Heinrich Mann Heinrich Mann (1871–1950) comes from an influential family of grain traders, whose company was founded at the end of the 18th century. in Lubeck - a northern German city, an old shopping center. G. Mann's father was not only the owner of a respectable company, but also held a prominent

Grigory Dashevsky, "Henry and Semyon" The "Project OGI" club has released another book of its "poetry series". This is the third book for the club, the second for Grigory Dashevsky. Or also the third, depending on how you count. (The fact is that Dashevsky's collection "Change of Poses"

The Frog King, or the Iron Heinrich In the old years, when one had only to wish for something and the wish was fulfilled, there was a king; all his daughters were one more beautiful than the other, and the younger princess was so beautiful that even the sun itself, which had seen so many

Buddy Heinrich “What can happen to a Russian or a Czech does not interest me at all. Whether they are alive or die of hunger like cattle - for me it matters only in the sense that people belonging to these nationalities will be needed by us as slaves.

King Henry VIII (1491-1547) Educated under the guidance of John Skelton, who instilled in him an interest in poetry. After becoming king, he supported the fine arts, inviting artists, poets and musicians from all over Europe to London. He loved to play the lute and composed himself

Heinrich Böll was born on December 21, 1917 in Cologne into a large cabinetmaker's family. From early childhood, he wrote poetry and stories. After graduating from high school, Belle, unlike most of his classmates, did not join the Hitler Youth. The young man wanted to go to university, but this was refused. For several months he studied bookselling in Bonn, and then was involved in forced labor. Then Belle still became a student at the University of Cologne, but in 1939 he was drafted into the army. He served as a corporal on the Eastern and Western Fronts and was wounded several times. In 1942 Belle married Anna Marie Cech. In 1945 he was captured by the Americans and spent several months in a prisoner of war camp in southern France.

After the war, Belle returned to Cologne. He studied at the university, worked in his father's workshop and in the city bureau of demographic statistics. Already in 1947 he began to publish his stories. In 1949, the first story was published and received a positive response from critics - "The train came on time", a story about a young soldier who is about to return to the front and die soon.

In 1950, Belle became a member of the Group 47, an association of progressive young writers. In 1952, in the article "Recognition of the Literature of Ruins", a kind of manifesto of this literary association, he called for the creation of a "new" German language- simple and truthful, connected with concrete reality, opposing the bombastic style of the times of the Nazi regime. In the novels "Wanderer, when you come to the Spa ..." (1950), "Where have you been, Adam?" (1951), Bread of the Early Years (1955) Belle described the senselessness of war and the hardships of post-war life. Then, from stories with simple plots, he gradually moved on to more voluminous things - "And he did not say a single word" (1953), "A house without a master" (1954).

In the future, Belle's works become more complex in composition. The novel Billiards at half past nine (1959) tells the story of a family of Cologne architects. Although the action is limited to only one day, the text, based on internal monologues, is structured in such a way that the life of three generations is presented, a look at half a century of German history - from recent years reign of Kaiser Wilhelm in fact until the time of writing the novel. This novel brought Belle to the fame of one of the leading prose writers of the Federal Republic of Germany.

The story "Through the Eyes of a Clown" (1963) also takes place over the course of one day. This is an internal monologue of the protagonist, a circus performer, recalling his wartime childhood and post-war youth. He finds no support in anything - neither in love, nor in a well-established way of life, nor in religion; in everything he sees the hypocrisy of the post-war society.

Resistance to official power and official norms is a characteristic Belle theme. It sounds in "Unauthorized absence" (1964), "The end of one business trip" (1966).

The pinnacle of international recognition was the election of Belle in 1971 as President of the International Pen Club. In 1972 he was the first German writer of the post-war generation to be awarded Nobel Prize... The decision of the Nobel Committee was largely influenced by the release of the large and complex (consisting of interviews and documents) novel “Group Portrait with a Lady” (1971), in which the writer tried to create a grandiose panorama of the history of Germany in the twentieth century.

