Trigeneration equipment selection. Energy center with trigeneration: just what you need in Russian reality. Modern, flexible modular concept

14.07.2020 Landscape design

Heat value
Heat sources
Heat production and heat supply
Use of heat
New heat supply technologies

Heat value

Heat is one of the sources of life on Earth. Thanks to fire, the birth and development of human society became possible. From ancient times to this day, heat sources have served us faithfully. Despite the unprecedented level of technology development, humans, like many thousands of years ago, still need warmth. With the growth of the world's population, the demand for heat is increasing.

Heat is among the most important resources of the human environment. It is necessary for a person to maintain his own life. Heat is also required for technologies without which modern man does not think of its existence.

Heat sources

The most ancient source of heat is the Sun. Later, fire was at the disposal of man. On its basis, man has created a technology for obtaining heat from organic fuel.

Relatively recently, nuclear technologies have been used to produce heat. However, the combustion of fossil fuels still remains the main method of generating heat.

Heat production and heat supply

Developing technology, man has learned to produce heat in large volumes and transfer it over fairly long distances. Heat for big cities is produced at large thermal power plants. On the other hand, there are still many consumers who are supplied with heat by small and medium-sized boiler houses. In rural areas, households are heated by domestic boilers and stoves.

Heat generation technologies make a significant contribution to environmental pollution. Burning fuel, a person throws out a large amount of harmful substances.

Use of heat

In general, a person generates much more heat than he uses to his advantage. We simply dissipate a lot of heat into the surrounding air.

The heat is lost
due to the imperfection of heat production technologies,
when transporting heat through heat pipelines,
due to imperfection heating systems,
due to imperfect housing,
due to imperfect ventilation of buildings,
when removing "excess" heat in various technological processes,
when incinerating industrial waste,
with exhaust gases of vehicles on internal combustion engines.

The word extravagance is well suited to describe the state of affairs in the production and consumption of heat by humans. An example, I would say, of notorious wastefulness is the flaring of associated gas in oil fields.

New heat supply technologies

Human society spends a lot of effort and money to generate heat:
extracts fuel deep underground;
transports fuel from deposits to businesses and homes;
builds installations for heat generation;
builds heating networks for heat distribution.

Probably, one should think: is everything here reasonable, is everything justified?

The so-called technical and economic advantages modern systems heat supplies are inherently momentary. They are associated with significant environmental pollution and unwise use of resources.

There is heat that does not need to be extracted. This is the warmth of the Sun. You need to use it.

One of the ultimate goals of heat supply technology is the production and delivery of hot water. Have you ever used a summer shower? Tank with a tap installed on open place under the rays of the sun. A very simple and affordable way to supply warm (even hot) water. What's stopping you from using it?

With the help of heat pumps, man uses the heat of the Earth. For heat pump no fuel needed, no need for a long heating main with its heat losses. The amount of electricity required to operate the heat pump is relatively small.

The benefits of the most modern and advanced technology will be negated if its fruits are misused. Why produce heat away from consumers, transport it, then distribute it to dwellings, heating the Earth and the surrounding air along the way?

Distributed heat production should be developed as close as possible to the places of consumption, or even combined with them. The method of heat production called cogeneration has long been known. Cogeneration plants produce electricity, heat and cold. For the fruitful use of this technology, it is necessary to develop the human environment as a unified system of resources and technologies.

It seems that in order to create new heat supply technologies, one should
revise existing technologies,
try to get away from their shortcomings,
collect on a single basis for interaction and addition each other,
take full advantage of their merits.
This implies understanding

A trigeneration system is a combined heat and power system connected to one or more refrigeration units. The thermal part of the trigeneration unit is based on a steam generator with heat recovery, which is powered by using the exhaust gases of the primary engine. Prime engine connected to a generator alternating current, provides the production of electrical energy. The periodically occurring excess heat is used for cooling.

Application of trigeneration

Trigeneration is actively used in the economy, in particular in the food industry, where there is a need for cold water for its use in technological processes. For example, during the summer, breweries use cold water to cool and store the finished product. In livestock farms, water is used to cool milk. Frozen food producers operate at low temperatures all year round.

