Modernization Historical theory - historosophical paradigm explaining the macroprocesssess of the transition and the trans-formation of the traditional, agricultural society into an industrial, leading to the emergence of a modern state, a difficultly organized, integrated society and an expanded production system. The key content of the theory is associated with the concept of "modernization".

Modernization (Modernization; from Modern - modern) is a historically long process of developing innovation in politics, economics and culture, leading to the social evolution of society, the growth of its structural and functional differentiation towards the formation of modern society. The modernization process is a stadial, multifactorial, historically invariant and reversible; It has regional and civilization specificity and flows at different speeds and intensity in different public subsystems and at different stages of development. The essential parameter of the modernization process is the "type of modernity" of society. Under it is a sociocultural, regional, civilization context of modernization; The combination of characteristic signs of society and culture, as well as historical conditions affecting general prerequisites, potential, historical pattern and the prospects for modernization in a particular sociocystic organism.

Under modernization, broader processes are understood as the genesis of capitalism or the transition to it, arguing in terms of philosophy of the history of culture, civilization, etc. The connection of the theory of modernization with the submissions about the transitional era between the medieval and the new time led to the formulation of the synthesis of traditions and innovation in modern society. Operating the term "modernization", many modern authors interpret it not as a revolutionary breakthrough, but as a continued linear change, movement to a certain goal and the outlining of goals in the context of reforming activities conducted in international interdependence and rivalry.

Modern concepts of modernization proceed from the ideas about nonlinear, pluralistic nature of this historical process. The basis of these ideas is the concept of two general types of modernization: 1) organic (endogenous) modernization - the result of the evolutionary development of society, a balanced change in all areas of public consciousness and being. For society "Organic Modernization" are characterized by a favorable natural and geographical position (the presence of exclusive resources, the proximity of marine communications, etc.), a relatively high degree of economic and political emancipation of the population, urbanism, early development of commodity production and exchange. The relative inconsistency of traditionalism, social mobility and the presence of horizontal public structures form the prerequisites of political dialogue of power and society. Favorable factors contribute to rapid development and reduction of social co-modernization costs. 2) inorganized (exogenous, catching) modernization - as a rule, is associated with modernization reforms of the ruling elite, seeking to overcome the military-technical, economic, civilization lag from the dynamically developing countries of the "first echelon" of modernization. Inorganized modernization is developing under the influence of external challenges, it implies the accelerated priority development of the military-industrial sector and is of an unbalanced nature, the exacerbation of the conflict between the tradition and the imposed elements. Such modernization is associated with large social shocks, internal violence, the destruction of the traditional substrate with far-reaching negative consequences (6).

The statial nature of the theory of modernization was manifested in the complex of ideas about the "primary" and "secondary" modernization. Under the primary modernization (1500-1800 for Western Europe) understand the processes occurring in society before the period of the industrial revolution and industrialization. During this period there is a transformation, the erosion of the traditional social structure, production relations, the systems of the worldview. New "modern" forms of mentality, behavior models, the rationalization of the spiritual and intellectual sphere applies to the rationalization of the spiritual and intellectual sphere. The culmination of this phase appears sustainable trends in capitalist development, the degree of political participation of the population increases. "Secondary" modernization (1800-1950 for Western Europe) accompanies the process of becoming an industrial society. In the course of it, social relations are complicated and differentiated under the powerful impact of man-made factors, the processes of urbanization and demographic transition are unfolded. The middle class is formed, democratization of the political sphere occurs. At the climax of this phase of development, the Western world begins to show signs of formation of post-industrial society, while communities of the periphery and half-readeries (see: The world-system approach) is forced to solve the historical problems of the "breakthrough of tradition", overcoming backwardness, dependence and catching development (recent aspects In different ways were covered in the first and second generations of theories of modernization, see below). In a number of research, the question of the allocation of the specific era of Premodern (1250-1450 for Western Europe) was raised, during which there are signs of instability of traditional discourse, local development of modern practices, secular trends, intensification of exchanges, the formation of a regular state, and so on . The entry of communities and civilizations into these phases of development is incomprehensible. It is also noted that the processes of modernization are reversible, can break from military damage, economic and demographic crisis, public split, contradictions between the modernization paradigm and the national mentality, etc.

