of vocabulary that is outside the Russian literary language, people of different categories: schoolchildren, teachers, villagers.

SPACIOUS WORDS Sharply reduced words that are outside the literary norm belong to the Russian vernacular vocabulary: forms containing a positive assessment of the named concepts ("hard worker", "brainy", etc.); forms characterized by simplification, rudeness and serving usually for expressing harsh negative assessments: "stunned" (get tired), "cheat" (deceive), "dreary" (unpleasant), "filthy" (dirty), "the devil in the middle of nowhere", "neither skin nor face", etc .; colloquial grammatical forms of words: "run away", "lecturer", "cake", colloquial pronunciation of common words: "means", "portfolio", "sekletar", etc.

FOREIGN WORDS Foreign words can be divided into two groups: some are useful, denoting new concepts and previously unknown objects, others are useless, duplicating existing native Russian names, and therefore not enriching, but clogging up speech. At the same time, replacing a foreign-language word with Russian synonyms is not always equivalent, and sometimes impossible.

JARGONISMS Jargon is a social type of speech used by a narrow circle of native speakers united by a common interest, occupation, position in society. In modern Russian, youth jargon, or slang, is distinguished (English Slang - words and expressions used by people of certain professions or age groups), professional jargons, and camp jargon is also used in places of imprisonment.

DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW ON ZHARGONISMS Academician D.S. Likhachev insisted that jargon is not only primitive speech, it also reflects primitive consciousness. L.P. Krysin notes, first of all, the positive aspects of this type of language: "The linguistic essence of all these varieties is the same: playing with word and word, metaphorizing verbal meanings in order to create expressive, emotionally colored means of linguistic expression."

STATIONERY The elements of the official - business style, unjustifiably used outside of it, are called clericalism. These include characteristic words and expressions (presence, in the absence of, for today, etc.), a lot of verbal nouns (taking, bloating, undercompletion, etc.), abusive prepositions (in business, along the line, at the expense of etc.). Formulations replete with clericalism and speech cliches help to avoid direct conversation on sensitive topics, to call things by their proper names. Stationery penetrates not only into the book, but also into colloquial speech, in which sometimes ridiculous combinations of stylistically incompatible words can be noted.

RESULTS OF THE STUDY

Project objectives: To find out what “pollutes” the Russian speech.
Find out the cause of these factors.
Find ways to solve the problem.
Provide examples of actions aimed at
purification of the Russian language.

Contamination of the Russian language

Despite the fact that the Russian language verbally
rich, it also contains jargon,
words-parasites and much more. Exists
there are still many factors for the deterioration of Russian
literature, but in order to understand and
just explain the whole point of the problem, I
I will give an example in jargon.

Jargon is a word or expression
belonging to some jargon.
So, in modern life, you can often see
girl walking with a cigarette and talking
swearing on the phone. I don't know about you, but I have this
causes a feeling of disgust. All now
changed, and from gentle, vulnerable creatures
girls turned rough and tough
creatures. It is a pity that many have stopped
pay attention to this, do not understand why
it all starts. But watch your
behavior and speech, very hard work,
which the majority of today's youth
seems to be ineffectual. And in vain.

Statistics

Unfortunately,
statistics not
pleases: quantity
abnormal
vocabulary almost
equates to
number of citations in
Russian speech.

Reasons for vulgar speech:

Poor upbringing and education.
Failure to behave respectfully
relation to others.
Disrespect for oneself as a consequence
of the above.

Poor upbringing and education in
first of all provokes obscene
speech. From early childhood, a child
imitates his parents, and if at his
upbringing is used abnormal
vocabulary (even if not specific in its
address), then when a person becomes
adults, he does not refuse this
a habit established in him by his parents.
Education brings up in a person
responsibility, the ability to set yourself
goals, literacy, and hence the culture of speech,
therefore, the purity of speech also depends on
education.

Failure to behave respectfully
in relation to others also imposes
imprint on a person's speech. When young
a person does not see among other people
the difference is neither in age, nor in status, nor in
position, he will talk to everyone like
with your friends, buddies and
peers using the same
jargon and others, clogging up speech,
the words. This means that his speech will become very distant.
from the correct speech. Well-bred young
the person will always be respectful
treat both your peers and people
older people using literate
speech.

And also, we all know that Russian teachers
language and literature is always competent and correct
express their thoughts, we try to
imitate, we learn from them, but there are teachers
other subjects that are used in their
speech youth fell ill, dialectisms, words parasites, which means in terms of pure speech they
cease to be a model for us. But after all
a good teacher is a teacher in everything. So I
I believe that every person, whatever he is
age and profession was not, must respect
not only others, but also yourself, which means
try to speak competently.

Language is not only a method of communication, it is also
is one of the signs of the life of the people, its
using; this is a book in which
the entire history of the development of the people is displayed, the entire
its historical path, starting from the most ancient
times to the present day. In every phrase
the historical past is traced,
relentlessly accompanying people;
the present can be traced, and, possibly,
the future of all those with mother's milk
absorbed Russian words filled with
love of people close and dear to the heart.

But, no matter how common the obscene
speech for today, fighting it
exists. Promotions are held, posted
posters with relevant slogans, in
schools hold special events.

And having figured out the problem of pollution,
it becomes clear that it is not necessary to eradicate mate, but
his reasons.

So, to summarize:

We have found out the reasons for the pollution of Russian speech.
We learned about the reasons for the vulgar speech.
We looked at examples of activities
dedicated to the purity of Russian speech.
Everyone drew a conclusion for himself, having learned everything
seen here.