The trigeneration technology makes it possible to convert up to 80% of the thermal power of the cogeneration unit into cold, which significantly increases the total efficiency of the cogeneration unit and increases the coefficient of its capacity resources.

The trigeneration unit can be used all year round, regardless of the season. The recovered heat during trigeneration is effectively used in winter for heating, in summer for air conditioning and for technological needs.

The use of trigeneration in the summer period is especially effective, with the formation of excess heat generated by the mini-CHP. Excess heat is sent to an adsorption machine to produce chilled water for use in the air conditioning system. This technology saves energy that would normally be consumed by a forced cooling system. In winter, the adsorption machine can be turned off if there is no need for a large amount of chilled water.

Thus, the trigeneration system allows 100% use of the heat generated by the mini-CHP.

Energy efficiency and high efficiency

Optimizing energy consumption is an important task, not only from the point of view of saving energy resources, but also from an environmental point of view. Energy saving is one of the most pressing problems in the world today. However, most modern technologies heat production leads to a high degree of air pollution.

Trigeneration, in which the combined production of electrical, thermal and refrigeration energy occurs, is today one of the most effective technologies for increasing energy efficiency and environmental safety of mini-CHP.

Energy saving when using trigeneration technologies reaches 60%.

Advantages and disadvantages

Compared to traditional cooling technologies, the trigeneration system has the following advantages:

Heat is a source of energy, which allows the use of excess heat energy, which has a very low cost;
The generated electrical energy can be supplied to the general power grid or used for own needs;
Heat can be used to meet the heat demand during the heating season;
Require minimal maintenance costs due to the lack of adsorption refrigeration units moving parts that could be subject to wear;
Silent operation of the adsorption system;
Low operating costs and low life cycle costs;
Water is used as a refrigerant instead of substances that deplete the ozone layer.

The adsorption system is easy and reliable to use. The energy consumption of the adsorption machine is low because there is no liquid pump.

However, such a system also has a number of disadvantages: large dimensions and weight, as well as a relatively high cost, due to the fact that today a limited number of manufacturers are engaged in the production of adsorption machines.

The invention relates to thermal power engineering. The method of combined production of electricity, heat and cold includes converting the heat of combustion products into mechanical energy using a heat engine, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy in an electric generator, transferring a coolant heated in the cooling circuit of a heat engine and exhaust gases using at least two heat exchangers. heating steps, for heating, hot water supply and ventilation and for getting cold in an absorption refrigeration machine. Part of the coolant is diverted for the purpose of hot water supply, heating and ventilation in front of the heat exchangers of the second and / or subsequent heating stages, depending on the required temperature of the coolant in hot water supply, heating and ventilation systems. The rest of the heat carrier is fed after the heat exchanger of the last heating stage to the absorption refrigeration machine. The proposed method allows you to increase the refrigeration coefficient and the production of cold ACM. 2 ill.

Drawings to the RF patent 2457352

The invention relates to heat power engineering and can be used in the combined production of heat, cold and electricity.

There is a known method of operation of a mobile installation for combined production of electricity, heat and cold, in which the generator converts the mechanical energy of the rotating shaft of the engine into electricity, the exhaust gases passing through the heat exchanger give off heat to the liquid heat carrier for heat supply during the heating period or are used in an absorption refrigeration machine for cooling supply in summer period.

The disadvantages of this method of operation of the installation include low efficiency associated with the release of a significant part of unused thermal energy into the atmosphere.

There is also known a method of operating an installation in which an internal combustion engine produces useful energy, converted into electrical energy using an electric generator, the second internal combustion engine is used to drive the compressor of a refrigeration machine that generates cold during the warm season. Heat recovered from the engine jacket and exhaust gases is used to supply heat to consumers in the cold season.

The disadvantages of the method of operation of this installation are incomplete use of the waste heat of internal combustion engines, additional fuel consumption for the operation of the second internal combustion engine used to drive the compressor of the refrigeration machine.

There is a known method of operation of an installation that simultaneously provides heat / cold and power supply, in which heat supply in the cold period is carried out by utilizing the heat of exhaust gases and coolant of the internal combustion engine, the mechanical energy of the rotating shaft of the engine is converted into electricity, cold is generated in the warm season in compression refrigeration machine.