Appeared in the second half of the XX century. The theory of modernization was associated with the formative doctrines of industrialism, traditionalism, transit society and the transitional era. It is based on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe transformation of a traditional society into an industrial. The interpretation of T. Parson's views M. Weber in the spirit of the versatility of capitalism of the Western sample, the need to adopt it and its sociocultural derivatives by all the countries of the world gave the theory of a certain Europonist accent. The theory of modernization did not imagine a single front front, and we can talk about several seriously different edits. There are three chronological stages of this group of theories: 1) Linear, Euro-centrist theories 1950-1960s., Those formed the paradigm itself, 2) subsequent, in 1970-1980, the stage of a critical audit of the theory that contributed to its historics and sociologicalization ; 3) understanding the theory of modernization in the context of new historical science.

Early versions of modernization distinguished Marxism of the spirit of positivism (the proximity of the dichotomy "traditional - modern" and "primary - secondary formations"). Both approaches were equally typical of the linear, stadial vision of world-historical development, determinism. Both theories pointed out the path of the final convergence of all societies in the world of the Universal Boalth, equality of social opportunities. The concept of modernization co-united in a single paradigm is a whole set of ideas about the trans-formation of traditional, agricultural society into the capitalist, industrial. This process was considered as universal and, in fact, the inevitable stage for all developing countries, striving to overcome the backwardness and remnants of the colonial era. Modernization was perceived as a process system changes, with a cumulative effect in all spheres of public life. The ideological of modernization was determined by the installations of its developers T. Parsons and E. Shilza to the fact that traditionalism prevents economic and social changes, and the democratic device contributes to progress. They considered a possible one-centered, including the development of the third world countries (4) sent from the outside.

A special contribution to the formation of ideas about the stages and trajectories of modernization was made by the research of W. Rostow and R. Arona. The book "Stage of Economic Growth" was the work of breakthrough importance in the formation of a transitional paradigm. W. Rosto pointed to the existence of a special intermediate stage between the eras of the traditionality and the staging of the shift (T.N. Take-OFF). According to the five-stage scheme, the stages of economic growth, agrarian, class society, with the Donutonian level of technology and technologies are replaced by the Transition Society ("The Precondition for Take-Off"). It takes the formation of shear premises. It is characterized by the intensification of exchanges, the increase in the capital's production, the emergence of new types and models of social behavior, especially rational entrepreneurship. In transitional society, the growth of nationalism (absolutist trends) occurs, the culmination of this phase there is a centralized state. At the shear stage, the industrial revolution begins, industrialization. During this period, the class structure of society finally replaces the estate. Economic growth at different speeds of penetration and impact changes all spheres of public life, a system of public relations, the division of labor is changing, the role of capital increases dramatically, new industries arise, etc.

The French sociologist R. Aron formulated the situation that the appearance of society and the state of the Western, bourgeois type may not necessarily be the result of modernization, indicated the invariance of ways to industrialism, on a variety of industrialism itself. He considered it possible to compare capitalism and socialism within the framework of the ideal type of a single industrial society. The projection of the ideas of R. Arona to a new story led to the question of the question of the fact that the "Moderness" itself within the framework of the Tyolically homogeneous stage of production of production can differ significantly in regional versions - according to the degree of state coercion and the prevalence of forced strategies in general, in development Market and off-economic redistribution, according to the ratio of horizontal and vertical relations in society, in terms of privatization, according to the fragmentation of the very development itself, etc.

I.V. The coasts noted that in the first linear models of modernization, it was considered as a revolutionary process associated with radical and comprehensive transformations of models of human existence and activities. The ubiquitous modernization pressure on different "floors" of the public building generates "processes of structural and functional differentiation, industrialization, urbanization, commercialization, social mobilization, secularization, national identification, dissemination of media, literacy and education, the formation of modern political institutions, growth of political participation" (five).

By the 1960s. Various analytical trends and theoretical traditions describing modernization, united into a single interdisciplinary comparative perspective. General understanding of modernization (U. Rostoow, S. Levi, T. Parsons, Sh. Eisenstadt, N. Smelzer, R. Bendix, D. Epta, S. Black, and others.) It was reduced to the attempts of society and the state to answer the challenges of the era by innovation and reforms. At the same time, the authors of the first concepts were different in different ways. They could have factors economic, technological, socio-political. In different ways, the scale of the process was estimated. The systemic nature of modernization is expressed in the fact that the innovations introduced by it are embedded in the social system, cause a chain of transformations and mutual adaptations of old and new public institutions. These changes occur revolutionary quickly, although the speed of their flow in different spheres and segments of the National Society. In later versions of the theory, special attention was paid to the fact that the reaction of traditional society to new ideas, technologies and institutions can be paradoxical and inadequate. But Linear interpretations of modernization in the spirit of W. Rosto, A. Organsky, M. Levi, D. Lerner, N. Smelezer, S. Blake condensed on the endogenous, global, axial nature of this process. S. Black suggested a general scheme for changes. Modernization in intellectual life leads to a scientific revolution; And in political - to the centralization and strengthening the direct link of the state and society. Technological innovations lead to a sharp acceleration of industrial growth, to the development of specialization and exchanges. In the social sphere, the change leads to urbanization, to the development of medium segments of the population, to emancipation, literacy growth, demographic changes, etc. To the merits of Black, should include the current identification of the four phases of modernization: 1) "CHOICE OF MODERNIZATION"; 2) consolidation of the modernization elite; 3) economic and social transformation; 4) Integration of society (1).