In the early 1970s. years., after a series of terrorist attacks carried out by West German ultra-left youth groups, Belle came out in their defense, justifying the horrendous actions of the unreasonable internal policy of the West German authorities, the impossibility of individual freedom in modern German society. The story "The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum, or How Violence Arises and What It Can Lead to" (1974) was written based on personal impressions of the attacks on the writer in the West German press, which, not without reason, dubbed him the "inspirer" of terrorists. The central problem of the story (like all of Belle's later works) is the invasion of the state and the press into the private life of an ordinary person. The story caused a great public outcry, was filmed.

Other works by Belle - "The Caring Siege" (1979) and "Image, Bonn, Bonn" (1981), also tell about the danger of state supervision over its citizens.

In 1985, in connection with the fortieth anniversary of the surrender of Nazi Germany, Belle published "A Letter to My Sons" - about how he himself survived the end of the war. The theme of reckoning with the fascist past is also present in the latest, posthumously published novel Women against the Background of a River Landscape.

Belle traveled a lot. He visited Poland, Sweden, Greece, Israel, Ecuador; repeatedly visited France, England and especially Ireland, where he lived in his own house.

Belle was the most popular West German writer in the Soviet Union, one of the idols of the young post-war generation. His books became available thanks to the thaw of the late 1950s and 1960s. More than 80 stories, novellas, novels and articles of the writer were published in Russian, and his books were published in much larger circulations than in his homeland, the Federal Republic of Germany. Belle was a frequent visitor to the USSR. But in 1974 the writer, despite the protest of the Soviet authorities, provided A.I. Solzhenitsyn had a temporary refuge in his home in Cologne (in the previous period he had illegally exported Solzhenitsyn's manuscripts to the West, where they were published). As a result, Belle's works were no longer published in the Soviet Union; the ban was lifted only in the mid-1980s. with the beginning of perestroika.

In 1980, Belle fell seriously ill and suffered an amputation of his right leg. At the beginning of July 1985, he was forced to go to the clinic again, and on July 16, 1985, he died. Buried in Bornheim-Merten near Cologne; the funeral was held with a large crowd of people, with the participation of fellow writers and politicians.

In 1987, the Heinrich Böll Foundation was established in Cologne, a non-governmental organization closely cooperating with the Green Party (its branches exist in many countries, including Russia). The Foundation supports projects in the field of civil society development, ecology, and human rights.

Heinrich Theodor Boll (German Heinrich Theodor Boll, December 21, 1917, Cologne - July 16, 1985, Langenbroich) - German writer (FRG), translator, Nobel Prize winner in Literature (1972). Heinrich Böll was born on December 21, 1917 in Cologne, into a liberal Catholic artisan family. From 1924 to 1928 he studied at a Catholic school, then continued his studies at the Kaiser Wilhelm Gymnasium in Cologne. He worked as a carpenter, served in a bookstore.

From 1924 to 1928 he studied at a Catholic school, then continued his studies at the Kaiser Wilhelm Gymnasium in Cologne. After graduating from high school in Cologne, Böll, who wrote poetry and stories from early childhood, turns out to be one of the few students in the class who did not join the Hitler Youth.

After graduating from the classical gymnasium (1936) he worked as an apprentice seller in a second-hand bookstore. A year after leaving school, he is sent to work at an Imperial Labor Service labor camp.

In the summer of 1939, Böll entered the University of Cologne, but in the fall he was drafted into the Wehrmacht. During World War II, 1939-1945, he fought as an infantryman in France, took part in battles in Ukraine and Crimea. In 1942 Böll marries Anna Marie Cech, who bore him two sons. In April 1945 Böll surrendered to the Americans.

After his captivity, he worked as a carpenter, and then returned to the University of Cologne and studies philology.

Böll began publishing in 1947. The first works - the story "The Train Comes on Time" (1949), the collection of stories "Wanderer, when you come to the Spa ..." (1950) and the novel "Where have you been, Adam?" (1951, Russian translation, 1962).

In 1950 Belle became a member of Group 47. In 1952, in the keynote article "Recognition of the Literature of Ruins", a kind of manifesto of this literary association, Belle called for the creation of a "new" German language - simple and truthful, connected with concrete reality. In accordance with the declared principles early stories Belle's are distinguished by stylistic simplicity, they are filled with vital concreteness.

