Causes accelerated soy syndrome. How to slow down a fast metabolism Diseases of an infectious nature

31.08.2020 Repairs

The use of low-quality oil causes accelerated wear and rapid engine failure. An oil that does not have all the properties required for normal lubrication of friction pairs does not prevent the formation of scoring and destruction of the working surfaces of highly loaded parts (parts of the gas distribution mechanism, piston rings, piston skirts, crankshaft liners, turbocharger bearings, etc.). The increased tendency of low-quality oils to form resinous deposits can lead to clogging of oil channels and leave friction pairs without lubrication, which will cause their accelerated wear, the formation of scoring and seizure. Similar effects are possible in the case of using oil that does not correspond to the given engine in terms of quality class (API classification, ACEA, etc.). For example, when a cheaper SF / CC is used instead of the recommended API SH / CD oil.

The unsatisfactory condition of the air or fuel filter (defects, mechanical damage), as well as various leaks in the intake system connections lead to the ingress of abrasive particles (dust) into the engine and intense wear, primarily of the cylinders and piston rings.
Failure to correct engine faults or improper adjustments will accelerate component wear. For example, a "knocking" camshaft is a source of continuous contamination of the lubrication system with metal particles. Incorrect ignition timing, malfunction of the carburetor or engine management system, the use of spark plugs that do not match the engine cause detonation and glow ignition, which threaten to destroy the pistons and surfaces of the combustion chambers. Engine overheating due to malfunctions in the cooling system can lead to deformation of the cylinder head (cylinder head) and the formation of cracks in it. With insufficient cooling, the oil film in friction pairs becomes weaker, which leads to intensive wear of the rubbing parts. Diesel engines have piston burnouts and other serious defects as a result of fuel equipment malfunctions.
Vehicle operating modes also affect the rate of engine wear. Engine operation mainly at maximum loads and crankshaft speeds can significantly reduce its resource (by 20-30% or more). Exceeding the permissible speed leads to destruction of parts.
About 70% of engine wear occurs during start-up. Cold start especially contributes to the reduction of the resource if the engine is filled with oil with an inappropriate viscosity-temperature characteristic. At a temperature of -30oC, it is equivalent (in terms of wear) to a run of several hundred kilometers. This is due, first of all, to the high viscosity of the oil at low temperatures - it takes more time for it to enter (pump) to the friction pairs.
Short trips on a cold engine in winter contribute to the formation of deposits in the lubrication system and corrosive wear of pistons, their rings and cylinders.

Health ecology: The body is aging, and this is an inevitable fact. One of the main causes of aging is the constant division of cells in living organisms, which occurs a certain number of times.

The wrong response to stress accelerates the depletion of the body. How to learn to manage emotions and avoid premature aging?

What stress? Scientists have long been trying to define this psychological state of a person. Oddly enough, it was stressful situations that helped our ancestors survive in difficult natural conditions. For example, at the moment of an attack by a predator, a caveman experienced all stages of stress - from stupor to deciding how not to become dinner.

The modern world gives rise to many stressful situations, so their influence is increasingly worrying not only specialized experts, medical professionals and geneticists, but also ordinary people.

What is stress, how does it affect a person's life expectancy and how to deal with its negative consequences?

A bit of theory

The Russian encyclopedia of labor protection says that stress is a kind of state of tension... It occurs in humans (and animals) under the influence of strong environmental influences. Canadian scientist Hans Selye, the author of the concept and term "stress", believed that this is the general reaction of the body to any demand presented to it. While conducting research, he came to the conclusion that when a person is exposed to both extreme (physical: heat, cold, trauma, etc.) and mental factors (danger, conflict, joy), the same type of biochemical changes occurs in his body. It is with their help that a person struggles with stressors and gradually adapts to them (adaptation syndrome).

How does stress arise?

A specific response to novelty is one of the definitions of stress.All people have their own set of developed responses to stress, and each is different. Previously, a person thought how not to become a dinner for a predator, and now - how to survive in the urban stone jungle. In addition, other factors of everyday life constantly arise, which depress and stress us.

Does stress really exist?

Stress does not exist as such. There is a reaction to a problem or environment.

An interesting fact: reactions to stressful situations are divided into two types - A and B... They are laid down in the human body genetically and are not amenable to change or education (they are inherited).

Type A stress responders are impractical people. In stressful situations, they give in to panic, and very often they all end up with cardiovascular diseases.
Type B peoplethey react according to the principle of freezing: they fall into a stupor and their holding program is automatically activated. People of this type are prone to depressive disorders.

Stages and phases of stress

Stress has specific stages and phases.

Anxiety stage.For example, suppose your phone fell out of your hands. You have not yet fully realized the fact of the fall, but you have already decided that everything is lost, and you automatically fall into prostration. After a few seconds, you feel a new influx of strength and try to find a way out of the situation - the stage of resistance. But after a while, the forces leave you, and the body goes into stage of exhaustion.

Depression as a continuation of the holding reaction

Depressive disorder - an extreme form of concealment that occurs in people with type B stress reaction. To get out of a stressful situation, they “hide” and try to be invisible to others. Very often this becomes a habit and turns into an adaptive response of the body.

Signs of depression:

sad and depressed mood;
mental and speech inhibition;
motor retardation.

One of the causes of aging

The body is aging, and this is an inevitable fact. One of the main causes of aging is the constant division of cells in living organisms, which occurs a certain number of times. Thanks to this process, all living organisms differ from each other both in appearance and in life expectancy.