A single-line understanding of modernization caused a powerful tendency to eurocentrism, within the framework of which the historical development of modernization in Western Europe and America in the XVI-XX centuries. Acquired the character of the world-historical sample. Mandatory elements were considered: the development of private-specific relations and forms of production, the genesis of capitalism, a market economy, political development towards bourgeois democracy and liberalism. Westernization began to be considered as the most pure, logical and efficient model of this historical process. The idea of \u200b\u200bconvergence, overcoming backwardness and traditionalism, by borrowing Western social institutions, stimulating the development of rationality, economic initiative, individualism and liberation of the individual.

In 1960-1970 The wave of acute criticism of the linear concepts of modernization and westernization, which did not meet the real development of the "Third World" societies were launched. The consequence of this was a serious audit of modernization theory. At the new stage, modernization has seen multine-cable, reversible and, in fact, the ideas about partial, "partial" modernization as a long-term transition and transformation process are beginning to develop. The new version of the modernization was more suitable for describing historical processes that deployed at an early new time, both in Europe and abroad. Partial, fragmented modernization could pass without industrialization and affect only some spheres. The policy of a small modernization elite in the spirit of "self-esteem" leads to a "sustainable fragmentary development" of society. As the author's concept was written, D. Ryusheyer, "modernized and traditional elements in social structures, norms, worldviews - could form temporary synthesis forms, which, due to circumstances, could consolidate both norms and exist for several generations." Sh. Eisenstadt introduced the concept of "post-satelliteism" for transitional societies, believing that during successful modernization, the tradition is not destroyed, but is reconstructed, is a factor in development. He put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bmultiplicity of modernities as the result of the impact of multiple cultural programs. The consequence of the cultural and pluralistic turn in theory was the recognition of conflict with an integral part of modernization (2). As J. Aranson noted, the historical dynamics of national modernity includes the development of the ability to self-determination and self-administration in its own cultural and historical context. Traditional institutions themselves can adapt to the execution of modernist functions. Classifying regional modernization processes S. Huntington highlighted the types of "applied" and "split countries" - peripherals, alienated from the core European civilization. He pointed out that in the "applied" countries in the population belong to different civilizations. The "split countries" differ from "applied" by the fact that one civilization prevails in them, but their leaders want to change civilization identity. According to S. Huntington, Russia was a split country since the times of Peter the Great, which laid the onset of discussions about whether the country is part of Western civilization or the core of a special Eurasian civilization. Thus, Huntington rejected one of the essential theses of the first versions of the theory of modernization on the possibility of constructive transfer of the development paradigm for alien civilization soil (3).

In 1970-1980 The concept of "catching development" began to be crowded out by ideas about the fragmented partial modernization and experienced a serious impact of the theory of the military revolution. In the described models of the "self-esteem policy", it was often a direct consequence of a military confrontation between the modernized, expansionist community and its neighbors, in a different extent aware of their military-technical and, as a result, a civilization lag. The desire of modernizing elites to create adequate threats Military infrastructures led them to reforms in state fiscal and social policy and to bureaucratization and restructuring of the elite themselves (at the examples of Russia, the Ottoman Empire, Japan, China, etc.). The negative consequences of such fragmented development became a sharp increase in violence and coercion inside the system, a deep social split and a kind of "jams" at the partial upgrades stages. In new installations, the process was characterized as evolutionary, regional, specific, fragmented, reversible and multine-core.