Belle's collections of stories "Not Just for Christmas" (1952), "The Silence of Dr. Murke" (1958), "The City of Familiar Faces" (1959), "When the War Started" (1961), "When the War Was Over" (1962) found a response not only among the general reading public and critics. In 1951, the writer received the Group 47 prize for the story "Black Sheep" about a young man who does not want to live by the laws of his family (this topic would later become one of the leading in Belle's work).

From stories with uncomplicated plots, Belle gradually moved on to more voluminous things: in 1953 he published the story "And He Didn't Say a Single Word", a year later - the novel "A House Without a Master." They are written about the recent experience, the realities of the first very difficult post-war years were recognized in them, the problems of the social and moral consequences of the war were touched upon.

The novel Billiards at half past nine (1959) brought Belle the fame of one of the leading German prose writers. A notable phenomenon in German literature was Belle's next great work, Through the Eyes of a Clown (1963).

Together with his wife, Böll translated into German such American writers as Bernard Malamud and Salinger.

In 1967 Böll received the prestigious German Georg Büchner Prize. In 1971, Böll was elected President of the German PEN Club, and then headed the International PEN Club. He held this post until 1974.

In 1972 he was the first German writer of the post-war generation to be awarded the Nobel Prize. To a large extent, the decision of the Nobel Committee was influenced by the release of the writer's new novel "Group Portrait with a Lady" (1971), in which the writer tried to create a grandiose panorama of the history of Germany in the 20th century.

Heinrich Böll tried to appear in print demanding an investigation into the deaths of members of the RAF. His story "The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum, or How Violence Arises and What It Can Lead to" (1974) was written by Belle under the impression of attacks on the writer in the West German press, which not without reason she christened him the "inspirer" of terrorists.

The central problem of "The Lost Honor of Catharina Blum", like the problem of all Belle's later works, is the invasion of the state and the press into the private life of an ordinary person. The dangers of state oversight of its citizens and the "violence of sensational headlines" are also described in Belle's latest works - "The Caring Siege" (1979) and "Image, Bonn, Bonn" (1981).

In 1979, the novel Fursorgliche Belagerung was published, written back in 1972, when the press was overwhelmed with materials about the Baader Meinhof terrorist group. The novel describes destructive social consequences arising from the need to strengthen security measures during mass violence.

In 1981, the novel What Will Become a Boy, or Something about the Book Part (Was soll aus dem Jungen bloss werden, oder: Irgend was mit Buchern) was published - memories of his early youth in Cologne.

Belle was the first and perhaps the most popular West German writer of the young post-war generation in the USSR, whose books were published in Russian translation. From 1952 to 1973, more than 80 stories, novellas, novels and articles of the writer were published in Russian, and his books were published in much larger circulations than at home, in the FRG.

The writer visited the USSR several times, but he was also known as a critic of the Soviet regime. Received A. Solzhenitsyn and Lev Kopelev, expelled from the USSR. In the previous period, Belle illegally exported Solzhenitsyn's manuscripts to the West, where they were published. As a result, Belle's works were banned from publication in the Soviet Union. The ban was lifted only in the mid-1980s. with the beginning of perestroika.

Böll died on July 16, 1985 in Langenbroich. In the same 1985, the writer's very first novel, "Soldier's Legacy" (Das Vermachtnis), was published, which was written in 1947, but was published for the first time.

In 1987, the Heinrich Böll Foundation was established in Cologne, a non-governmental organization closely cooperating with the Green Party (its branches exist in many countries, including Russia). The Foundation supports projects in the field of civil society development, ecology, and human rights.

(1917-1985) german writer

For the first time they started talking about Heinrich Böll at the end of the 40s. XX century, when in the German magazine "Welt und Worth" was published a review of his first book "The train arrives on time." The article ended with a prophetic comment from the editor: "You can expect the best from this author." Indeed, even during his lifetime, critics recognized Böll as "the best writer of everyday life in Germany in the middle of the 20th century."