The number of divisions can be counted using telomeric repeats (certain ends of the DNA molecule, which "tell" the cell how many divisions it has already gone through and how many there are left). When a cell divides, the length of the telomeres is automatically shortened. And after 60-70 divisions, they are finally depleted, and the chromosomes cease to perform their functions.

An interesting fact is that we have our own telomere length from birth... If you remove all stressful situations, then you can determine the life expectancy of each person with an accuracy of a month. The older the organism, the shorter the length of its telomeres. And in that organ, in which the length of telomeres reaches the critical limit before others, a pathological process begins.

Factors accelerating telomere shortening:

protein food;
alcohol;
lack of plant foods;
stress.

Stress greatly affects aging and telomere length: the more we stress, the less telomere sequence we have and the faster we age.

Factors that prevent premature aging at the cellular level:

the use of vitamin E and D;
fiber intake;
Omega-3;
stress management.

Stress and aging

In many seminars, speakers try to explain what stress is and what dramatic consequences it can lead to. Everything is much more complicated. Stress is not only bad appearance, but also the main reason for the accelerated aging of the human body.

There is such a science - gerontology, which studies the biological, social and psychological aspects of human aging. Gerontologists are trying to understand why different people age differently, and each has its own life expectancy. As a result of numerous studies, scientists have come to the conclusion that the aging process of cells and the whole organism is accelerated by constant stress... But the most important thing is that this process is irreversible and there are no “rejuvenating” apples.

Human brain and stress

The human brain is the most important organ nervous system an organism that coordinates and regulates all of its vital functions, our behavior, reactions and actions. The area in the brain that shapes the stress response is amygdala (amygdala). It is she who tells us what to do in a stressful situation (points to the door, tells where your shoes and clothes are, where it is better to run).

In addition to the amygdala, is responsible for our behavior in stressful situations cortex... One of its functions, besides speech and writing, is to think and "coolly" analyze signals.

Consolation of the amygdala

It is very important not to succumb to the "animal fear" of the amygdala and learn to turn on the more developed areas of the brain. How to do it?

There are several ways to activate.

1. The most the best way dealing with stress - wait 5 seconds for the danger signal to pass through the cortex to the analytical centers of the brain (first get scared, and then decide what to do).
2. Speak and write down the fear or emotion (use the cortex and do something human).
3. Focus on breathing (between conscious and subconscious: don't breathe automatically, use breathing techniques).
4. Meditate (anything that leads to awareness, increases resistance to stress, reduces the response to stress).
5. Work with incoming data: sorting, postponing, doing.
6. Plan the structure of the day: cycles 3-4 hours, 1-2 hours.
7. Determine the main business of the day.
8. Avoid exhaustion and incentives.

If stress has already arrived

In every person, nature has a certain set of reactions to stressful situations, and we cannot influence them in any way. The only thing in our power is to reduce their consequences. The main thing is that they should not become chronic.

The effects of stress can be less harmful if:

there is control over the situation (even if it is imaginary);
he is predictable;
you know its duration;
there are coping methods (previously prepared forms of reaction and behavior);
you are an active participant in the process;
positive attitude.

Ways to deal with stress:

positive thoughts;
meditation. Scientists have found that if you meditate for 12 minutes a day, then after a year of this practice, the length of telomere repeats, which are responsible for aging, stops significantly shortening. In other words, the aging process slows down at the cellular level;
anti-stress scents: oils that help reduce stress: thigh, lemon, lemongrass;
maladaptive and non-prohibited actions (if your boss yells at you, do any action that distracts you, then never complain about it to others and do not figure out how to take revenge);
sleep (for example, if you are 26 to 64 years old, it is recommended to sleep from 7 to 9 hours, but not more than 10 and not less than 6 hours).

It is important not to forget that after each stressful situation, the body needs to recuperate. Very often we resort to the simplest method - we seize stress. And this is fraught with excess weight.

Man and woman in stress

As it turns out, men and women react differently to stress.

The main hormone that is produced under severe stress and can theoretically lead to death is cortisol.

But nature prepared a person for such a turn of events and developed antidotes that reduce its effect on the human body.

In women, it is the hormone oxytocin,
in men, testosterone.

The female hormone is produced when communicating with other women, children, animals, with hugs, physical contact, low timbre of the interlocutor's voice.

For men, the opposite is true. To produce testosterone, you need rest, and preferably sound sleep, exercise and laughter.

Hans Selye, who pioneered the development of the concept of stress, argues that stress is not what happened to you, but how you perceive it... He believes that accelerated aging is the result of all the stresses that the human body is exposed to throughout its life. But, as strange as it may sound, we cannot live a single day without stress. Our survival directly depends on the ability to adapt to life changes. It is only important to remember that only prolonged uncontrolled stress causes harm.published

Engine overhaul

Many car owners face the need to overhaul the engine. The quality of repairs and spare parts are the main factors on which the engine life after restoration depends.

Basic concepts

Engine resource - the duration of its operation (mileage) until it becomes unsuitable for normal operation, which cannot be eliminated by regulation (power drop, increase in oil and fuel consumption, toxicity of exhaust gases, deterioration of starting properties, etc.). The resource is determined by the rate of wear of engine parts. Most foreign engines have a service life of 250-300 thousand km or more, domestic ones, as a rule, about 150 thousand km. In order for the engine to work out its resource, it is necessary to comply with the operating rules established by the car manufacturer. Wear of a part is a change in its size, shape or condition of its surfaces under the influence of loads. Accelerated wear most often occurs due to violation of the rules of operation and maintenance of the engine and leads to its premature failure.