An important aspect of the interpretation of regional versions of "modernization" and a new understanding of the prerequisites of modernization in the 1980s was the idea of \u200b\u200bthe processes of "protustriality". Functionally, this concept serves the idea of \u200b\u200ba transitional society. In the structural sense, within the framework of the "proto-infusion" phase, historians explain the development and adaptation of traditional feudal institutions to the tasks of the new time. With this model of proto-infusion, differences between the types of organic and inorganized modernization are aligned. A number of researchers (N. A. Proskuryakova, I. V. Coastrs) indicates a high role and the specifics of the processes of "proto-infusion" in the agricultural society "Premodern". In proto-infusion society, the economy is based on agriculture, and the industry "is built-in" into the agricultural economy and is closely connected with it. This, however, does not prevent the achievement of a sufficiently high level of commodity production and the emergence of a specific spatial division of labor, when a significant part of the agrarian population is drawn into active economic activity outside agriculture. Protointushitization is represented by various forms of industrial production - urban craft, handful and home peasant crafts, different species Manufactory and "protofabrics". At this stage, there is a significant development of trade in local and foreign markets, the concentration of capital, the formation of the labor market. P. ji. Rudolph considers it necessary to share a special stage of the extragranitary industrialization as a characteristic structural element of early modernization.

In 1980-2000 The theory of modernization experienced a noticeable influence of the methodological and theoretical principles of postmodernism. Under the powerful pressure of anthropological turn in modernization studies, comparatus intensified, the interest in microforetory began to appear. On the other hand, the theory of modernization faced a macroistoric alternative to a peace approach. It began to be used as a component of multi-factor models of the historical process (S. A. Nefedov), in the world-system paradigm (D. Wilkinson, L. E. Grinn, A. V. Korotaev, etc.), in the concepts of global history (P. Berk, X. Inalchik, etc.). The trend towards the sociologicalization of the theory was expressed in recognition of the high role of social actors (groups, individuals, elites), in order to the subjective motivation, forms of adaptation, survival strategies, to the study of social and tender incidents to identify the modernization of modernization on everyday life in the microformat. Modern multi-core models of modernization distinguishes the rejection of the rigid determinism of any sense (economic, cultural, political, cognitive, etc.), emphasis on complementary, complementary relationships between different social factors and systems. By the 1990s, there were tendencies of the rapprochement of the theory with the psychoismist, which, on the one hand, indicated her plasticity, and on the other - on the erosion of the fundamental parcels of the theoretical nucleus.

Thus, within the framework of the expanding paradigm, there are somewhat weakly separated from each other concepts of modernization.

Modernization is considered as invariant models of stadial historical processes, "as an asynchronous evolution of social subsystems; as the modernization of the human personality, overcoming traditionalist mentality and installations - in this sense as the process of personalization and civilization.

O. V. Kim

The definition of the concept is cited by ed.: Theory and methodology of historical science. Terminological vocabulary. Dummy. Red. BUT.ABOUT. Chubaryan. [M..], 2014, with. 298-307.

Literature:

1) Black S. E. The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study In Comparative History. N. Y., 1966; 2) Eisenstadt S. N. Multiply Modernity. Daedalus. Cambridge (Mass.), 2000; 3) Huntington S. The Cloash of Civilizations and The Remaking Of World Order. N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 1996; 4) Theories of Society, Foundation of Modern Sociological Theory / Ed. By Talkott Parsons, Edward Shils. N. Y., 1961; 5) coasts I.V. Transition from traditional to industrial society. M., 2006; 6) Rakov V. M. "European Miracle" (the birth of a new Europe in the XVI-XVIII centuries): studies. benefit. Perm: Publishing House of Perm University, 1999.

Theory of upgrading history.

It was the evolutionary paradigm that the theories of modernization appeared as theory.
It was believed that the transition from a traditional society to modern (and he was considered mandatory for all cultures and peoples) is possible only through modernization. This term is used today in several senses, so it should be clarified.
FirstlyUnder modernization, the sum of all progressive changes in society is meant, this is synonymous with the concept of "modernity" - a complex of social, political, economic, cultural and intellectual transformations that took place in the West from the XVI century. And reached your apogee today. This includes the processes of industrialization, urbanization, rationalization, bureaucratization, democratization, the dominant influence of capitalism, the spread of individualism and the motivation of success, the approval of the mind and science.
SecondlyModernization is the process of turning the traditional, dotech society into society with machine technology, rational and secular relations, highly differentiated social structures.
ThirdlyUnder modernization it is understood by the efforts of backward or underdeveloped countries being taken to catch up with developed countries.
Based on this, modernization in the general form can be considered as a complex and controversial sociocultural process, during which the institutions and the structures of modern society are formed.

The scientific understanding of this process has found an expression in a number of heterogeneous concepts of modernization, seeking to explain the process of natural transition from traditional societies to modern and further to the era of post-law. So there were the theory of industrial society (K. Marx, O. Kont, Spencer), the concept of formal rationality (M. Voscher), the theory of mechanical and organic modernization (E. Durkheim), the formal theory of society (Zimmel).