The future writer was born in the ancient German city of Cologne in the family of a hereditary cabinetmaker. Fleeing from persecution by supporters of the Anglican Church, Böll's ancestors fled England during the reign of King Henry VIII. Henry was the sixth and most youngest child in family. Like most of his peers, at the age of seven, he began to study in a folk four-grade school. Neither he nor his father liked the spirit of drill that reigned in her. Therefore, after completing the course, he transferred his son to the Greco-Latin gymnasium, where he studied classical languages, literature and rhetoric.

Already from the second grade, Heinrich was considered one of the best students, wrote poems and stories, which repeatedly received prizes in competitions. On the advice of his teacher, he even sent his works to the city newspaper, and although not a single story was published, the editor of the newspaper tracked down the young man and advised him to continue his literary studies. Later, Heinrich refused to join the Hitler Youth (the youth organization of the Nazi party) and was one of the few who did not want to participate in the Nazi processions.

After graduating with honors from the gymnasium, Heinrich did not continue his education at the university, which was dominated by the Nazis. He enrolled as an apprentice in a second-hand bookstore owned by one of his family's acquaintances, and at the same time self-educated himself, having read almost all of the world's literature in a few months. However, an attempt to escape from reality, to withdraw into his own world was unsuccessful. In the fall of 1938, Böll was recruited into the labor force: for almost a year he worked in logging in the Bavarian black forest.

Returning home, he entered the University of Cologne, but studied there for only a month, because in July 1939 he was drafted into the army. Henry went first to Poland and then to France. In 1942, after receiving a short leave, he came to Cologne and married his longtime acquaintance Annemarie Cech. After the war, they had two sons.

In the summer of 1943, the unit in which Böll served was sent to Eastern front... Subsequently, he reflected his feelings of departure in the story "The Train Comes on Time" (1949). On the way, the train was blown up by partisans, Böll was wounded in the arm, and instead of the front he ended up in a hospital. After recovering, he again went to the front and this time was wounded in the leg. Having barely recovered, Böll again went to the front and after just two weeks of fighting he received a shrapnel wound in the head. He spent more than a year in the hospital, after which he was forced to return to his unit. However, he was able to obtain legal leave from injury and briefly returned to Cologne.

Böll wanted to move to the village with his wife's relatives, but the war ended, and American troops entered Cologne. After several weeks in a POW camp, Böll returned to his hometown and continued his studies at the university. To provide for his family, at the same time he began to work in the family workshop, which his older brother inherited.

At the same time, Böll again began to write stories and send them to various magazines. In August 1947, Karusel magazine published his story Farewell. Thanks to this publication, its author entered the circle of young writers grouped around the Klich magazine. In this anti-fascist edition in 1948-1949. a number of Böll's stories appeared, later combined into the collection "Wanderer, when you come to the Spa ..." (1950). The collection was published by the Berlin publishing house "Middelhauw" almost simultaneously with the publication of Böll's first story "The Train Is Never Late" (1949).

In it, Böll convincingly and dynamically spoke about tragic fate those whose young years fell on world war, showed the regularity of the emergence of anti-fascist views, caused by the internal disorder and disunity of people. The release of the story brought fame to the aspiring writer. He entered the literary "group of 47s" and began to actively publish his articles and reviews. In 1951 Böll was awarded the Group Prize for the story "Black Sheep".

The year 1952 became a milestone in the life of the writer, when his novel "Where have you been, Adam?" In it, Böll, for the first time in German literature, spoke about the damage that fascism did to destinies ordinary people... Critics immediately accepted the novel, which could not be said about the readers: the circulation of the book was sold out with difficulty. Böll later wrote that he "frightened the reader when he expressed too uncompromisingly and harshly what was on everyone's lips." The novel has been translated into many European languages. He made Böll famous outside of Germany.

After the publication of the novels And He Did Not Say a Single Word (1953), A House Without a Master (1954), and the novel Early Bread (1955), critics recognized Böll as the greatest German writer of the front-line generation. Realizing the need to go beyond one topic, Böll devoted his next novel, Billiards at half past nine (1959), to the history of a family of Cologne architects, masterfully inscribing the fate of three generations in the events of European history.