Routine engine repair - elimination of minor malfunctions that occur during the operation of the car.

Medium Repair - Partial disassembly of the engine and refurbishment or replacement of worn parts (for example, cylinder head repair).

Overhaul of an engine is a process of complete restoration of its operational characteristics, including removal from a car and complete disassembly of the engine, repair of the cylinder head (cylinder head), crankshaft and (or) cylinder block, and replacement or restoration of all worn out parts, components and assemblies.

Causes of accelerated engine wear

Failure to change the oil and oil filter leads to the operation of friction pairs in unfavorable conditions. This is due to the deterioration of the properties of the engine oil (its viscosity changes, additives are produced, the tendency to the formation of deposits on parts and in the channels of the lubrication system, etc.) and a large amount of wear products in the lubrication system (a bypass valve opens in a dirty oil filter and oil flows past the filter element).

The use of low-quality oil causes accelerated wear and rapid engine failure. Oil that does not have the whole complex

properties necessary for normal lubrication of friction pairs does not prevent the formation of scoring and destruction of the working surfaces of highly loaded parts (parts of the gas distribution mechanism, piston rings, piston skirts, crankshaft liners, turbocharger bearings, etc.). The increased tendency of low-quality oils to form resinous deposits can lead to clogging of oil channels and leave friction pairs without lubrication, which will cause their accelerated wear, the formation of scoring and seizure. Similar effects are possible in the case of using oil that does not correspond to the given engine in terms of quality class (API classification, ACEA, etc.). For example, when a cheaper SF / CC is used instead of the recommended API SH / CD oil.

Failure to correct engine faults or improper adjustments will accelerate component wear. For example, a “knocking” camshaft is a source of continuous contamination of the lubrication system with metal particles.

Incorrect ignition timing, malfunction of the carburetor or engine management system, the use of spark plugs that do not match the engine cause detonation and glow ignition, which threaten to destroy the pistons and surfaces of the combustion chambers.

Engine overheating due to malfunctions in the cooling system can lead to deformation of the cylinder head (cylinder head) and the formation of cracks in it.

With insufficient cooling, the oil film in friction pairs becomes weaker, which leads to intensive wear of the rubbing parts.

Diesel engines have piston burnouts and other serious defects as a result of fuel equipment malfunctions.

Vehicle operating modes also affect the rate of engine wear. Engine operation mainly at maximum loads and crankshaft speeds can significantly reduce its resource (by 20-30% or more). Exceeding the permissible speed leads to destruction of parts. About 70% of engine wear occurs in the starting mode.

Cold start especially contributes to the reduction of the resource if the engine is filled with oil with an inappropriate viscosity-temperature characteristic. At a temperature of -30 degrees, it is equivalent (in terms of wear) to a mileage of several hundred kilometers. This is due, first of all, to the high viscosity of the oil at low temperatures - it takes more time for it to enter (pump) to the friction pairs.

Short trips on a cold engine in winter contribute to the formation of deposits in the lubrication system and corrosive wear of pistons, their rings and cylinders.

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate serves as an indicator of general clinical analysis. By determining the rate at which the sedimentation of erythrocytes occurs, it is assessed in dynamics how effective the treatment is, how quickly recovery occurs.

Methods of analysis for increased ESR have been known since the beginning of the last century as a study to determine the ROE, which means "erythrocyte sedimentation reaction", erroneously, such a blood test is called soy.

Analysis to determine ROE

An analysis to determine the speed with which erythrocytes are deposited is carried out in the morning. At this time, the ROE is higher than in the afternoon or evening. The analysis is taken on an empty stomach after 8-14 hours of fasting. For the study, material is taken from a vein or taken after a finger is punctured. An anticoagulant is added to the sample to prevent clotting.

Then set the test tube with the sample vertically and incubate for an hour. During this time, the separation of plasma and erythrocytes occurs. Erythrocytes are deposited to the bottom of the tube under the action of gravity, and a column of transparent plasma remains above them.

The height of the liquid column above the settled erythrocytes shows the value of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The ESR unit is mm / hour. Red blood cells sank to the bottom of the tube form a blood clot.

An increased ESR means that the test indicators exceed the norm, and this is caused by a high content of proteins that contribute to the adhesion of erythrocytes in the blood plasma.

A high level of ESR can be caused by reasons associated with a change in the composition of proteins in the blood plasma:

a reduced level of albumin protein, which normally prevents the adhesion (aggregation) of erythrocytes;
an increase in plasma concentration of immunoglobulins, fibrinogen, which enhance the aggregation of erythrocytes;
reduced density of erythrocytes;
changes in plasma pH;
irrational nutrition - a deficiency of minerals and vitamins.

High ESR in the blood does not have an independent meaning, but such a study is used in combination with other diagnostic methods, and this means that one analysis alone cannot make a conclusion about the nature of the patient's disease.

If ESR values \u200b\u200bin the blood increase after diagnosis, this means that it is necessary to change the treatment regimen, to carry out additional tests to establish the real reason for which the soy remains high.