Among scientists who investigated this problem should be mentioned primarily by S. Hantpshton. Taking the various theories of modernization, he revealed nine main characteristics found in a clear or hidden form in all authors:
1) modernization - the revolutionary process, for it implies the cardinal nature of the change, the radical change of all institutions, systems, the structures of society and human life;
2) modernization - a comprehensive process, for it does not boil down to some one aspect of public life, but covers society completely;
3) upgrades - the system process, because changes in one factor or fragment of the system determine changes in other elements of the system, lead to a holistic system coup;
4) modernization - a global process, gas, as started by once to a kruho, it covered all the terrace of the world, which is either already "-tali modern, or in the process of change;
5) Modernization - a long process, n Although dark changes are large enough. , VOI of it is required to live a few generation;
6) modernization - a stepped process, and all societies must pass the same stages;
7) Modernization - a homogenizing process: if traditional societies are all different, then modern in their main structures and manifestations are the same;
8) Modernization is an irreversible process, on its paths there may be delays, partial deviations, but. When starting, it can not be completed;
9) Modernization is a progressive process, N Although on this paths, peoples may experience many adversity and suffering, ultimately everyone will pay off, as in the modernized society the cultural and material well-being of a person is immeasurably higher.
Critics noted that the concepts of "tradition" and "modernity" are asymmetrical and cannot be dichotomy. Modern society is an ideal, and traditional - contradictory reality. There are no traditional societies in general, there are very great differences between them, and therefore universal recipes Modernization can not be. Also incorrect to represent traditional societies are absolutely static and fixed, they are also developing; And violent modernization measures can conflict with this organic development.
The main idea of \u200b\u200bprimary modernization is that the process of industrialization and development of capitalism suggests as its prerequisite and main base Individual freedom and human autonomy, expansion of its rights. Essentially, this idea coincides with the principle of individualism, formulated by the French enlighteners.
The secondary modernization C and I covers socio-cultural changes occurring in developing countries (countries of the Third World) in the conditions of a civilized environment in the face of highly developed countries and in the presence of existing samples social organization and culture.
In the last year and a half decades, the modernization of the former socialist countries and countries freed from the dictatorship is of the greatest interest. In this regard, some researchers propose to introduce the concept of tertiary modernization, denoting them to the transition to modernity and the mid-developed countries that retain many features of the former political and ideological system that the process of public transformations itself slow down.
Thus, the modern era is the era of the domination of science and technology, educational systems and the media. In this regard, key provisions have also changed in the concepts of modernization of traditional societies:
Not the political and intellectual elite is recognized as the driving force of the modernization processes, but the wider masses; If a charismatic leader appears, they begin to actively act.
Modernization in this case does not depend on the solution of the elite, and from the mass desire of citizens to change its lives in accordance with Western standards under the influence of mass communication of the Personal contacts.
Today, accents are not made on the internal, but on the external factors of modernization - the world geopolitical alignment of forces, external economic and financial support, openness of international markets, the availability of convincing ideological means - doctrines justifying modern values.
Instead of a single universal model of modernity, which the United States considered for a long time, the idea of \u200b\u200bmoving epicenters of modernity and exemplary societies - not only West, but also Japan, and "Asian Tigers" appeared.
Today, modernization is estimated not only for economic indicators, which for a long time were considered the main, but also in values, cultural codes.
GAK What today modernization is considered as a historically limited process, provoking institutions and values \u200b\u200bof modernity: democracy, market, education, reasonable administration, self-discipline, labor ethics. At the same time, modern society is determined in them either as a society coming to replace the traditional public defendant, or as a society growing from the industrial stage and carrying all the features. The information society is a stage of modern society (and not a new type of society), coming after the phases of industrialization and Tshnunition and characterized by the further deepening of the humanistic foundations of human existence.

Modernization - This is the transition of society from the traditional agricultural state to the modern - industrial, and then to the post-industrial. Theory of modernization Received incentives for development in the 1950-60s. In connection with the exemption from the colonial domination of a number of thirds of the third world, and then with democratization processes in the 1980-90s. Theoretical problems of political modernization were studied by S. Huntington, Almond, Sh. Eisenstadt, D. Eptom, S. Verba, R. Dalem, L. Paha.

The theory of modernization is one of the directions of the theory of social and historical development, which have developed as part of the philosophy of the new time. Thinkers of the Xih century. put a sign of equality between social progress and development. Following the traditions of the Epoch of Enlightenment, they believed that the human mind, the freedom of individual, knowledge is able to ensure the movement of mankind to the "the kingdom of mind and freedom." Liberals and socialists of that time believed in the natural progress of mankind. Social processes of the twentieth century. We gave rise to many problems of the development of individual countries and humanity as a whole. This led to the emergence of new theories of development.