The writer's rejection of bourgeois money-grubbing, philistinism, and hypocrisy becomes the ideological basis of his work. In the story "Through the Eyes of a Clown," he tells the story of a hero who prefers to play the role of a jester in order not to submit to the hypocrisy of the society around him.

The release of each work of the writer becomes an event. Böll is actively translated all over the world, including the USSR. The writer travels a lot, in less than ten years he has traveled almost the whole world.

Relationship with Soviet authorities were quite difficult for Böll. In 1962 and 1965, he came to the USSR, vacationed in the Baltics, worked in archives and museums, wrote a script for a film about Dostoevsky. He clearly saw the shortcomings of the Soviet system, wrote openly about them, spoke in defense of the persecuted writers.

At first, his harsh tone was simply "not noticed", but after the writer provided his house for the residence of Alexander Solzhenitsyn, expelled from the USSR, the situation changed. Böll was no longer published in the USSR, and for several years his name was tacitly banned.

In 1972 he published his most significant work - the novel "Group portrait with a lady", which tells a semi-anecdotal story about how a middle-aged man is restoring the honor of his acquaintance. The novel was recognized as the best German book of the year and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. "This revival," said the chairman of the Nobel Committee, "is comparable to the resurrection from the ashes of a culture that seemed to be doomed to complete destruction, but gave new shoots."

In 1974, Böll published the novel The Outraged Honor of Katharina Blum, in which he spoke about a heroine who did not accept the circumstances. The novel, ironically interpreting the life values ​​of post-war Germany, caused a great public outcry and was filmed. At the same time, the right-wing press began persecuting the writer, who was called "the spiritual mentor of terrorism." After the CDU won the parliamentary elections, the writer's house was searched.

In 1980, Böll fell seriously ill, and doctors were forced to amputate part of his right leg. For several months, the writer was bedridden. But after a year he was able to overcome the disease and returned to active life.

In 1982, at the International Congress of Writers in Cologne, Böll delivered a speech "Images of Enemies", in which he recalled the dangers of revanchism and totalitarianism. Shortly thereafter, unknown persons set fire to his house, and part of the writer's archive burned down. Then the council of the city of Cologne awarded the writer the title of honorary citizen, presented him with a new house and acquired his archive.

In connection with the fortieth anniversary of the surrender of Germany, Böll wrote a "Letter to my sons." In a small but capacious work, he frankly spoke about how difficult it was for him to reevaluate the past, what inner torments he experienced in 1945. It so happened that in 1985 Böll also published his first novel, The Soldier's Legacy. It was completed in 1947, but the writer did not publish it, considering it immature.

Having told about the war in the East, the writer wanted to completely reckon with the past. The same theme is heard in his latest novel, Women Against the Background of a River Landscape, which went on sale just a few days after Böll's death.

Speeches, meetings with readers caused an exacerbation of the disease. In July 1985, Böll was again in the hospital. Two weeks later, there was an improvement, the doctors recommended that he go to a sanatorium to continue treatment. Böll returned home, but died unexpectedly the next day of a heart attack. It is symbolic that literally a few hours before this, the writer signed his last publicistic book "The Ability to Grieve" to print.

Heinrich Böll was born on December 21, 1917 in Cologne, into a liberal Catholic artisan family. From 1924 to 1928 he studied at a Catholic school, then continued his studies at the Kaiser Wilhelm Gymnasium in Cologne. He worked as a carpenter, served in a bookstore.

In the summer of 1939, Böll entered the University of Cologne, but in the fall he was drafted into the Wehrmacht. During World War II, Böll is captured by the Americans. After the war, he returned to the University of Cologne and studied philology.

Böll began publishing in 1947. The first works - the story "The Train Comes on Time" (1949), the collection of stories "Wanderer, when you come to the Spa ..." (1950) and the novel "Where have you been, Adam?" (1951, Russian translation, 1962).

In 1971, Böll was elected President of the German PEN Club, and then headed the International PEN Club. He held this post until 1974.