Normal level of ROE values

The range of values \u200b\u200bthat are considered the norm is determined statistically when examining healthy people. The average value of ROE is taken as the norm. This means that in some healthy adults, ESR in the blood will be elevated.

The rate in the blood depends:

from age:
- in older people, soy is increased compared to young men and women;
- in children, ESR is lower than in adults;
from gender - this means that women have higher ROE than men.

If the ESR rate in the blood is exceeded, the disease cannot be diagnosed. Increased values \u200b\u200bcan be found in perfectly healthy people, while there are cases of normal test values \u200b\u200bin cancer patients.

The reason for the increased ROE may be an increase in the concentration of cholesterol in the blood, taking oral contraceptives, anemia, and pregnancy. The presence of bile salts, increased plasma viscosity, and the use of analgesics can reduce the analysis parameters.

ESR rate (measured in mm / hour):

in children;
- age 1-7 days - from 2 to 6;
- 12 months - 5 to 10;
- 6 years old - from 4 to 12;
- 12 years old - from 4 - 12;
adults;
- in men;
  - up to 50 years old from 6 to 12;
  - men over 50 - from 15 to 20;
- among women;
  - up to 30 years old - from 8 to 15;
  - women from 30 to 50 years old –8 - 20;
  - in women from 50 years old -;
  - in pregnant women - from 20 to 45.

Increased ESR in women during pregnancy is noted to be eaten, and is able to maintain a high level in the blood for a month after childbirth.

If a woman has a high ESR in the blood for more than 2 months after childbirth, and the increase in indicators reaches 30 mm / h, this means that inflammation develops in the body.

There are 4 degrees of increase in the level of ESR in the blood:

the first degree is normal;
the second degree falls in the range from 15 to 30 mm / h - this means that soybeans are increased moderately, the changes are reversible;
the third degree of increased ESR is the analysis of soybeans above normal (from 30 mm / h to 60), which means that there is a strong aggregation of erythrocytes, there are many gamma globulins, the amount of fibrinogen is increased;
the fourth degree corresponds to a high level of ESR, the test results exceed 60 mm / h, which means a dangerous deviation of all indicators.

Diseases with increased ESR

ESR in an adult can be increased in the blood for the reasons:

acute and chronic infections;
autoimmune diseases;
systemic pathologies of connective tissues;
- vasculitis;
- arthritis;
- systemic lupus erythematosus - SLE;
malignant tumors:
- hemoblastosis;
- collagenoses;
- multiple myeloma;
- hodgkin's disease;
tissue necrosis;
amyloidosis;
heart attack;
stroke;
obesity;
stress;
purulent diseases;
diarrhea;
burn;
liver disease;
nephrotic syndrome;
jade;
large blood loss;
intestinal obstruction;
operations;
trauma;
chronic hepatitis;
high cholesterol.

Accelerates the erythrocyte sedimentation reaction by eating food, using aspirin, vitamin A, morphine, dextrans, theophylline, methyldopa. In women, menstruation can be the cause of an increase in ESR in the blood.

For women of reproductive age, it is advisable to carry out a soy blood test 5 days after the last day of menstruation so that the results do not exceed the norm.

In adults under 30 years of age, if the ESR in blood tests is increased to 20 mm / h, this condition means that there is a focus of inflammation in the body. For the elderly, this value is within the normal range.

Diseases occurring with a decrease in ESR

A decrease in the rate of deposition of red blood cells is noted in diseases:

cirrhosis of the liver;
heart failure;
erythrocytosis;
sickle anemia;
spherocytosis;
polycythemia;
obstructive jaundice;
hypofibrinogenemia.

The sedimentation rate slows down when treated with calcium chloride, corticosteroids, diuretics, glucose. The use of corticosteroids and treatment with albumin can reduce the activity of the erythrocyte sedimentation reaction.

ROE values \u200b\u200bin diseases

The greatest rise in the values \u200b\u200bof the analysis occurs in inflammatory and oncological processes. An increase in ESR test values \u200b\u200bis noted 2 days after the onset of inflammation, which means that inflammatory proteins have appeared in the blood plasma - fibrinogen, complement proteins, immunoglobulins.

The cause of a very high ROE in the blood is not always a deadly disease. With symptoms of ovarian inflammation, fallopian tubes in women, signs of purulent sinusitis, otitis media and other purulent infectious diseases, ESR tests in the blood can reach 40 mm / h - an indicator that is not usually expected in these diseases.

In acute purulent infections, the indicator can reach 100 mm / hour, but this does not mean that the person is terminally ill. This means that you need to be treated and do the analysis again after 3 weeks (the lifetime of erythrocytes), and sound the alarm if there is no positive dynamics, and soy in the blood is still elevated.

The reasons why the blood is sharply increased, reaching 100 mm / h, high soybeans are:

SLE, arthritis, tuberculosis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, ectopic pregnancy - with all these and a number of other diseases, adults have an increased ESR in blood tests, which means that the body is actively producing antibodies and inflammation factors.

In children, the ESR indicator is sharply increased during acute infection with ascaris, the amount of immunoglobulins in the blood increases, which means that the risk of allergic reactions increases. ROE for helminthiasis in children can reach mm / h.

Soybeans rise up to 30 and above with ulcerative colitis. Anemia is another reason why a woman has increased soy in her blood, its value increases to 30 mm / hour. Increased soy in the blood in women with anemia is a very unfavorable symptom, which means low hemoglobin in combination with an inflammatory process, and is found in pregnant women.