The basics of theory of modernization are associated with development SociologyLocated by F. Tennis, M. Weber, T. Parsons, in which two types of societies are distinguished: traditional and modern.

The theory of modernization proceeds from the recognition of non-uniformity of social development; availability of countries with a limited state along with the existence of modern societies; The need to transform backward countries to industrial and post-industrial. Western countries have passed the way to modernize back in a new time. Thus, one of the most prominent theoretics of the theory of modernization Sh. Eisenstadt believed that modernization is a process leading to the creation of social, economic and political systems established in Western Europe and North America in the period of the XVI-XIX centuries. and then spread to other countries.

In the context of the theory of modernization of the West, the countries of the West are treated as the states of "spontaneous modernization". Countries in which significant social changes later happened - as the states of the reflected modernization.

Modernization is a comprehensive process that converts all spheres of public life:

- in the social sphere - the formation of the social structure of industrial society, the strengthening of social mobility, the separation of private and public life, the displacement of the relationship between people's relations between their personal autonomy;

- in the economy - industrialization, the use of technologies based on the use of scientific knowledge, deepening public division of labor, the formation of a market economy;

- in the political region - the education of nations and a centralized state, the inclusion of the broad masses of the population into the political process, the formation and development of civil society and the legal state;

- In the spiritual sphere - the development of the sphere of modern education, ideological pluralism, the introduction of large groups of the population to the achievements of world culture, the development of modern media, secularization of consciousness, separation of secular values \u200b\u200bfrom religious.

Study of modernization B. different countries It made it possible to conclude that the main element that determines the success of modernization is a sociocultural factor. Without the change in value orientations of broad social layers, overcoming patriarchal and subjective political culture, modernization will generate constant crises and mass discontent. Political analyst U. Scramm proved that the main role in ensuring the success of modernization belongs to political communications broadcasting common values.

The theory of modernization developed in two stages: in the 50-60 GG. Xx in. Modernization was understood as westernization. Copying Western Lesson in all areas. Democratization technologies and economic cooperation with developed states of Western Europe and the United States were used. In the 50-60s. Modernization stood as a practical problem for Asian countries, Africa, Latin America, freed from colonial addiction. But attempts to reproduce Western samples led to unforeseen results: growth and arbitrariness of bureaucracy, corruption, catastrophic stratification, political amorphy of citizens, growth of instability, constant political coup, strengthening the economic lag from developed countries. As a result, a look at the modernization as on linear Movement and consistent development of Western samples, failed. Historical experience in the countries of late modernization showed that the modernization is not only a progressive, but also a very risky enterprise. It became obvious that the modernization process is a long-term process, controversial, in which not only progressive development, but also deep deformations, up to the reproduction of previously existing traditional structures. In addition to the term "catching" modernization began to apply the terms "partial", "deadlock", "recurrent" modernization.

In the 70-90s. Xx in. The relationship between modernization and development was revised: the modernization began to be considered not as a condition for development, but on the contrary, its function. The goal was the change in socio-economic and political structures, which can be carried out outside the Western model.

Modernization is a global phenomenon of world history, these are a diverse socio-political and socio-economic transformation, which occur in the history of mankind for several centuries, starting with the XVI century. The essence of this process is in the transition from the traditional agrarian society to the industrial society, and then the post-industrial. For most countries of the world, this process has become a catching development, an attempt to overcome backwardness and approach the level of developed countries that have passed this process in a new time.

Theory of modernization

Theory of modernization - The theory designed to explain the process of modernization in societies. The theory considers the internal factors for the development of any particular country, based on the installation that the "traditional" countries can be involved in the development in the same way as more developed. The theory of modernization makes an attempt to determine social variables that contribute to the social progress and development of society, and attempt to explain the process of social evolution. Although none of the scientists do not deny the process of modernizing society (the transition from traditional to industrial society), the theory itself was subjected to considerable criticism both by Marxists and representatives of the ideas of free market and supporters of the theory of dependence for the reason that the simplified idea of historical process.

A approach in which history is considered in the process of improving, improvement or updating, is referred to as the "modernization approach". In terms of historical significance, the modernization approach considers history as a process of transition from a traditional society to modern society, from agricultural society to the industrial. The main goal of the modernization approach is to study modernization.

Stages of the development of the theory

Ideal predecessors

Classic works describing modernization belong to O. Congestion, Spencer, K. Marx, M. Weber, E. Durkheim and F. Tonnis.