Heinrich Böll tried to appear in print demanding an investigation into the deaths of members of the RAF.

The writer visited the USSR several times, but he was also known as a critic of the Soviet regime. Received A. Solzhenitsyn and Lev Kopelev, expelled from the USSR.

Belle Heinrich (December 21, 1917, Cologne - July 16, 1985, ibid.), German writer. Born December 21, 1917 in a family in a liberal Catholic family of cabinetmaker and artisan, sculptor. From 1924 to 1928 he studied at a Catholic school, then continued his studies at the Kaiser Wilhelm Gymnasium in Cologne. After graduating from high school in Cologne, Böll, who wrote poetry and stories from early childhood, turns out to be one of the few students in the class who did not join the Hitler Youth. However, a year after leaving school, he is recruited into forced labor. Served in a bookstore. After graduating from the classical gymnasium (1936) he worked as an apprentice seller in a second-hand bookstore. In April 1939, he enrolled at the University of Cologne, where he was going to study literature, but after a few months he received a draft summons from the Wehrmacht. In 1939-1945 he fought as an infantryman in France, took part in battles in Ukraine and Crimea. In 1942 Böll marries Anna Marie Cech, who bore him two sons. Together with his wife, Böll translated into German such American writers as Bernard Malamud and Salinger. In early 1945 he deserted and ended up in an American POW camp. After his release, he worked as a carpenter, and then continued his education at the university, studying philology. Belle's literary debut took place in 1947, when his story "The News" was published in one of the Cologne magazines. Two years later, the novel The Train Came On Time (1949) was published as a separate book, telling about a soldier who, like Belle himself, deserted from the army. In 1950 Belle became a member of Group 47. In 1952, in the keynote article "Recognition of the Literature of Ruins", a kind of manifesto of this literary association, Belle called for the creation of a "new" German language - simple and truthful, connected with concrete reality. In accordance with the proclaimed principles, Belle's early stories are distinguished by stylistic simplicity, they are filled with vital concreteness. Belle's collections of stories "Not Just for Christmas" (1952), "The Silence of Dr. Murke" (1958), "The City of Familiar Faces" (1959), "When the War Started" (1961), "When the War Was Over" (1962) found a response not only among the general reading public and critics. In 1951, the writer received the Group 47 prize for the story "Black Sheep" about a young man who does not want to live by the laws of his family (this topic would later become one of the leading in Belle's work). From stories with uncomplicated plots, Belle gradually moved on to more voluminous things: in 1953 he published the story "And He Didn't Say a Single Word", a year later - the novel "A House Without a Master." They are written about the recent experience, the realities of the first very difficult post-war years were recognized in them, the problems of the social and moral consequences of the war were touched upon. The novel Billiards at half past nine (1959) brought Belle the fame of one of the leading German prose writers. Formally, it takes place over the course of one day, September 6, 1958, when a hero named Heinrich Femel, a famous architect, celebrates his eightieth birthday. In fact, the action of the novel contains not only events from the life of three generations of the Femel family, but also the half-century history of Germany. "Billiards at half past nine" consists of the internal monologues of eleven heroes, the same events are presented to the reader from different points of view, so that a more or less objective picture of the historical life of Germany in the first half of the 20th century is formed. Böll's novels are characterized by a simple and clear writing style, focused on the revival of the German language after the bombastic style of the Nazi regime. The grandiose Abbey of St. Anthony becomes a kind of embodiment of Germany, in a design competition for the construction of which Heinrich Femel once won and which was blown up by his son Robert, who left after the death of his wife in the anti-fascist underground. Post-war Germany, in which the heroes of the novel live, turns out, according to Belle, to be not much better than pre-war Germany: lies reign here too, money for which one can buy off the past. A notable phenomenon in Germanic literature was the following pain