In a woman of reproductive age, the cause of an increased ESR in the blood, reaching 45 mm / h, may be endometriosis.

Overgrowth of the endometrium increases the risk of infertility. That is why, if a woman has an increased ESR in the blood, and it rises with repeated examinations, she definitely needs to be examined by a gynecologist in order to exclude this disease.

Acute inflammatory process in tuberculosis raises ROE values \u200b\u200bto 60 and above. Koch's bacillus, which causes this disease, is not sensitive to most anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics.

Changes in autoimmune diseases

ROE rises significantly in autoimmune diseases that occur chronically, with frequent relapses. By repeated analysis, it is possible to get an idea of \u200b\u200bwhether the disease is in an exacerbation stage, to determine how well the treatment regimen is chosen.

In rheumatoid arthritis, the ROE values \u200b\u200bincrease to 25 mm / h, and in exacerbations they exceed 40 mm / h. If a woman has an increased ESR reaching 40 mm / h, this means that the amount of immunoglobulins in the blood is increased, and one of the possible causes of this condition is thyroiditis. This disease is often autoimmune and is 10 times less common in men.

With SLE, the test values \u200b\u200bincrease to 45 mm / h and even more, and are capable of reaching 70 mm / h, the level of increase often does not correspond to the danger of the patient's condition. And a sharp increase in the analysis indicators means the addition of an acute infection.

In kidney diseases, the range of ROE values \u200b\u200bis very wide, the indicators change depending on gender, the degree of disease from 15 to 80 mm / h, always exceeding the norm.

Indicators for oncology

High ESR in adults with oncological diseases is more often observed due to a solitary (single) tumor, while the blood test values \u200b\u200breach mm / h and more.

A high level is observed in malignant neoplasms:

Such high rates are observed in other diseases, mainly in acute infections. If the patient does not have a decrease in the analysis indicators when taking anti-inflammatory drugs, then the doctor can send the patient for additional examination to exclude cancer.

Not always with oncology, ESR in the blood rises sharply and its value is much higher than the norm, which does not allow the use of such a study as a diagnostic one. There are enough cases when cancer occurs with ROE less than 20 mm / h.

However, this analysis can help in the diagnosis already in the early stages of the disease, since an increase in the analysis indicators is noted in the early stages of cancer, when there are often no clinical symptoms of the disease.

With an increase in ESR in the blood, there is no single treatment regimen, since the reasons for the increase are varied. It is possible to influence the test rates only if the treatment of the disease that caused the ESR increase is started.

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What is accelerated ESR syndrome

The syndrome of accelerated ESR is the most common abnormality, but not a disease. It only indicates the presence in the body of inflammatory processes associated with various diseases.

The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation rate largely depends on age, gender, and the characteristics of the organism.

What is ESR syndrome

Previously, this method of laboratory research was called ROE (erythrocyte sedimentation reaction). ESR is a special value that indicates the ratio of proteins in the blood. Diagnostics is carried out with the help of coagulants, under the influence of which coagulability decreases. The erythrocyte sedimentation time is set.

ESR syndrome - what is it? This is a deviation from the norm, which is characterized by rapid erythrocyte sedimentation. In some cases, it can be observed for several years. Usually indicates the presence of any disease, including cancer. But in cases where signs of the disease do not appear for a long time and no pathologies have been identified, treatment is not required.

In addition, the syndrome of increased ESR is observed in women during pregnancy, which is not a deviation from the norm, but a reaction of the body to changes occurring in it.

ESR rate

The normal rate of erythrocyte sedimentation time in the blood depends on the sex and age of the patient.

In infants, this figure is from 1 to 2 mm / hour. Other values \u200b\u200bare quite rare and are mainly associated with a low concentration of protein substances, acidosis or hypercholesterolemia.
In children under the age of six months, the ESR is 12-17 mm / hour.
In older children, the indicator decreases again, the norm is a value from 1 to 8 mm / hour.
In males, the erythrocyte sedimentation time should not exceed 10 mm / hour.
In women, values \u200b\u200bfrom 2 to 15 mm / hour are considered normal. This range is related to the action of hormones. But depending on the period of life, the ESR rate in women changes. For example, from the beginning of the second trimester of pregnancy, the indicator increases significantly and by the time of delivery it can reach 55 mm / hour. This value is normal.

After childbirth, the indicator gradually returns to normal values. During pregnancy, accelerated ESR is due to an increase in blood volume, cholesterol, globulins and a decrease in calcium levels.

Causes of accelerated ESR

Experts have established a number of reasons why the erythrocyte sedimentation time can be increased. Most often, the reason for this is the inflammatory processes occurring in the body due to the development of various diseases.

The reasons for the accelerated ESR are:

Infectious diseases that are chronic or acute. These include sepsis, pneumonia, tuberculosis. Clinical studies of plasma determine the stage of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment. With bacterial infections, the indicator is much higher than with viral ones.
Rheumatic diseases characterized by connective tissue damage.
Diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. These include pyelonephritis, gastritis, ulcers.
Various pathologies of the endocrine system, for example, diabetes or hypothyroidism.
Anemia or leukemia.
An inflammatory process affecting the heart muscle.
Fractures or injuries also lead to an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation time.
Intoxication or ingestion of lead.
Oncological diseases. But this indicator cannot accurately establish the presence of cancer cells, but is one of the signs of pathology.
Elevated cholesterol levels.