In most classical modernization concepts, the emphasis is on the formation of an industrial society, modernization is considered as a process that flows parallel to industrialization as the transformation of a traditional agrarian society into an industrial. It is considered from the point of view of transformation of the system of farms, technical weapons and labor organization.

The consequences of the transition from agricultural societies to the industrials have so much affected social norms that they spawned a completely new academic discipline - sociology, which seeks to describe and understand these changes. Almost all great social thinkers end XIX. Century - Including Tonnis, Maine, Weber, Emil Durkheim, George Zimmel - dedicated their research to find out the nature of this transition.

Max Weber

Emil Durkheim

Georg Zimmel

From such positions distinguish between "primary" and "secondary" modernization. Under the "primary" modernization, the process carried out in the era of industrial revolutions is a classic "clean" type "Modernization of pioneers". Under the "secondary" modernization means a process accompanying the formation of an industrial society in the third world countries - it occurs in the presence of mature models tested in the countries of industrial and market production, as well as, if possible, direct contacts with them - as in commercial and industrial, So in the cultural spheres. One of the methodological justifications is the application to the theory of secondary modernization of the principles proposed by German ethnographers, the concept of cultural circles, based on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe spread of cultural forms from the centers of cultural synthesis and the surplus of various cultural circles common from various centers.

Sociologists recognize that the decisive factor of modernization is overcoming and replacing traditional values \u200b\u200bthat impede social changes and economic growth, on values, motivating business entities, on innovative activities - development, creation and dissemination of new technologies and generating new organizational and economic relations. Moreover, in most Western companies, industrialization preceded both changes in public consciousness and changes in the economy, the development of manufacturing production and the formation of national markets.

Therefore, among historians, sociologists and philosophers, the concepts that take into account the influence of cultural and mental transformations have been spreading in the early twentieth century. They are based on a different point of view, according to which the process of modernization in its Western version begins with the transformation of certain forms of public consciousness and culture.

M. Weber also analyzed the relationship between the dominant system, the state, capitalist economic development and bureaucracy and disclosed the role of bureaucracy as a factor of modernization and rationalization, showed how bureaucratic reform plays the role of means of updating the state and policies.

Due to the modernization, the social type of person is changing - the traditional is replaced with modern. In traditional society, as Emil Durkheim showed, the individual is not yet a person. He seemed dissolved in the initial community, deprived of autonomy and individuality. This, noted the scientist, is a mechanical solidarity based on the structural and functional identity of people, the sameness of their actions, beliefs and lifestyles. In such a context, the modernization of public relations, he interpreted as a transition to the organic community of people, which is based on their differences, differentiation of functions and related activities and value orientations. Due to the modernization, there is a waste from a comprehensive undifferentiated affiliation of an individual to a specific team, replacement direct relationship indirect, related - normal and statuaries, relationships of personal dependence of the functional division of labor, etc.

Development of the theory of modernization

1st stage

The modern concept of "modernization" was formulated in the middle of the twentieth century during the collapse of European colonial empires and the emergence of a large number of new states.

Since the mid-twentieth century, the role of Western states and third world countries in modernization took place. The theories common in the 40s-60s was unambiguously recognized by the references for the modernization of other countries the most developed - Western. Under modernization, the process of displacing the tradition of contemporary or upward development from a traditional society to modern was understood. At the same time, the tradition, as a rule, was recognized as such, which inhibits social progress, and which must be overcome and break. The development of all countries and peoples was considered from universalist positions - it should occur in one direction, to have the same stages and patterns. Recognized presence national features Modernization, however, it was believed that they are of secondary meaning.

2nd stage

The second stage (end of the 60s-70s) was noted by criticism and reassessment of the ideas of the first - the focus was made on the scientific and technical revolution, it recognizes that modern societies may include many traditional elements, it is recognized that modernization is able to strengthen the tradition (S. Huntington, . Bauman). The concept of modernization was recognized as an alternative to the communist transformation theories.

Some researchers special attention began to be paid to the problem of "stability" of political development as a premise for socio-economic progress. From one point, the condition of the success of modernization is to ensure stability and order due to the dialogue between the elite and the masses. But, for example, S. Huntington believed that the main problem of modernization is the conflict between the mobilization of the population, its admission to political life and existing institutions, structures and mechanisms for articulating and aggregation of its interests. By the way, he showed that at the change stage, only a rigid authoritarian regime capable of monitoring the procedure may and accumulate the necessary resources for transformation and ensure the transition to the market and national unity.