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Belle's second work, Through the Eyes of a Clown (1963). Belle's novel, not rich in events, is, in fact, the inner monologue of the protagonist, circus artist Hans Schnier, the son of a millionaire industrialist, who recalls the years of his childhood in the war, his post-war youth, reflects on art. After the hero was left by his beloved Marie, whom Shnir considers "his wife before God", he begins to fall out of the rhythm of life, his "two congenital diseases - melancholy and migraine" are aggravated. Alcohol becomes the medicine against the failure of life for Hans. As a result, Shnir cannot enter the circus arena, he is forced to interrupt his performances for a while. Returning to his apartment in Bonn, he calls up acquaintances to find Marie, who became the wife of the Catholic leader Züpfner, but to no avail. From the hero's memories, the reader understands that he fell out of life long before he lost his beloved - even in adolescence, when he refused to participate in the teachings of the Hitler Youth with his classmates and, later, at twenty, when he rejected his father's offer to continue his work, choosing the path of a free artist. The hero finds no support in anything: neither in love, nor in a well-established life, nor in religion. “Catholic by intuition,” he sees how churchmen at every step violate the letter and spirit of the Christian commandments, and those who sincerely follow them in the conditions of modern society can turn into an outcast. In 1967 Böll received the prestigious German Georg Büchner Prize. The pinnacle of international recognition was the election of Belle in 1971 as president of the International PEN Club, before which he was already president of the German PEN Club. He held this post until 1974. In 1967 - Böll receives the prestigious German Georg Büchner Prize. And in 1972 he was the first German writer of the post-war generation to be awarded the Nobel Prize. To a large extent, the decision of the Nobel Committee was influenced by the release of the novel by the writer "Group portrait with a lady" (1971), in which the writer tried to create a grandiose panorama of the history of Germany in the 20th century. In the center of the novel, the life of Leni Gruyten-Pfeiffer, described through the eyes of many people, whose personal fate turned out to be closely intertwined with the history of her homeland. In the early 1970s, after a series of terrorist attacks carried out by West German ultra-left youth groups, Belle came out in their defense, justifying the horrendous actions of the unreasonable internal policy of the West German authorities, the impossibility of individual freedom in modern German society. Heinrich Böll tried to appear in print demanding an investigation into the deaths of members of the RAF. His story The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum, or How Violence Arises and Where It Can Lead (1974) was written by Belle under the impression of attacks on the writer in the West German press, which, not without reason, dubbed him the "inspirer" of terrorists. The central problem of "The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum", like the problem of all Belle's later works, is the invasion of the state and the press into the private life of an ordinary person. The dangers of state oversight of its citizens and the "violence of sensational headlines" are also described in Belle's latest works - "The Caring Siege" (1979) and "Image, Bonn, Bonn" (1981). In 1979, the novel Fursorgliche Belagerung was published, written back in 1972, when the press was overwhelmed with materials about the Baader Meinhof terrorist group. The novel describes the devastating social consequences arising from the need to strengthen security measures during a time of massive violence. Belle was the first and perhaps the most popular West German writer of the young post-war generation in the USSR, whose books became available thanks to the thaw of the late 1950s and 1960s. From 1952 to 1973, more than 80 stories, novellas, novels and articles of the writer were published in Russian, and his books were published in much larger circulations than at home, in the FRG. Belle was a frequent visitor to the USSR. In 1974, despite the protest of the Soviet authorities, he provided A.I. Solzhenitsyn, exiled by the Soviet authorities from the USSR, from the time

a new refuge in his home in Cologne (in the previous period, Belle illegally exported the manuscripts of the dissident writer to the West, where they were published). As a result, Belle's works were banned from publication in the Soviet Union. The ban was lifted only in the mid-1980s. with the beginning of perestroika. In 1981, the novel What Will Become a Boy, or Something about the Book Part (Was soll aus dem Jungen bloss werden, oder: Irgend was mit Buchern) was published - memories of his early youth in Cologne. In 1987, the Heinrich Böll Foundation was established in Cologne, a non-governmental organization closely cooperating with the Green Party (its branches exist in many countries, including Russia). The Foundation supports projects in the field of civil society development, ecology, and human rights. Böll died on July 16, 1985 in Langenbroich. In the same 1985. the very first novel of the writer is published - "Soldier's Legacy" (Das Vermachtnis), which was written in 1947, but was published for the first time.