The disadvantages of the method of operation of this installation include low efficiency due to insufficient use of the waste heat of the internal combustion engine, significant energy consumption for the operation of the compressor of the refrigerating machine.

The closest technical solution (prototype) is a method of operation of an installation for generating electricity, heat and cold, according to which a heat engine performs mechanical work, converted into electrical energy using an electric generator. The waste heat of the lubricating oil, coolant and exhaust gases discharged through the heat exchangers of the first, second and third heating stages from the heat engine is utilized for heat supply to consumers. In the warm season, the recovered heat is partly used to provide consumers with hot water, and partly supplied to an absorption chiller to provide cold to the air conditioning system.

However, this technical solution is characterized by a relatively low temperature of the coolant (80 ° C) supplied from the heat engine, which leads to a decrease in the coefficient of performance and the cooling capacity of the absorption refrigeration machine.

The objective of the invention is to increase the coefficient of performance and the refrigerating capacity by increasing the temperature of the heat carrier supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine.

The task is achieved in the following way.

In the method of combined production of electricity, heat and cold, including the conversion of the heat of combustion products into mechanical energy using a heat engine, the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy in an electric generator, the transfer of the heat carrier heated in the cooling circuit of the heat engine and exhaust gases using heat exchangers at least two stages of heating, for heating, hot water supply and ventilation and for obtaining cold in an absorption refrigeration machine, part of the coolant is diverted for the purpose of hot water supply, heating and ventilation in front of the heat exchangers of the second and / or subsequent heating stages, depending on the required temperature of the coolant in hot water supply systems , heating and ventilation, the rest of the heat carrier is fed after the heat exchanger of the last heating stage to the absorption refrigeration machine.

Due to the removal of a part of the coolant for the needs of hot water supply, heating and ventilation, the mass flow rate of the heated coolant supplied to the heat exchangers of the subsequent heating stages will decrease, which means, all other things being equal, without increasing the heating surface area, the temperature of the heated coolant leaving these heat exchangers rises. An increase in the temperature of the coolant discharged to the absorption refrigeration machine makes it possible to increase its refrigerating coefficient and, accordingly, refrigerating capacity.

The proposed method for the combined production of electricity, heat and cold is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of one of the possible power plants with which the described method can be carried out.

Figure 2 shows the dependence of the relative cooling capacity of the absorption refrigeration machine on the temperatures of the cooled, cooling and heating water.

The power plant contains the following elements: 1 - air compressor, 2 - combustion chamber, 3 - gas turbine, 4 - heat exchanger of the turbine lubrication system (first heating stage), 5 - heat exchanger for cooling turbine discs and blades (second heating stage), 6 - heat exchanger outgoing (exhaust) gases (third stage of heating), 7 - heat exchanger of the heat supply system (heating, ventilation of consumers), 8 - absorption refrigeration machine, 9 - heat consumer (heating and ventilation), 10 - cold consumer, 11 - hot water consumer, 12 - dry cooling tower power plant, 13 - cooling tower of a refrigerating machine, 14 - pump for the circulating water supply of the refrigerator, 15 - pump for the cooling supply circuit of consumers, 16 - pump for the hot water supply circuit for consumers, 17 - pump for the heat supply (heating and ventilation) circuit, 18 - pump for the cooling circuit of the heat engine, 19 - an electric generator, 20 - a heat exchanger of a hot water supply system for consumers, 21, 22, 23 - pipelines for supplying a heating medium to a heat exchanger of a hot water supply system (20), 24, 25, 26 - pipelines for supplying a heating medium to a heat exchanger (7) of a heat supply system (heating and ventilation), 27 - heating medium supply pipeline of an absorption refrigeration machine, 28 - cooling circuit of a heat engine.

The way the installation works is as follows.