In addition, an accelerated ESR is noted in cases when the patient is taking drugs such as vitamin D, "Methyldopa" or morphine. Often, an increased erythrocyte sedimentation time occurs in cases where the patient has not properly prepared for the analysis.

Treatment

The syndrome of increased ESR does not belong to diseases, but is a sign of the development of pathological processes in the body. The indicators return to normal after undergoing treatment for the underlying disease.

But under some circumstances, there is no need to lower the indicators, since the ESR independently returns to normal after the wound heals, the course of taking medications ends or after childbirth.

Women during pregnancy must follow the recommendations of a specialist, follow a special diet and be attentive to their health in order to prevent the development of anemia.

It is possible to reduce ESR to normal values \u200b\u200bonly after stopping inflammation. In order to establish the cause, the doctor prescribes additional studies, since one general plasma analysis is not enough.

Consequences and danger of the syndrome

The syndrome of entrenched ESR requires observation by a specialist, as it is a sign of the development of rather serious diseases. The consequences of neglect and lack of therapy include: pneumonia, tuberculosis, heart disease, cancer, and others.

To establish them, an analysis for C-reactive protein is often prescribed, with the help of which it is possible to establish the presence of inflammation.

To establish the cause of the accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, it is necessary to undergo additional examinations. If no abnormalities, cancers or inflammatory processes have been identified, and the patient feels well, ESR syndrome does not need treatment.

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ESR (ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate): the rate and deviations, why it rises and falls

Previously, it was called ROE, although some still use this abbreviation out of habit, now they call it ESR, but in most cases they apply the neuter gender (increased or accelerated ESR) to it. The author, with the permission of the readers, will use the modern abbreviation (ESR) and the feminine gender (speed).

ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), together with other routine laboratory tests, are considered the main diagnostic indicators in the first stages of the search. ESR is a non-specific indicator that increases in many pathological conditions of completely different origins. People who had to go to the emergency room with suspicion of some kind of inflammatory disease (appendicitis, pancreatitis, adnexitis) probably remember that the first thing they take from them is a “deuce” (ESR and leukocytes), which after an hour makes it possible to somewhat clarify picture. True, the new laboratory equipment is able to do the analysis in less time.

ESR rate depends on gender and age

The ESR rate in the blood (and where else can it be?) Primarily depends on gender and age, however, it does not differ in a special variety:

In children under one month old (newborn healthy babies), ESR is 1 or 2 mm / hour, other values \u200b\u200bare rare. Most likely, this is due to high hematocrit, low protein concentration, in particular, its globulin fraction, hypercholesterolemia, acidosis. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate in infants up to six months begins to differ sharply mm / hour.
In older children, the ESR is somewhat leveled and is 1-8 mm / h, corresponding approximately to the ESR rate of an adult male.
In men, ESR should not exceed 1-10 mm / hour.
The norm for women is 2-15 mm / hour, its wider range of values \u200b\u200bis due to the influence of androgenic hormones. In addition, in different periods of life, the ESR in the female sex tends to change, for example, during pregnancy, from the beginning of the 2nd trimester (4 months), it begins to grow steadily and reaches a maximum for childbirth (up to 55 mm / h, which is considered absolutely normal). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate returns to its previous indicators after childbirth in about three weeks. Probably increased ESR in in this case due to an increase in plasma volume during pregnancy, an increase in the content of globulins, cholesterol, a fall in the level of Ca 2 ++ (calcium).

Accelerated ESR is not always a consequence of pathological changes; among the reasons for the increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, other factors that are not related to pathology can be noted:

Fasting diets, limiting fluid intake is likely to lead to the breakdown of tissue proteins, and, consequently, an increase in blood fibrinogen, globulin fractions and, accordingly, ESR. However, it should be noted that food intake will also accelerate the ESR physiologically (up to 25 mm / hour), so it is better to go for analysis on an empty stomach, so as not to worry in vain and don’t donate blood again.
Some medications (high molecular weight dextrans, contraceptives) can accelerate the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Intense physical activity, which increases all metabolic processes in the body, is likely to increase the ESR.

This is approximately how the ESR changes depending on age and gender:

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is accelerated, first of all, due to an increase in the level of fibrinogen and globulins, that is, the main reason for the increase is considered a protein shift in the body, which, however, may indicate the development of inflammatory processes, destructive changes in connective tissue, the formation of necrosis, the onset of a malignant neoplasm , immune disorders. A prolonged unreasonable increase in ESR up to 40 mm / h or more acquires not only diagnostic, but also differential diagnostic value, since in combination with other hematological indicators it helps to find the true cause of high ESR.

How is ESR determined?

If you take blood with an anticoagulant and let it stand, then after a certain period of time you will notice that the red blood cells went down, and a yellowish transparent liquid (plasma) remained on top. What distance erythrocytes will travel in one hour is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). This indicator is widely used in laboratory diagnostics, which depends on the radius of the erythrocyte, its density and plasma viscosity. The calculation formula is a dashingly twisted plot that is unlikely to interest the reader, especially since in reality everything is much simpler and, perhaps, the patient himself will be able to reproduce the procedure.

The laboratory assistant takes blood from a finger into a special glass tube, called a capillary, places it on a glass slide, and then draws it back into the capillary and puts it in Panchenkov's tripod in order to record the result in an hour. The column of plasma following the settled erythrocytes will be the rate of their sedimentation, it is measured in millimeters per hour (mm / hour). This old method called ESR according to Panchenkov and to this day is used by most laboratories in the post-Soviet space.