3rd stage

From the late 80s - at the third stage of the development of the theory of modernization, they recognize the possibility of national projects of modernization, carried out on the basis of the accumulation of technologically and socially advanced experiments and introduce them in a harmonious combination with the historical traditions and traditional values \u200b\u200bof non-Western societies (A. TUREN, S. Eisenstadt ). At the same time, it is recognized that modernization can be carried out without imposing Western experience, and the violation of equilibrium between modernity and tradition leads to acute public conflicts and favors of modernization.

The essence of overcoming traditions is now not the fact that they are fundamentally rejected, but in some situations that are becoming more and more, social regulators are not traditional tough social norms and behavioral models, due to religion or community precedents, but caused by Individual selection standards, as well as personal values \u200b\u200band advantages. And these situations in the process of modernization are increasingly moving from the spheres of production to everyday life, which contributes to the formation, awareness and changing value in society.

It is recognized that there are negative effects of modernization - the destruction of traditional institutions and vitality, which often leads to social disorganization, chaos and annomia, an increase in deviant behavior and crime. Something where it leads to a protracted crisis of the social system, in which society cannot even control the process of accumulation of deviations.

As a means to overcome the negative consequences of modernization, the concept of "counterperization" is introduced, or, more successfully, "alternative modernization" as an embodiment of the modernization carried out, as well as "antimoderination" as an open opposition to modernization. There is a refusal from europecentrism in the interpretation of modernization, the experience of "modernization without westernization" is carefully analyzed, as it took, in particular, in Japan, where modernization was carried out on the basis of national culture.

Former Soviet modernization, a certain extent recognizes an alternative form of modernization, and special cases China and Islamic Fundamentalism are modern forms of alternatives to modernization, democratic and market transformation. Moreover, there are discussions about the presence of a special Asian route of modernization, which is not only equivalent to the Western, but will also determine the future of the century.

As a result, there is a gradual overcoming of euro-centers, westernization, recognition as self-propelled national civilizations and accounting for the original culture of traditional societies. Therefore, they are recognized by discussion favorable ways of modernization both in the east and in the West, in particular: what priorities need to be established, or prefer to economic, or democratic development, in other words - economic development is a prerequisite for today's democratic processes, or, on the contrary, a prerequisite for economic Lifting is political democratization?

But such attention has great methodological consequences for the concept: the process of modernization itself is no longer considered as linear and deterministic. Now it is recognized that since national traditions determine the nature of the modernization process and perform its stabilizing factors, then a certain number of modernization options may occur, which is considered a branched, variable process.

The imitation of the advanced countries is no longer considered as literally and is recognized only in fairly wide forms - first, through objective inability to cross the countries to be modernized, certain phases of historical development - for example, the initial accumulation of funds - capital, scientific knowledge and technologies, the implementation of modernization market reforms etc., secondly, for the sake of saving resources, as much as the situation in countries is upgraded, go with already upgraded. On the other hand, as R. Motton noted, the system imitation is not mandatory and even possible. Actually, any country, modernizes, transformation, causes a new element that came in its environment, act according to its own, only inherent in it, rules and laws. If this does not happen, the recipient country enters into the internal stress strip, social arrhythmia; Makes mistakes, experiencing structural and functional losses.

Also studied the modernization of the person. Based on sociological studies, an analytical model of a modern personality was built, which has such qualities:

The convergence of socialism and capitalism is noted: market economy countries are increasingly using methods and means of government planning and programming, at the same time where socialist modes are preserved, the most stable of them use market mechanisms and channel integration into the world market.

The proposed theories of amrerination when modernization is considered only as the process of legalizing some institutions and universal values, such as: democracy, market, education, intelligent administration, self-discipline, work ethics and some others. This actually removes the opposition of modernization and traditionalism - it recognizes that the majority of traditions are variants of certain universal values. Some researchers deny the obligation to modernize even democracy.

According to the theory of "non-modestism", such institutional structures as democracy, law and market are functionally necessary, but they are not historically inevitable or linearly mandatory results, although they force the general vector of changes to approach joint modernization benchmarks. At the same time, the historical and cultural specificity of each country allows you to create your own modernization project.

The theories of environmental modernization are being developed - acceleration on a par with social processes of ecological.

Finally, modern processes in the societies of developed countries are often referred to as postmodernization - Formation of a new type of society with a different material base and even other mental characteristics than modern. Such a society is called post-industrial, informational, technotronic, postmodern. Postmodernization of developed societies provides for the rejection of the accent on economic efficiency, bureaucratic power structures, scientific rationalism, which were characteristic of modernization, and marks the transition to a more humane society, where more space is provided with independence, manifold and self-expression. E. Hyddens, in particular, considered the modern era is still modern, but radicalized, and believed that the Epoch of Postmodern should still come.

Notes

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