Compressor 1 is used to compress atmospheric air. From the compressor 1, air enters the combustion chamber 2, where the atomized fuel is continuously supplied under pressure through the nozzles. From the combustion chamber 2, the combustion products are directed to the gas turbine 3, in which the energy of the combustion products is converted into mechanical energy of the shaft rotation. In the electrical generator 19, this mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Depending on the heat load, the unit operates in one of three modes:

Mode I - with heat release for heating, ventilation and hot water supply;

Mode II - with the release of heat for hot water supply and an absorption refrigerator;

III mode - with the release of heat for heating, ventilation and hot water supply and for an absorption refrigerator;

In mode I (during the cold season), the coolant heated in the heat exchanger of the lubrication system 4 (first heating stage), the heat exchanger of the disc and blade cooling system 5 (second heating stage) and the exhaust (exhaust) gas heat exchanger 6 (third heating stage) through the pipeline 26 is fed to the heat exchanger 7 for heating and ventilation of consumers 9 and through pipelines 21 and / or 22 and / or 23 to the hot water heat exchanger 20.

In mode II (during the warm season), depending on the required temperature in the hot water supply system, part of the coolant is removed after the heat exchanger of the lubrication system 4 (the first heating stage) and / or the heat exchanger of the disc and blade cooling system 5 (the second heating stage) and / or the heat exchanger outgoing (exhaust) gases 6 (third stage of heating) through pipelines 21, and / or 22, and / or 23 to the heat exchanger of hot water supply 20, and the remaining coolant through pipeline 27 is supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine 8 to obtain cold used for cooling consumers ten.

In mode III (in the autumn-spring period), depending on the required temperatures in the hot water supply, heating and ventilation systems, part of the coolant is removed after the heat exchanger of the lubrication system 4 (the first heating stage), and / or the heat exchanger of the disc and blade cooling system 5 (the second stage heating), and / or heat exchanger of exhaust (exhaust) gases 6 (third heating stage) through pipelines 21, and / or 22, and / or 23 to hot water heat exchanger 20, part of the heat carrier after the heat exchanger of the lubrication system 4 (first heating stage), heat exchanger of the cooling system of discs and blades 5 (second stage of heating) and / or heat exchanger of exhaust (exhaust) gases 6 (third stage of heating) through pipelines 24, and / or 25, and / or 26 are fed to heat exchanger 7 for heating and ventilation of consumers 9 , the part of the coolant remaining in the cooling circuit of the heat engine 28 is fed through the pipeline 27 to the absorption refrigeration machine 8 to obtain cold using used for cooling consumers 10. The heat carrier cooled in heat exchangers 7, 8 and 20 is transferred by pump 18 for heating to heat exchangers 4, 5, 6. If there is no demand for heat energy, excess heat is removed through dry cooling towers 12 into the atmosphere.

For example, when the installation is operating in mode II, in the case of withdrawing the heat carrier for the purpose of hot water supply after the heat exchanger of the third stage of heating, a heat carrier with a temperature of 103.14 ° C is supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine via pipeline 27.

In the case of withdrawing 30% of the heat carrier for the purpose of hot water supply, after the second stage heat exchanger, a heat carrier with a temperature of 112.26 ° C is supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine, which gives an increase in refrigerating capacity (according to Fig. 2) by 22%.

In the case of withdrawal of 30% of the heat carrier for the purpose of hot water supply, after the first stage heat exchanger, a heat carrier with a temperature of 115.41 ° C is supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine, which gives an increase in cooling capacity (according to Fig. 2) by 30%.

The technical result that can be obtained with the implementation of the invention consists in increasing the coefficient of performance and the refrigerating capacity of the absorption refrigeration machine by increasing the temperature of the coolant removed from the engine cooling circuit. The use of a coolant with higher parameters, obtained as a result of a decrease in its average flow rate in the cooling circuit of a heat engine due to the removal of a part of the coolant when it reaches the required temperature for the needs of heat supply, makes it possible to increase the refrigerating capacity of an absorption refrigeration machine.

Sources of information

1. Patent No. 2815486 (France), publ. 19.04.2002, IPC F01N 5/02-F02B 63/04; F02G 5/02; F25B 27/00; F25B 30/04; F01N 5/00; F02B 63/00; F02G 5/00; F25B 27/00; F25B 30/00.

2. Patent No. 2005331147 (Japan), publ. 02.12.2005, IPC F25B 27/00; F25B 25/02; F25B 27/02; F25B 27/00; F25B 25/00; F25B 27/02.