The definition of this indicator according to Westergren is more widespread on the planet, the initial version of which differed very little from our traditional analysis. Modern automated modifications of ESR determination according to Westergren are considered more accurate and allow you to get the result within half an hour.

Increased ESR requires examination

The main factor accelerating ESR is rightfully considered a change physical and chemical properties and blood composition: a shift of the protein A / G (albumin-globulin) coefficient downward, an increase in the hydrogen index (pH), active saturation of red blood cells (erythrocytes) with hemoglobin. Plasma proteins that carry out the process of erythrocyte sedimentation are called agglomerins.

An increase in the level of globulin fraction, fibrinogen, cholesterol, an increase in the aggregation abilities of red blood cells, occurs in many pathological conditions, which are considered the causes of high ESR in a general blood test:

Acute and chronic inflammatory processes of infectious origin (pneumonia, rheumatism, syphilis, tuberculosis, sepsis). This laboratory test can be used to judge the stage of the disease, the process subsiding, and the effectiveness of therapy. The synthesis of proteins of the "acute phase" in the acute period and the increased production of immunoglobulins in the midst of "hostilities" significantly increase the aggregation capacity of erythrocytes and the formation of coins by them. It should be noted that bacterial infections give higher numbers compared to viral lesions.
Collagenosis (rheumatoid arthritis).
Heart damage (myocardial infarction - damage to the heart muscle, inflammation, synthesis of "acute phase" proteins, including fibrinogen, increased aggregation of red blood cells, the formation of coin columns - increased ESR).
Diseases of the liver (hepatitis), pancreas (destructive pancreatitis), intestines (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), kidneys (nephrotic syndrome).
Endocrine pathology ( diabetes, thyrotoxicosis).
Hematological diseases (anemia, lymphogranulomatosis, multiple myeloma).
Injury to organs and tissues (surgery, wounds and bone fractures) - any damage increases the ability of red blood cells to aggregate.
Poisoning with lead or arsenic.
Conditions accompanied by severe intoxication.
Malignant neoplasms. Of course, it is unlikely that the test can claim to be the main diagnostic feature in oncology, but raising it one way or another will create many questions that will have to be answered.
Monoclonal gammopathies (Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, immunoproliferative processes).
High cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia).
Exposure to certain drugs (morphine, dextran, vitamin D, methyldopa).

However, in different periods of the same process or in different pathological conditions, the ESR does not change in the same way:

A very sharp increase in ESR domm / hour is typical for myeloma, lymphosarcoma and other tumors.
Tuberculosis at the initial stages does not change the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, but if it is not stopped or a complication joins, the indicator will quickly creep up.
In the acute period of infection, the ESR will begin to increase only from 2-3 days, but it may not decrease for quite a long time, for example, with lobar pneumonia - the crisis has passed, the disease recedes, and the ESR continues.
This laboratory test is unlikely to help in the first day of acute appendicitis, since it will be within normal limits.
Active rheumatism can proceed for a long time with an increase in ESR, but without frightening numbers, but its decrease should alert in terms of the development of heart failure (blood thickening, acidosis).
Usually, when the infectious process subsides, the total number of leukocytes is the first to return to normal (eosinophils and lymphocytes remain to complete the reaction), ESR is somewhat delayed and decreases later.

Meanwhile, the long-term preservation of high ESR values \u200b\u200b(20-40, or even 75 mm / h and above) in infectious and inflammatory diseases of any kind, most likely, will give rise to the idea of \u200b\u200bcomplications, and in the absence of obvious infections, the presence of any then hidden and possibly very serious diseases. And, although not all cancer patients have the disease begins with an increase in ESR, however, its high level (70 mm / h and higher) in the absence of an inflammatory process most often occurs in oncology, because the tumor will sooner or later cause significant damage to tissues, damage to which ultimately as a result, it will begin to increase the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

What can a decrease in ESR mean?

Probably, the reader will agree that we attach little to the ESR value if the numbers are within the normal range, however, a decrease in the indicator, taking into account age and gender, to 1-2 mm / hour will still cause a number of questions in especially curious patients. For example, a general blood test of a woman of reproductive age, upon repeated examination, "spoils" the level of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which does not fit into physiological parameters. Why is this happening? As in the case of an increase, a decrease in ESR also has its reasons due to a decrease or lack of the ability of erythrocytes to aggregate and form coin bars.

with a decrease in ESR, one (or several) components of correct erythrocyte sedimentation are out of order

The factors leading to such deviations include:

Increased blood viscosity, which, with an increase in the number of erythrocytes (erythremia), can generally stop the sedimentation process;
Change in the shape of red blood cells, which, in principle, due to their irregular shape, cannot fit into coin columns (sickle, spherocytosis, etc.);
Changes in the physicochemical parameters of blood with a shift in pH downward.

Such changes in blood are characteristic of the following conditions of the body:

High bilirubin levels (hyperbilirubinemia);
Obstructive jaundice and, as a consequence, the release of a large amount of bile acids;
Erythremia and reactive erythrocytosis;
Sickle cell anemia;
Chronic circulatory failure;
Decreased fibrinogen levels (hypofibrinogenemia).

However, clinicians do not consider a decrease in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate to be an important diagnostic indicator, therefore, the data are given specifically for especially curious people. It is clear that in men this decrease is generally not possible to notice.