3. Patent No. 20040061773 (Korea), publ. 07.07.2004, MCP F02G 5/00; F02G 5/00.

4. Patent No. 20020112850 (USA), publ. 22.08.2002, IPC F01K 23/06; F02G 5/04; F24F 5/00; F01K 23/06; F02G 5/00; F24F 5/00.

CLAIM

A method of combined production of electricity, heat and cold, including the conversion of the heat of combustion products into mechanical energy using a heat engine, the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy in an electric generator, the transfer of the coolant heated in the cooling circuit of the heat engine, and exhaust gases using at least two heat exchangers heating stages, for heating, hot water supply and ventilation and for obtaining cold in an absorption refrigeration machine, characterized in that part of the coolant is diverted for the purpose of hot water supply, heating and ventilation in front of the heat exchangers of the second and / or subsequent heating stages, depending on the required temperature of the coolant in systems of hot water supply, heating and ventilation, the rest of the heat carrier is fed after the heat exchanger of the last stage of heating to the absorption refrigeration machine.

Mini CHP (BHKW) , as a rule, it works in two main production modes:

production of electricity and heat (cogeneration)
obtaining electricity, heat and cold (trigeneration).

Cold is generated by an absorption refrigeration machine that consumes not electrical, but thermal energy.

Absorption chillers (with an efficiency of 0.64-0.66) are produced by many leading manufacturers and operate on natural refrigerants, and as fuel they use oil, gas or their derivatives, bio-fuel, steam, hot water, solar energy or excess thermal energy of gas turbines - reciprocating power plants.

For all their attractiveness, their use in the Russian Federation is still a rather rare phenomenon.

Indeed, until very recently, in the Russian Federation, central climate systems were not considered mandatory in industrial and civil construction.

Trigeneration is beneficial because it makes it possible to effectively use the recovered heat not only for heating in winter, but also in summer to maintain a comfortable indoor climate or for technological needs (breweries, milk cooling, etc.).

This approach allows the generating unit to be used all year round.

Power plants - the units of these power plants are gas piston or gas turbine power units.

Gases used for the operation of gas-fired thermal power plants:

The inverter conversion circuit allows you to obtain ideal, high-quality output parameters for current, voltage and frequency.

Concept: BHKW - Gas-fired mini-cogeneration units

BHKW, Mini CHPconsists of the following main components:

internal combustion engines - piston or gas turbine
dC or AC generators
waste heat boilers
catalysts
control systems
The mini-CHP automation means ensure the operation of the units in the recommended range of operating modes and the achievement of effective characteristics. Monitoring and telemetry of the mini-CHP are carried out remotely.

Modern, flexible modular concept

Joint production of heat and electricity.
Compact design with frame-mounted equipment: engine, generator, heat exchanger and electrical panel
Preferred use in facilities with high consumption of electrical and thermal energy
Supplied with different electrical and heat outputs. The electrical power of one module, for example, is 70, 140 or 238 kW, the heating power is 81, 115, 207 or 353 kW.
Optionally used for parallel operation with the mains or as a backup power supply
Utilization of heat contained in lubricating oil, coolant and engine exhaust
Several generators can be combined into a single energy complex

Work with reduced noise level and low emissions of harmful substances

Quiet running of a gas internal combustion engine with four to twelve cylinders and an adjustable catalyst. The noise level depending on the power of the module is 55 - 75 dB (A)
Low levels of nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide emissions

Simple and convenient control

The module is operated by simply pressing buttons. Starting system with charger and vibration-proof maintenance-free batteries
Integrated switchgear under the frame cladding with clear control panel
Remote control of basic functions with coordinated accessories

Fast installation, commissioning and maintenance

Fully equipped, ready-to-connect unit with a synchronous generator with air cooled, for the production of three-phase current with voltage 400 V, frequency 50 Hz and hot water with temperature graph 90/70 ° C at a standard temperature difference between flow and return of 20 K.
Any module of the CHPP can operate depending on thermal or electrical loads in the range of electric power 50% –100% (which corresponds to 60–100% of thermal power).
Test run at the factory with a protocol and performance data
Trouble-free installation of the vibration-damping structure of the TPP unit without additional anchoring
Autonomous oil supply system with a 60 l oil storage tank.

Nowadays, no technical problem can be solved without a good control system. Thus, it is only natural for control units to be included in every node.

Monitoring is carried out by sensors for oil pressure, coolant temperature, exhaust gas temperature in the catalyst, water temperature in the heating system and rotation speed, as well as sensors for minimum coolant pressure, minimum oil level and safety temperature limiter, with wiring to the control cabinet

Autonomous power supply: microturbines

For microturbine power plants, fuel is acceptable:

natural gas, high, medium and low pressure
associated petroleum gas (APG)
biogas
waste water treatment gas
waste gas
propane
butane
diesel fuel
kerosene
mine gas
pyrolysis gas

Producedmicroturbines of the following unit electrical power:

30 kW (heat energy output 85 kW), noise 58 dB, gas consumption at rated load 12 m 3
65 kW (heat energy output 160 kW kW)
200 kWt
600 kWt
800 kWt
1000 kWt

Feasibility Study BHKW

It is necessary to consider in each specific case, the cost of fuel consumed by the installations in comparison with the cost of purchasing heat and electricity from a monopoly state company. In addition, the cost of connection versus the cost of the installations themselves.

quick return on investment (payback period does not exceed four years)
consuming 0.3 cubic meters m of gas the ability to receive 1 kW of electricity and ~ 2 kW of heat per hour
no payment for connection to central power supply networks, last year the cost of connecting to the power grid in the Moscow region reached 48,907 rubles per kilowatt of installed electrical power (from 1 kW to 35 kW) .This figure is quite comparable with the cost of building one kilowatt of your own, home high quality microturbine power plant.
the possibility of acquiring on lease BHKW
minimum fuel losses at the local power plant
the possibility of installing BHKW in old boiler houses and at the central heating station
no need to build an expensive power transmission line, transformer substation, long power grid
the possibility of a rapid increase in electrical power by additional installation of power modules

Cost per kilowatt hour

The price per kilowatt-hour differs primarily from the type of generating power plant. Different financial institutions use differentiated methodologies when evaluating electricity generated.

The cost of one kilowatt of nuclear energy is not easy to derive. Differing methods of estimation and calculation apply.

The World Nuclear Association has compared the cost per kilowatt-hour that can be produced in new power plants of various types.

If the notional rate on loans issued for the construction of a power plant is 10%, then a kilowatt-hour of electricity costs produced by:

NPP - 4.1 cents
at a modern coal power plant - 4.8 cents
on gas power plant - 5.2 cents

If the lending rate for financing the construction of power plants is reduced to 5%, then even lower values \u200b\u200bwill be obtained:

2.7 cents for nuclear power plants
3.8 - for a coal-fired power plant
4.4 cents - for a gas-fired power plant.

The European Commission uses other data:

1 kilowatt-hour of nuclear and hydropower costs € 0.05
coal-fired power plant - in € 0.04 - 0.07
gas power plant - € 0.11 - 0.22

According to the methodology of the European Commission, the opponents of nuclear power plants are only wind power plants, the cost of a kilowatt-hour of which is € 0.015- € 0.02.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology estimates the cost of nuclear power is 6.6 cents per kilowatt-hour, while electricity generated from natural gas costs 3.7-5.5 cents.

According to the University of Chicago:

a kilowatt-hour of a nuclear power plant costs 6.4 cents
kilowatt-hour produced at the gas station - 3.3-4.4 cents.

According to the methods of the Institute of Nuclear Energy, in 2004 in the USA the cost of a kilowatt-hour produced:

at the nuclear power plant was 1.67 cents
A kilowatt-hour of coal-fired power plant cost 1.91 cents
hFO power plants - 5.40 cents
gas power plant - at 5.85 cents

Cost of building a kilowatt-hour

The question of questions is the cost and duration of the NPP construction.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has calculated that the cost of construction is:

nuclear power plant from $ 2.1 thousand to $ 2.5 thousand per kilowatt of capacity
coal-fired power plant - $ 1.5 thous. - 1.7 thous.
gas power plant - $ 1 thousand - $ 1.4 thousand
wind power plant (WPP) - $ 1 thousand - $ 1.5 thousand

Research centers opposing the construction of nuclear power plants believe that these figures do not show the real cost of building a nuclear power plant.