It is definitely not possible to determine an increase in ESR without an injection in the finger, but it is quite possible to assume an accelerated result. An increase in heart rate (tachycardia), an increase in body temperature (fever), and other symptoms indicating the approach of an infectious and inflammatory disease may be indirect signs of changes in many hematological parameters, including the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Video: CBC, ESR, Dr. Komarovsky

I have an ESR of 45 mm / h, the rest of the tests are normal, my leukocytes are slightly increased (9.5), the temperature is above 38 days for 19 days, a cough with foamy sputum, and occasionally pus. I did an ultrasound scan - exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, but why does the temperature not drop ?! And also severe pain in the legs, burning in the feet and pain in the knees. How to be treated if antibiotics do not work?

Hello! Before starting treatment, you need to decide on the diagnosis. You may have an acute inflammatory process in the lungs, for the exclusion of which it is necessary to take an overview X-ray, if necessary, the doctor may send you for a CT scan. You should definitely go to a therapist and talk about problems with your legs, which may indicate some kind of systemic inflammatory process, possibly an infection, etc. It is impossible to diagnose a diagnosis on the Internet and some indicators of your general blood test, so go to doctor for a deeper examination.

Tell me what to do? Mom (she is 60 years old) has an ESR of 60 mm / h for many years, very many years, she “walks” from 40 to 70.

She just underwent a lot of examinations: FGS, ultrasound of everything that is possible, etc., etc. At first, she was simply not allowed to go to the sanatorium because of this analysis, while every two years she goes through all the rounds of examinations. Now they refused because of the SOE in the operation, they said: "Solve the issue and then come." At first, the therapist missed, but the surgeon refused. And she was again assigned all the examination with FGS and various ultrasounds, walking in a circle. What should we do if all searches are in vain every time? How to get rid of or how to explain (or rather prove) that a lady in 60 years with anemia and rheumatism with arthritis, it happens.

Hello! Starting to read your question, it seemed that the cause was never found, but then you write about rheumatism and arthritis, which may well be the cause of the ESR acceleration. Not really, in this case, it is clear why all the examinations are carried out in a circle every time, but it is clear that the operation is denied due to the inflammatory process in the body. If rheumatism is confirmed, and such a diagnosis is established, then the therapist understands the reason for the increase in ESR, so there is no point in proving something. Your mother should try to contact a rheumatologist who will be able to tell if surgery, stay in a sanatorium, etc. is possible, acting as an expert in this case.

The syndrome of accelerated ESR is the most common abnormality, but not a disease. It only indicates the presence in the body of inflammatory processes associated with various diseases.

The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation rate largely depends on age, gender, and the characteristics of the organism.

What is ESR syndrome

ESR syndrome - what is it? This is a deviation from the norm, which is characterized by rapid erythrocyte sedimentation. In some cases, it can be observed for several years. Usually indicates the presence of any disease, including cancer. But in cases where signs of the disease do not appear for a long time and pathologies are not identified, treatment is not required.

In addition, the syndrome of increased ESR is observed in women during pregnancy, which is not a deviation from the norm, but a reaction of the body to changes occurring in it.

ESR rate

The normal rate of erythrocyte sedimentation time in the blood depends on the sex and age of the patient.

In infants, this figure is from 1 to 2 mm / hour. Other values \u200b\u200bare quite rare and are mainly associated with a low concentration of protein substances, acidosis or hypercholesterolemia.
In children under the age of six months, the ESR is 12-17 mm / hour.
In older children, the indicator decreases again, the norm is a value from 1 to 8 mm / hour.
In males, the erythrocyte sedimentation time should not exceed 10 mm / hour.
In women, values \u200b\u200bfrom 2 to 15 mm / hour are considered normal. This range is related to the action of hormones. But depending on the period of life, the ESR rate in women changes. For example, from the beginning of the second trimester of pregnancy, the indicator increases significantly and by the time of delivery it can reach 55 mm / hour. This value is normal.

After childbirth, the indicator gradually returns to normal values.... During pregnancy, accelerated ESR is due to an increase in blood volume, cholesterol, globulins and a decrease in calcium levels.

Causes of accelerated ESR

The reasons for the accelerated ESR are:

Infectious diseases that are chronic or acute. These include sepsis, pneumonia, tuberculosis. Clinical studies of plasma determine the stage of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment. With bacterial infections, the indicator is much higher than with viral ones.
Rheumatic diseases characterized by connective tissue damage.
Diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. These include pyelonephritis, gastritis, ulcers.
Various pathologies of the endocrine system, for example, diabetes or hypothyroidism.
Anemia or leukemia.
An inflammatory process affecting the heart muscle.
Fractures or injuries also lead to an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation time.
Intoxication or ingestion of lead.
Oncological diseases. But this indicator cannot accurately establish the presence of cancer cells, but is one of the signs of pathology.
Elevated cholesterol levels.

Treatment

But under some circumstances, there is no need to lower the indicators, since the ESR independently returns to normal after the wound heals, the course of taking medications ends or after childbirth.

Women during pregnancy must follow the recommendations of a specialist, follow a special diet and be attentive to their health in order to prevent the development of anemia.

It is possible to reduce ESR to normal values \u200b\u200bonly after stopping inflammation... In order to establish the cause, the doctor prescribes additional studies, since one general plasma analysis is not enough.