A typical 1GW nuclear power plant will cost at least $ 2.2 billion. A similar conclusion was made by the US Congressional Research Service. According to the service's estimates, the cost of building a nuclear power plant, after 1986, ranges from $ 2.5 to $ 6.7 billion. The budgetary part of the NPP safety systems is 1/3 of the project cost.

The construction period for power plants is:

NPP - 5-6 years
coal power plant - 3-4 years
gas power plant - 2 years

The Nuclear Policy Research Institute emphasizes that rigorous analyzes and calculations of the long-term cost of nuclear power never held.

The usual calculations do not take into account:

uranium enrichment cost
costs of dealing with the consequences of possible accidents
nPP closure cost
transportation costs
nuclear waste storage

The United States has no experience with closing nuclear installations. The cost of a costly process can only be assumed. In 1996, the Department of Energy estimated that costs could range from $ 180 million to $ 650 million.

On the portal newtariffs.ru new, consolidated tariffs for electricity, prices for natural gas, cost - the level of payment for heat energy and water supply, as well as price lists for housing and communal services are published.

Holders of the patent RU 2457352:

The invention relates to heat power engineering and can be used in the combined production of heat, cold and electricity.

The disadvantages of this method of operation of the installation include low efficiency associated with the release of a significant part of unused thermal energy into the atmosphere.

The task is achieved in the following way.

The proposed method for the combined production of electricity, heat and cold is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of one of the possible power plants with which the described method can be carried out.

Figure 2 shows the dependence of the relative cooling capacity of the absorption refrigeration machine on the temperatures of the cooled, cooling and heating water.

The power plant contains the following elements: 1 - air compressor, 2 - combustion chamber, 3 - gas turbine, 4 - heat exchanger of the turbine lubrication system (first heating stage), 5 - heat exchanger for cooling turbine discs and blades (second heating stage), 6 - heat exchanger outgoing (exhaust) gases (third stage of heating), 7 - heat exchanger of the heat supply system (heating, ventilation of consumers), 8 - absorption refrigeration machine, 9 - heat consumer (heating and ventilation), 10 - cold consumer, 11 - hot water consumer, 12 - dry cooling tower of a power plant, 13 - cooling tower of a refrigerating machine, 14 - pump for the circulating water supply of the refrigerator, 15 - pump for the cooling supply of consumers, 16 - pump for the hot water supply of consumers, 17 - pump for the heat supply (heating and ventilation) circuit, 18 - pump cooling circuit of the heat engine, 19 - electric generator, 20 - heat exchanger of the hot water supply system 21, 22, 23 - pipelines for supplying the heating medium to the heat exchanger of the hot water supply system (20), 24, 25, 26 - pipelines for supplying the heating medium to the heat exchanger (7) of the heat supply system (heating and ventilation), 27 - supply pipeline of the heating medium absorption refrigeration machine, 28 - heat engine cooling circuit.

The way the installation works is as follows.

Mode I - with heat release for heating, ventilation and hot water supply;

Mode II - with the release of heat for hot water supply and an absorption refrigerator;

III mode - with the release of heat for heating, ventilation and hot water supply and for an absorption refrigerator;

Sources of information

1. Patent No. 2815486 (France), publ. 19.04.2002, IPC F01N 5/02-F02B 63/04; F02G 5/02; F25B 27/00; F25B 30/04; F01N 5/00; F02B 63/00; F02G 5/00; F25B 27/00; F25B 30/00.

2. Patent No. 2005331147 (Japan), publ. 02.12.2005, IPC F25B 27/00; F25B 25/02; F25B 27/02; F25B 27/00; F25B 25/00; F25B 27/02.

3. Patent No. 20040061773 (Korea), publ. 07.07.2004, MCP F02G 5/00; F02G 5/00.

4. Patent No. 20020112850 (USA), publ. 22.08.2002, IPC F01K 23/06; F02G 5/04; F24F 5/00; F01K 23/06; F02G 5/00; F24F 5/00.